AS: Aortic Valve Area (Hakki)

Estimate aortic valve area

About

The Hakki formula (with subsequent correction by Angel) relies on the ratio of peak-to-peak instantaneous gradients and thus may be non-physiologic. In mild-moderate stenosis the peak-to-peak gradient, does not reflect mean gradient however it is often close to mean gradient for severe stenosis. In general it has excellent correlation with the Gorlin equation.

The normal aortic valve area is 3-4 cm2. Symptoms tend to not be apparent until the AS is severe (<1cm2). If a patient presents with symptoms and the AVA is measured in the mild-moderate range alternative causes should be explored before attributing them to AS alone.

References

Oh J, Seward JB, Tajik AJ.

The Echo Manual 3rd edition. Lippincott, Williams, Wilkins. 2007

Kern MJ.

The Cardiac Catheterization Handbook 4th Edition. Mosby 2003

Hakki AH, Iskandrian AS, Bemis CE, Kimbiris D, Mintz GS, Segal BL, Brice C.

Circulation 1981, 63 (5): 1050-5

Angel J, Soler-Soler J, Anivarro I, Domingo E.

Catheterization and Cardiovascular Diagnosis 1985, 11 (2): 127-38

The AS: Aortic Valve Area (Hakki) calculator is created by QxMD.
Default Units

1. Cardiac Output?

mL/min
0/4 completed

About

The Hakki formula (with subsequent correction by Angel) relies on the ratio of peak-to-peak instantaneous gradients and thus may be non-physiologic. In mild-moderate stenosis the peak-to-peak gradient, does not reflect mean gradient however it is often close to mean gradient for severe stenosis. In general it has excellent correlation with the Gorlin equation.

The normal aortic valve area is 3-4 cm2. Symptoms tend to not be apparent until the AS is severe (<1cm2). If a patient presents with symptoms and the AVA is measured in the mild-moderate range alternative causes should be explored before attributing them to AS alone.

References

Oh J, Seward JB, Tajik AJ.

The Echo Manual 3rd edition. Lippincott, Williams, Wilkins. 2007

Kern MJ.

The Cardiac Catheterization Handbook 4th Edition. Mosby 2003

Hakki AH, Iskandrian AS, Bemis CE, Kimbiris D, Mintz GS, Segal BL, Brice C.

Circulation 1981, 63 (5): 1050-5

Angel J, Soler-Soler J, Anivarro I, Domingo E.

Catheterization and Cardiovascular Diagnosis 1985, 11 (2): 127-38

The AS: Aortic Valve Area (Hakki) calculator is created by QxMD.
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