levonorgestrel oral/ethinyl estradiol (Rx)

Brand and Other Names:Altavera, Amethia, more...Amethia Lo, Amethyst, Ashlyna, Aubra, Aviane, Camrese, Camrese Lo, Chateal, Daysee, Elifemme, Enpresse, Falmina, Introvale, Jolessa, Kurvelo, Lessina 21, Lessina 28, Levonest, Levora, LoSeasonique, Lybrel, Marlissa, Microgynon, Nordette, Orsythia, Ovranette, Portia 21, Portia 28, Quasense, Quartette, Sronyx, Trivora 28, Seasonale, Seasonique, Setlakin, Lutera, Myzilra, FaLessa, FaLessa Kit, Delyla, Fayosim, Larissia, Lillow, Rivelsa, Vienva

Dosing & Uses

AdultPediatric

Dosage Forms & Strengths

levonorgestrel/ethinyl estradiol

tablet, monophasic (Aubra, Aviane, Delyla, Falmina, Falessa, Falessa Kit, Larissia, Lessina, Lutera, Orsythia, Vienva)

  • Days 1-21: 0.1mg/20mcg
  • Days 22-28: Inert tablets
  • Days 22-28: folic acid 1 mg (Falessa Kit)

tablet, monophasic (Altavera, Chateal, Kurvelo, Levora, Lillow, Marlissa, Nordette, Portia)

  • Days 1-21: 0.15mg/30mcg
  • Days 22-28: Inert tablets

tablet, 91-day (Seasonale, Quasense, Introvale, Jolessa, Setlakin)

  • Days 1-84: 0.15mg/30mcg
  • Days 85-91: Inert tablets

tablet, 91-day (Seasonique, Amethia, Ashlyna, Camrese, Daysee)

  • Days 1-84: 0.15mg/30mcg
  • Days 85-91: Ethinyl estradiol 10mcg

tablet, 91-day (LoSeasonique, Amethia Lo, Camrese Lo)

  • Days 1-84: 0.1mg/20mcg
  • Days 85-91: Ethinyl estradiol 10mcg

tablet, 91-day (Quartette, Fayosim, Rivelsa)

  • Days 1-42: 0.15mg/20mcg
  • Days 43-63: 0.15mg/25mcg
  • Days 64-84: 0.15mg/30mcg
  • Days 85-91: Ethinyl estradiol 10mcg

tablet, triphasic (Elifemme, Enpresse, Levonest, Trivora 28)

  • Days 1-6: 0.05mg/30mcg
  • Days 7-11: 0.075mg/40mcg
  • Days 12-21: 0.125mg/30mcg
  • Days 22-28: Inert tablets

tablet, continuous cycle

  • 0.09mg/20mcg

Contraception

Monophasic

  • 1 active tablet PO daily for 21 days, then 1 inert tablet PO daily for 7 days (follow manufacturer's color-coding for sequence)

91-day

  • 1 combination tablet daily for 84 days, then either 1 inert tablet or 1 tablet of ethinyl estradiol 10 mcg for 7 days
  • First cycle begins on first Sunday after onset of menstruation; if menstruation begins on Sunday, first combination tablet is taken that day, with subsequent tablets taken in order specified on dispenser
  • Use nonhormonal backup method of contraception (eg, condoms and spermicide) for first 7 days of treatment
  • Next and all subsequent 91-day courses of tablets are initiated without interruption on same day of the week (Sunday), following same schedule, with tablets taken at same time of day on each day of active treatment

Triphasic

  • Regimens vary; see package inserts (follow manufacturer's color-coding for sequence)

Continuous cycle

  • 1 tablet PO daily at same time each day, with no tablet-free interval

Missed Active Contraceptive Dose

One active tablet missed

  • Take 1 tablet as soon as possible, or take 2 tablets on following day
  • Alternatively, take 1 tablet, discard missed tablet, and continue taking subsequent tablets as scheduled
  • Use other forms of contraception for next 7 days after missed dose or until menses occur

Two active tablets missed consecutively

  • Take 2 tablets as soon as remembered and continue taking as scheduled
  • Alternatively, take 2 tablets daily for the next 2 days and continue taking as scheduled
  • Missed 3rd week of cycle and patient is Sunday Starter: Take 1 pill every day until Sunday; discard rest of pack, and start new pack that same day
  • Missed 3rd week of cycle and patient is day-1 starter: Discard rest of pack, and start new pack that same day
  • Use other forms of contraception for next 7 days after missed dose or until menses occur
  • Menses may not occur this month; if menses do not occur for 2 consecutive months, contact healthcare provider about possibility of pregnancy

Three active tablets missed consecutively

  • Sunday starter: Take 1 pill every day until Sunday; discard rest of pack, and start new pack that same day
  • Day-1 starter: Discard rest of pack, and start new pack that same day
  • Use other forms of contraception for next 7 days after missed dose or until menses occur
  • Menses may not occur this month; if menses do not occur for 2 consecutive months, contact healthcare provider about possibility of pregnancy

Dosing Considerations

Post pregnancy

  • Increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) after delivery with combined hormonal contraceptives; risk declines rapidly after 21 days but does not return to normal until 42 days after delivery
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidelines recommend waiting 3-6 weeks to initiate oral contraception in postpartum women without additional VTE risks
  • After vaginal birth: Wait ≥3 weeks before initiating oral contraception
  • After cesarean section birth: Wait ≥6 weeks before initiating oral contraception
  • Women with other risk factors for VTE in addition to postpartum: Do not use combined hormonal contraceptives
  • Presence of other VTE risk factors in addition to postpartum status: Do not use combined hormonal contraceptives

Dosing Modifications

Renal impairment: Use with caution

Hepatic impairment: Do not administer

Safety and efficacy are expected to be the same in postpubertal adolescents aged <16 years and users aged >16 years

Use before menarche is not indicated

Next:

Interactions

Interaction Checker

and levonorgestrel oral/ethinyl estradiol

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            Contraindicated (3)

            • fezolinetant

              ethinylestradiol will increase the level or effect of fezolinetant by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP1A2 metabolism. Contraindicated. Fezolinetant AUC and peak plasma concentration are increased if coadministered with drugs that are weak, moderate, or strong CYP1A2 inhibitors

            • ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir & dasabuvir (DSC)

              ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir & dasabuvir (DSC), ethinylestradiol. unspecified interaction mechanism. Contraindicated. Potential for increased ALT; contraceptive failure may occur when coadministered with protease inhibitors (ritonavir).

              ethinylestradiol, ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir & dasabuvir (DSC). Either increases toxicity of the other by unspecified interaction mechanism. Contraindicated. ALT elevations >5 x ULN (including some >20 x ULN) observed in clinical trials when ethinyl estradiol was coadministered with ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir, with or without dasabuvir. Discontinue ethinyl estradiol-containing medications before initiating ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir, and/or dasabuvir. Restart ethinyl estradiol containing medication ~2 weeks after hepatitis C combination drug regimen completed.

            • tranexamic acid oral

              tranexamic acid oral, ethinylestradiol. Either increases toxicity of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Contraindicated. Coadministration of tranexamic acid oral and combination hormonal contraceptives increases thrombotic risk.

            Serious - Use Alternative (83)

            • amobarbital

              amobarbital will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. The efficacy of hormonal contraceptives may be reduced. Use of a nonhormonal contraceptive is recommended.

            • anastrozole

              ethinylestradiol decreases effects of anastrozole by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Anastrozole should not be given concurrently with any estrogens or estrogen-containing products.

            • antithrombin alfa

              levonorgestrel oral, antithrombin alfa. Either decreases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Risk of thromboembolic disorders.

            • antithrombin III

              levonorgestrel oral, antithrombin III. Either decreases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Risk of thromboembolic disorders.

            • apalutamide

              apalutamide will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Coadministration of apalutamide, a strong CYP3A4 inducer, with drugs that are CYP3A4 substrates can result in lower exposure to these medications. Avoid or substitute another drug for these medications when possible. Evaluate for loss of therapeutic effect if medication must be coadministered. Adjust dose according to prescribing information if needed.

              apalutamide will decrease the level or effect of levonorgestrel oral by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Coadministration of apalutamide, a strong CYP3A4 inducer, with drugs that are CYP3A4 substrates can result in lower exposure to these medications. Avoid or substitute another drug for these medications when possible. Evaluate for loss of therapeutic effect if medication must be coadministered. Adjust dose according to prescribing information if needed.

            • argatroban

              levonorgestrel oral, argatroban. Either decreases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Risk of thromboembolic disorders.

            • armodafinil

              armodafinil will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. The efficacy of hormonal contraceptives may be reduced. Use of a nonhormonal contraceptive is recommended.

            • atazanavir

              atazanavir, ethinylestradiol. Other (see comment). Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Comment: Significant changes (increase or decrease) can occur in estrogen plasma levels. Efficacy of hormonal contraceptives may be reduced. Use of a nonhormonal contraceptive is recommended. .

            • belzutifan

              belzutifan will decrease the level or effect of levonorgestrel oral by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Coadministration of belzutifan with hormonal contraceptives may lead to contraceptive failure or increased breakthrough bleeding. Advise females of reproductive potential to use effective nonhormonal contraception. Based on animal studies, belzutifan can cause fetal harm.

              belzutifan will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Coadministration of belzutifan with hormonal contraceptives may lead to contraceptive failure or increased breakthrough bleeding. Advise females of reproductive potential to use effective nonhormonal contraception. Based on animal studies, belzutifan can cause fetal harm.

            • bemiparin

              levonorgestrel oral, bemiparin. Either decreases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Risk of thromboembolic disorders.

            • bosentan

              bosentan will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. The efficacy of hormonal contraceptives may be reduced. Use of a nonhormonal contraceptive is recommended.

            • bivalirudin

              levonorgestrel oral, bivalirudin. Either decreases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Risk of thromboembolic disorders.

            • brigatinib

              brigatinib will decrease the level or effect of levonorgestrel oral by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Brigatinib induces CYP3A4 in vitro. Coadministration of hormonal contraceptives with brigatinib can result in decreased concentrations and loss of efficacy. Brigatinib can cause fetal harm. Women should use an effective nonhormonal method of contraception during treatment and for at least 4 months after the last brigatinib dose.

              brigatinib will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Brigatinib induces CYP3A4 in vitro. Coadministration of hormonal contraceptives with brigatinib can result in decreased concentrations and loss of efficacy. Brigatinib can cause fetal harm. Women should use an effective nonhormonal method of contraception during treatment and for at least 4 months after the last brigatinib dose.

            • butabarbital

              butabarbital will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. The efficacy of hormonal contraceptives may be reduced. Use of a nonhormonal contraceptive is recommended.

            • calaspargase pegol

              calaspargase pegol, levonorgestrel oral. unknown mechanism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Due to the potential for an indirect interaction between calaspargase pegol and oral contraceptives, concomitant use of these drugs is not recommended. Use another non-oral contraceptive method for females of childbearing potential.

            • calaspargase pegol

              calaspargase pegol, ethinylestradiol. unknown mechanism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Due to the potential for an indirect interaction between calaspargase pegol and oral contraceptives, concomitant use of these drugs is not recommended. Use another non-oral contraceptive method for females of childbearing potential.

            • carbamazepine

              ethinylestradiol will increase the level or effect of carbamazepine by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. The efficacy of hormonal contraceptives may be reduced. Use of a nonhormonal contraceptive is recommended.

              carbamazepine will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • conivaptan

              conivaptan will increase the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • dalteparin

              levonorgestrel oral, dalteparin. Either decreases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Risk of thromboembolic disorders.

            • dexamethasone

              dexamethasone will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. The efficacy of hormonal contraceptives may be reduced. Use of a nonhormonal contraceptive is recommended.

            • efavirenz

              efavirenz will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. The efficacy of hormonal contraceptives may be reduced. Use of a nonhormonal contraceptive is recommended.

            • elagolix

              levonorgestrel oral decreases effects of elagolix by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Based on the mechanism of action of elagolix, estrogen-containing contraceptives are expected to reduce elagolix efficacy. Effects of progestin-only contraceptives on the efficacy of elagolix is unknown. Advise women to use nonhormonal contraceptives during treatment with elagolix and for 1 week after discontinuing elagolix.

              ethinylestradiol decreases effects of elagolix by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Based on the mechanism of action of elagolix, estrogen-containing contraceptives are expected to reduce elagolix efficacy. Effects of progestin-only contraceptives on the efficacy of elagolix is unknown. Advise women to use nonhormonal contraceptives during treatment with elagolix and for 1 week after discontinuing elagolix.

            • elvitegravir

              elvitegravir will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by unknown mechanism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Consider alternative nonhormonal methods of contraception to add or replace combination oral contraceptive

            • enoxaparin

              levonorgestrel oral, enoxaparin. Either decreases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Risk of thromboembolic disorders.

            • encorafenib

              encorafenib will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Coadministration of encorafenib with hormonal contraceptives (CYP3A4 substrates) can result in decreased concentrations and loss of hormonal contraceptive efficacy. Since encorafenib can cause fetal harm, advise women of childbearing potential to use a highly effective nonhormonal contraceptive during treatment and for 2 weeks after final encorafenib dose.

            • enoxaparin

              ethinylestradiol decreases effects of enoxaparin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Contraindicated. Risk of thromboembolic disorders.

            • enzalutamide

              enzalutamide will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • eslicarbazepine acetate

              eslicarbazepine acetate will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Use additional or alternative nonhormonal birth control.

              eslicarbazepine acetate will decrease the level or effect of levonorgestrel oral by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Use additional or alternative nonhormonal birth control.

            • exemestane

              ethinylestradiol decreases effects of exemestane by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Exemestane should not be given concurrently with any estrogens or estrogen-containing products.

            • fexinidazole

              fexinidazole will increase the level or effect of levonorgestrel oral by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Fexinidazole inhibits CYP3A4. Coadministration may increase risk for adverse effects of CYP3A4 substrates.

            • fedratinib

              ethinylestradiol will increase the level or effect of fedratinib by Other (see comment). Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Avoid coadministration of fedratinib (a CYP3A4 and CYP2C19 substrate) with dual CYP3A4 and CYP2C19 inhibitor. Effect of coadministration of a dual CYP3A4 and CYP2C19 inhibitor with fedratinib has not been studied.

            • fexinidazole

              fexinidazole will increase the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2E1 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Fexinidazole inhibits CYP3A4. Coadministration may increase risk for adverse effects of CYP3A4 substrates.

            • fondaparinux

              levonorgestrel oral, fondaparinux. Either decreases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Risk of thromboembolic disorders.

            • fosamprenavir

              fosamprenavir, ethinylestradiol. unspecified interaction mechanism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Coadministration may decrease amprenavir AUC, and may lead to loss of virologic response. Coadministration of fosamprenavir with ethinyl estradiol may alter hormone levels. Alternative methods of nonhormonal contraception are recommended.

            • griseofulvin

              griseofulvin will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. The efficacy of hormonal contraceptives may be reduced. Use of a nonhormonal contraceptive is recommended.

            • heparin

              levonorgestrel oral, heparin. Either decreases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Risk of thromboembolic disorders.

              ethinylestradiol decreases effects of heparin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Contraindicated. Risk of thromboembolic disorders.

            • idelalisib

              idelalisib will increase the level or effect of levonorgestrel oral by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Idelalisib is a strong CYP3A inhibitor; avoid coadministration with sensitive CYP3A substrates

              idelalisib will increase the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Idelalisib is a strong CYP3A inhibitor; avoid coadministration with sensitive CYP3A substrates

            • indinavir

              indinavir, ethinylestradiol. Other (see comment). Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Comment: Significant changes (increase or decrease) can occur in estrogen plasma levels. Efficacy of hormonal contraceptives may be reduced. Use of a nonhormonal contraceptive is recommended. .

            • isavuconazonium sulfate

              isavuconazonium sulfate will increase the level or effect of levonorgestrel oral by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • isavuconazonium sulfate

              isavuconazonium sulfate will increase the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • ivosidenib

              ivosidenib will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Avoid coadministration of sensitive CYP3A4 substrates with ivosidenib or replace with alternate therapies. If coadministration is unavoidable, monitor patients for loss of therapeutic effect of these drugs.

            • leniolisib

              leniolisib will increase the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by Other (see comment). Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Leniolisib, a BCRP inhibitor, may increase systemic exposure of BCRP substrates

            • lesinurad

              lesinurad decreases effects of levonorgestrel oral by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Use additional methods of nonhormonal contraception. Do not rely on hormonal contraception alone when taking lesinurad.

              lesinurad decreases effects of ethinylestradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Use additional methods of nonhormonal contraception. Do not rely on hormonal contraception alone when taking lesinurad.

            • letrozole

              ethinylestradiol decreases effects of letrozole by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Letrozole should not be given concurrently with any estrogens or estrogen-containing products.

            • lorlatinib

              lorlatinib will decrease the level or effect of levonorgestrel oral by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • lonafarnib

              ethinylestradiol will increase the level or effect of lonafarnib by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. If coadministration of lonafarnib (a sensitive CYP3A substrate) with weak CYP3A inhibitors is unavoidable, reduce to, or continue lonafarnib at starting dose. Closely monitor for arrhythmias and events (eg, syncope, heart palpitations) since lonafarnib effect on QT interval is unknown.

            • lopinavir

              lopinavir, ethinylestradiol. Other (see comment). Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Comment: Significant changes (increase or decrease) can occur in estrogen plasma levels. Efficacy of hormonal contraceptives may be reduced. Use of a nonhormonal contraceptive is recommended. .

              lopinavir will increase the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • lumacaftor/ivacaftor

              lumacaftor/ivacaftor will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by unspecified interaction mechanism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Avoid coadministration unless benefit outweighs risk. When coadministered, hormonal contraceptives are not a reliable method of effective birth control. Concomitant use may increase incidence of menstruation associated adverse effects (amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, menorrhagia).

            • mavacamten

              mavacamten will decrease the level or effect of levonorgestrel oral by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Progestin and ethinyl estradiol are CYP3A4 substrates. Mavacamten may decrease systemic exposures of ethinyl estradiol and progestin, which may lead to contraceptive failure or an increase in breakthrough bleeding. Advise patients to use a contraceptive method that is not affected by CYP450 enzyme induction (eg, intrauterine system) or add nonhormonal contraception (eg, condoms) during coadministration and for 4 months after last mavacamten dose.

              mavacamten will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Progestin and ethinyl estradiol are CYP3A4 substrates. Mavacamten may decrease systemic exposures of ethinyl estradiol and progestin, which may lead to contraceptive failure or an increase in breakthrough bleeding. Advise patients to use a contraceptive method that is not affected by CYP450 enzyme induction (eg, intrauterine system) or add nonhormonal contraception (eg, condoms) during coadministration and for 4 months after last mavacamten dose.

            • metyrapone

              ethinylestradiol decreases effects of metyrapone by unspecified interaction mechanism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. A subtherapeutic response to metyrapone can be seen in patients on estrogens, including oral contraceptives, that contain estrogen therapy. It may be advisable to discontinue estrogens prior to and during metyrapone administration.

            • mifepristone

              mifepristone will increase the level or effect of levonorgestrel oral by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Contraindicated.

            • mifepristone

              mifepristone will increase the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • mobocertinib

              mobocertinib will decrease the level or effect of levonorgestrel oral by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Coadministration of mobocertinib with hormonal contraceptives may lead to contraceptive failure or increased breakthrough bleeding. Advise females of reproductive potential to use effective non-hormonal contraception.

              mobocertinib will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Coadministration of mobocertinib with hormonal contraceptives may lead to contraceptive failure or increased breakthrough bleeding. Advise females of reproductive potential to use effective non-hormonal contraception.

            • mycophenolate

              mycophenolate decreases effects of ethinylestradiol by unknown mechanism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Patients should consider using an alternative or additional form of contraception.

            • nefazodone

              nefazodone will increase the level or effect of levonorgestrel oral by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • nelfinavir

              nelfinavir, ethinylestradiol. Other (see comment). Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Comment: Significant changes (increase or decrease) can occur in estrogen plasma levels. Efficacy of hormonal contraceptives may be reduced. Use of a nonhormonal contraceptive is recommended. .

              nelfinavir will increase the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • nevirapine

              nevirapine will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. The efficacy of hormonal contraceptives may be reduced. Use of a nonhormonal contraceptive is recommended.

            • omaveloxolone

              omaveloxolone will decrease the level or effect of levonorgestrel oral by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Omaveloxolone may reduce efficacy of hormonal contraceptives (eg, pill, patch, ring), implants, and progestin-only pills owing to weak CYP3A4 induction.

              omaveloxolone will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Omaveloxolone may reduce efficacy of hormonal contraceptives (eg, pill, patch, ring), implants, and progestin-only pills owing to weak CYP3A4 induction.

            • oxcarbazepine

              oxcarbazepine will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. The efficacy of hormonal contraceptives may be reduced. Use of a nonhormonal contraceptive is recommended.

            • perampanel

              perampanel will decrease the level or effect of levonorgestrel oral by unspecified interaction mechanism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Levonorgestrel levels reduced by 40% when coadministered with high dose perampanel (ie, 12 mg/day); effect on other progestins is unknown, consider back up contraception

            • pentobarbital

              pentobarbital will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. The efficacy of hormonal contraceptives may be reduced. Use of a nonhormonal contraceptive is recommended.

            • pexidartinib

              levonorgestrel oral and pexidartinib both increase Other (see comment). Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Pexidartinib can cause hepatotoxicity. Avoid coadministration of pexidartinib with other products know to cause hepatoxicity.

            • phenindione

              levonorgestrel oral, phenindione. Either decreases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Risk of thromboembolic disorders.

            • phenobarbital

              phenobarbital will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. The efficacy of hormonal contraceptives may be reduced. Use of a nonhormonal contraceptive is recommended.

            • phenytoin

              phenytoin will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. The efficacy of hormonal contraceptives may be reduced. Use of a nonhormonal contraceptive is recommended.

            • pretomanid

              levonorgestrel oral, pretomanid. Either increases toxicity of the other by Other (see comment). Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Comment: Pretomanid regimen associated with hepatotoxicity. Avoid alcohol and hepatotoxic agents, including herbal supplements and drugs other than bedaquiline and linezolid.

            • primidone

              primidone will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. The efficacy of hormonal contraceptives may be reduced. Use of a nonhormonal contraceptive is recommended.

            • protamine

              levonorgestrel oral, protamine. Either decreases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Risk of thromboembolic disorders.

            • quinidine

              quinidine will increase the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • ranolazine

              ethinylestradiol will increase the level or effect of ranolazine by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • rifabutin

              rifabutin will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. The efficacy of hormonal contraceptives may be reduced. Use of a nonhormonal contraceptive is recommended.

            • rifampin

              rifampin will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. The efficacy of hormonal contraceptives may be reduced. Use of a nonhormonal contraceptive is recommended.

            • rifapentine

              rifapentine will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. The efficacy of hormonal contraceptives may be reduced. Use of a nonhormonal contraceptive is recommended.

            • ritonavir

              ritonavir will increase the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

              ritonavir will increase the level or effect of levonorgestrel oral by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

              ritonavir, ethinylestradiol. Other (see comment). Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Comment: Significant changes (increase or decrease) can occur in estrogen plasma levels. Efficacy of hormonal contraceptives may be reduced. Use of a nonhormonal contraceptive is recommended. .

            • saquinavir

              saquinavir, ethinylestradiol. Other (see comment). Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Comment: Significant changes (increase or decrease) can occur in estrogen plasma levels. Efficacy of hormonal contraceptives may be reduced. Use of a nonhormonal contraceptive is recommended. .

              saquinavir will increase the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • sugammadex sodium

              sugammadex sodium decreases effects of levonorgestrel oral by receptor binding competition. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. In vitro binding studies showed that sugammadex may bind to progestogen, thereby decreasing progestogen exposure. Therefore, a sugammadex bolus dose is considered to be equivalent to missing dose(s) of hormonal contraceptives containing an estrogen or progestogen. If an oral contraceptive is taken on the same day of sugammadex, or the patient has a transdermal or implant hormonal contraceptive, the patient must use an additional, nonhormonal contraceptive method or back-up method of contraception (eg, condoms and spermicides) for the next 7 days.

            • secobarbital

              secobarbital will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. The efficacy of hormonal contraceptives may be reduced. Use of a nonhormonal contraceptive is recommended.

            • St John's Wort

              St John's Wort will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. The efficacy of hormonal contraceptives may be reduced. Use of a nonhormonal contraceptive is recommended.

            • sugammadex sodium

              sugammadex sodium decreases effects of ethinylestradiol by receptor binding competition. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. In vitro binding studies showed that sugammadex may bind to progestogen, thereby decreasing progestogen exposure. Therefore, a sugammadex bolus dose is considered to be equivalent to missing dose(s) of hormonal contraceptives containing an estrogen or progestogen. If an oral contraceptive is taken on the same day of sugammadex, or the patient has a transdermal or implant hormonal contraceptive, the patient must use an additional, nonhormonal contraceptive method or back-up method of contraception (eg, condoms and spermicides) for the next 7 days.

            • tipranavir

              tipranavir, ethinylestradiol. Other (see comment). Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Comment: Significant changes (increase or decrease) can occur in estrogen plasma levels. Efficacy of hormonal contraceptives may be reduced. Use of a nonhormonal contraceptive is recommended. .

            • topiramate

              topiramate will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. The efficacy of hormonal contraceptives may be reduced. Use of a nonhormonal contraceptive is recommended.

            • tucatinib

              tucatinib will increase the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Avoid concomitant use of tucatinib with CYP3A substrates, where minimal concentration changes may lead to serious or life-threatening toxicities. If unavoidable, reduce CYP3A substrate dose according to product labeling.

              tucatinib will increase the level or effect of levonorgestrel oral by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Avoid concomitant use of tucatinib with CYP3A substrates, where minimal concentration changes may lead to serious or life-threatening toxicities. If unavoidable, reduce CYP3A substrate dose according to product labeling.

            • voxelotor

              voxelotor will increase the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Voxelotor increases systemic exposure of sensitive CYP3A4 substrates. Avoid coadministration with sensitive CYP3A4 substrates with a narrow therapeutic index. Consider dose reduction of the sensitive CYP3A4 substrate(s) if unable to avoid.

              voxelotor will increase the level or effect of levonorgestrel oral by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Voxelotor increases systemic exposure of sensitive CYP3A4 substrates. Avoid coadministration with sensitive CYP3A4 substrates with a narrow therapeutic index. Consider dose reduction of the sensitive CYP3A4 substrate(s) if unable to avoid.

            Monitor Closely (186)

            • albiglutide

              ethinylestradiol decreases effects of albiglutide by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Oral contraceptives may decrease hypoglycemic effects of antidiabetics by impairing glucose tolerance. Monitor for glycemic control in diabetic patients.

              levonorgestrel oral decreases effects of albiglutide by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Oral contraceptives may decrease hypoglycemic effects of antidiabetics by impairing glucose tolerance. Monitor for glycemic control in diabetic patients.

            • alosetron

              ethinylestradiol will increase the level or effect of alosetron by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP1A2 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • amobarbital

              amobarbital will decrease the level or effect of levonorgestrel oral by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • alprazolam

              ethinylestradiol will increase the level or effect of alprazolam by Mechanism: decreasing metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Ethinyl estradiol may inhibit the clearance of benzodiazepines that undergo oxidation, thereby increasing serum concentrations of concomitantly administered benzodiazepines.

            • aminocaproic acid

              ethinylestradiol, aminocaproic acid. Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Concomitant use may lead to additive hypercoagulability. Estrogens increase clotting factor production and platelet aggregation; aminocaproic acid inhibits fibrinolysis and activity of plasminogen.

            • amoxicillin

              amoxicillin will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor. Antibiotics may decrease hormonal contraceptive efficacy.

            • ampicillin

              ampicillin will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • artemether/lumefantrine

              artemether/lumefantrine will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • atazanavir

              atazanavir, levonorgestrel oral. affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Atazanavir may increase or decrease levels of levonorgestrel oral. Use alternatives if available. .

            • atogepant

              ethinylestradiol will increase the level or effect of atogepant by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • atorvastatin

              atorvastatin will increase the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • axitinib

              ethinylestradiol increases levels of axitinib by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • bendamustine

              ethinylestradiol increases levels of bendamustine by decreasing metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Bendamustine is metabolized to minimally active metabolites by CYP1A2. Ethinyl estradiol is a weak CYP1A2 inhibitor and concurrent administration may increase bendamustine concentrations in plasma. .

            • bosentan

              bosentan decreases levels of levonorgestrel oral by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • caffeine

              ethinylestradiol will increase the level or effect of caffeine by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP1A2 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • carbamazepine

              carbamazepine decreases levels of levonorgestrel oral by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • cefaclor

              cefaclor will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • cefadroxil

              cefadroxil will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • cefazolin

              cefazolin will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • cefdinir

              cefdinir will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • cefepime

              cefepime will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • cefixime

              cefixime will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • cefotaxime

              cefotaxime will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • cefprozil

              cefprozil will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • ceftazidime

              ceftazidime will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • ceftibuten

              ceftibuten will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • cefuroxime

              cefuroxime will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • cenobamate

              cenobamate will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Increase dose of CYP3A4 substrate, as needed, when coadministered with cenobamate.

              cenobamate will decrease the level or effect of levonorgestrel oral by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Increase dose of CYP3A4 substrate, as needed, when coadministered with cenobamate.

              cenobamate will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by unspecified interaction mechanism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Advise women to use additional or alternative non-hormonal birth control when concomitantly using cenobamate with oral contraceptives.

              cenobamate will decrease the level or effect of levonorgestrel oral by unspecified interaction mechanism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Advise women to use additional or alternative non-hormonal birth control when concomitantly using cenobamate with oral contraceptives.

            • cephalexin

              cephalexin will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • ceritinib

              ceritinib will increase the level or effect of levonorgestrel oral by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • ceritinib

              ceritinib will increase the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • chloramphenicol

              chloramphenicol will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • cimetidine

              cimetidine will increase the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • ciprofloxacin

              ciprofloxacin will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • clarithromycin

              clarithromycin will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

            • clindamycin

              clindamycin will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • clobazam

              clobazam will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Clobazam is a weak CYP3A4 inducer; effectiveness of hormonal contraceptives may be diminished when given concurrently with clobazam. Additional non-hormonal forms of contraception are recommended.

              clobazam will decrease the level or effect of levonorgestrel oral by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Clobazam is a weak CYP3A4 inducer; effectiveness of hormonal contraceptives may be diminished when given concurrently with clobazam. Additional non-hormonal forms of contraception are recommended.

            • clonazepam

              ethinylestradiol will increase the level or effect of clonazepam by Mechanism: decreasing metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Ethinyl estradiol may inhibit the clearance of benzodiazepines that undergo oxidation, thereby increasing serum concentrations of concomitantly administered benzodiazepines.

            • crofelemer

              crofelemer increases levels of levonorgestrel oral by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Crofelemer has the potential to inhibit CYP3A4 at concentrations expected in the gut; unlikely to inhibit systemically because minimally absorbed.

            • cyclosporine

              ethinylestradiol increases levels of cyclosporine by unknown mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              levonorgestrel oral, cyclosporine. Either increases levels of the other by decreasing metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Combined oral contraceptives containing EE may inhibit the metabolism and increase plasma concentrations of cyclosporine.

            • dabrafenib

              dabrafenib will decrease the level or effect of levonorgestrel oral by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

              dabrafenib will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

            • darunavir

              darunavir will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Significant changes (increase or decrease) can occur in estrogen plasma levels. Efficacy of hormonal contraceptives may be reduced. Use of a nonhormonal contraceptive is recommended.

            • dexamethasone

              dexamethasone decreases levels of levonorgestrel oral by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • dasatinib

              ethinylestradiol will increase the level or effect of dasatinib by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • deferasirox

              deferasirox will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • demeclocycline

              demeclocycline will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • diazepam

              ethinylestradiol will increase the level or effect of diazepam by Mechanism: decreasing metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Ethinyl estradiol may inhibit the clearance of benzodiazepines that undergo oxidation, thereby increasing serum concentrations of concomitantly administered benzodiazepines.

            • dicloxacillin

              dicloxacillin will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • doxycycline

              doxycycline will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • efavirenz

              efavirenz decreases levels of levonorgestrel oral by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • elagolix

              elagolix decreases levels of levonorgestrel oral by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Elagolix is a weak-to-moderate CYP3A4 inducer. Monitor CYP3A substrates if coadministered. Consider increasing CYP3A substrate dose if needed.

              elagolix will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Elagolix is a weak-to-moderate CYP3A4 inducer. Monitor CYP3A substrates if coadministered. Consider increasing CYP3A substrate dose if needed.

            • eltrombopag

              ethinylestradiol will increase the level or effect of eltrombopag by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP1A2 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • encorafenib

              encorafenib, levonorgestrel oral. affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Encorafenib both inhibits and induces CYP3A4 at clinically relevant plasma concentrations. Coadministration of encorafenib with sensitive CYP3A4 substrates may result in increased toxicity or decreased efficacy of these agents.

            • elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir DF

              elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir DF increases levels of ethinylestradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Cobicistat is a CYP3A4 inhibitor; contraindicated with CYP3A4 substrates for which elevated plasma concentrations are associated with serious and/or life-threatening events.

            • encorafenib

              encorafenib will increase the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by Other (see comment). Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Encorafenib (a BCRP inhibitor) may increase the concentration and toxicities of BCRP substrates. Closely monitor for signs and symptoms of increased exposure and consider adjusting the dose of these substrates.

            • enzalutamide

              enzalutamide decreases levels of levonorgestrel oral by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • erythromycin base

              erythromycin base will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor. Antibiotics may decrease hormonal contraceptive efficacy.

            • erythromycin ethylsuccinate

              erythromycin ethylsuccinate will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor. Antibiotics may decrease hormonal contraceptive efficacy.

            • erythromycin lactobionate

              erythromycin lactobionate will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor. Antibiotics may decrease hormonal contraceptive efficacy.

            • erythromycin stearate

              erythromycin stearate will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor. Antibiotics may decrease hormonal contraceptive efficacy.

            • etravirine

              etravirine will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. The efficacy of hormonal contraceptives may be reduced. Use of a nonhormonal contraceptive is recommended.

              etravirine decreases levels of levonorgestrel oral by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • exenatide injectable solution

              levonorgestrel oral, exenatide injectable solution. Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Oral contraceptives may decrease hypoglycemic effects of antidiabetics by impairing glucose tolerance. The effect of exenatide to slow gastric emptying may reduce the extent and rate of oral medications that require rapid GI absorption. Advise patients to take oral contraceptives at least 1 hr before exenatide. .

              ethinylestradiol, exenatide injectable solution. Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Oral contraceptives may decrease hypoglycemic effects of antidiabetics by impairing glucose tolerance. The effect of exenatide to slow gastric emptying may reduce the extent and rate of oral medications that require rapid GI absorption. Advise patients to take oral contraceptives at least 1 hr before exenatide. .

            • exenatide injectable suspension

              ethinylestradiol, exenatide injectable suspension. Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Oral contraceptives may decrease hypoglycemic effects of antidiabetics by impairing glucose tolerance. The effect of exenatide to slow gastric emptying may reduce the extent and rate of oral medications that require rapid GI absorption. Advise patients to take oral contraceptives at least 1 hr before exenatide.

              levonorgestrel oral, exenatide injectable suspension. Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Oral contraceptives may decrease hypoglycemic effects of antidiabetics by impairing glucose tolerance. The effect of exenatide to slow gastric emptying may reduce the extent and rate of oral medications that require rapid GI absorption. Advise patients to take oral contraceptives at least 1 hr before exenatide.

            • fedratinib

              fedratinib will increase the level or effect of levonorgestrel oral by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Adjust dose of drugs that are CYP3A4 substrates as necessary.

              fedratinib will increase the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Adjust dose of drugs that are CYP3A4 substrates as necessary.

            • felbamate

              felbamate decreases levels of levonorgestrel oral by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • finerenone

              ethinylestradiol will increase the level or effect of finerenone by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Monitor serum potassium during initiation and dosage adjustment of either finererone or weak CYP3A4 inhibitors. Adjust finererone dosage as needed.

            • flibanserin

              ethinylestradiol will increase the level or effect of flibanserin by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Increased flibanserin adverse effects may occur if coadministered with multiple weak CYP3A4 inhibitors.

            • fluconazole

              fluconazole will increase the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • fluvoxamine

              ethinylestradiol will increase the level or effect of fluvoxamine by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP1A2 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • fosphenytoin

              fosphenytoin decreases levels of levonorgestrel oral by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • fostemsavir

              fostemsavir will increase the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by Other (see comment). Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Fostemsavir inhibits BCRP transporters. If possible, avoid coadministration or modify dose of BCRP substrate coadministered with fostemsavir. Do not ethinyl estradiol dose of exceed 30 mcg/day.

            • gemifloxacin

              gemifloxacin will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • grapefruit

              grapefruit will increase the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • green tea

              ethinylestradiol increases levels of green tea by decreasing elimination. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • griseofulvin

              griseofulvin decreases levels of levonorgestrel oral by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • hemin

              ethinylestradiol decreases effects of hemin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Drugs that increase delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase may decrease hemin effect.

            • hyaluronidase

              ethinylestradiol decreases effects of hyaluronidase by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Estrogens, when given in large systemic doses, may render tissues partially resistant to the action of hyaluronidase. Patients may require larger amounts of hyaluronidase for equivalent dispersing effect.

            • iloperidone

              iloperidone increases levels of ethinylestradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Iloperidone is a time-dependent CYP3A inhibitor and may lead to increased plasma levels of drugs predominantly eliminated by CYP3A4.

              iloperidone increases levels of levonorgestrel oral by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Iloperidone is a time-dependent CYP3A inhibitor and may lead to increased plasma levels of drugs predominantly eliminated by CYP3A4.

            • insulin aspart

              ethinylestradiol decreases effects of insulin aspart by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Oral contraceptives may decrease hypoglycemic effects of antidiabetics by impairing glucose tolerance. Monitor for glycemic control in diabetic patients.

            • insulin degludec

              levonorgestrel oral decreases effects of insulin degludec by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Progestins may impair glucose tolerance.

            • insulin degludec

              ethinylestradiol decreases effects of insulin degludec by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Estrogens may impair glucose tolerance.

            • insulin degludec/insulin aspart

              ethinylestradiol decreases effects of insulin degludec/insulin aspart by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Estrogens may impair glucose tolerance.

              levonorgestrel oral decreases effects of insulin degludec/insulin aspart by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Progestins may impair glucose tolerance.

            • insulin detemir

              ethinylestradiol decreases effects of insulin detemir by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Oral contraceptives may decrease hypoglycemic effects of antidiabetics by impairing glucose tolerance. Monitor for glycemic control in diabetic patients.

            • insulin inhaled

              levonorgestrel oral decreases effects of insulin inhaled by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Progestins may impair glucose tolerance.

            • insulin glargine

              ethinylestradiol decreases effects of insulin glargine by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Oral contraceptives may decrease hypoglycemic effects of antidiabetics by impairing glucose tolerance. Monitor for glycemic control in diabetic patients.

            • insulin glulisine

              ethinylestradiol decreases effects of insulin glulisine by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Oral contraceptives may decrease hypoglycemic effects of antidiabetics by impairing glucose tolerance. Monitor for glycemic control in diabetic patients.

            • insulin inhaled

              ethinylestradiol decreases effects of insulin inhaled by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Estrogens may impair glucose tolerance.

            • insulin lispro

              ethinylestradiol decreases effects of insulin lispro by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Oral contraceptives may decrease hypoglycemic effects of antidiabetics by impairing glucose tolerance. Monitor for glycemic control in diabetic patients.

            • insulin NPH

              ethinylestradiol decreases effects of insulin NPH by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Oral contraceptives may decrease hypoglycemic effects of antidiabetics by impairing glucose tolerance. Monitor for glycemic control in diabetic patients.

            • insulin regular human

              ethinylestradiol decreases effects of insulin regular human by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Oral contraceptives may decrease hypoglycemic effects of antidiabetics by impairing glucose tolerance. Monitor for glycemic control in diabetic patients.

            • isavuconazonium sulfate

              ethinylestradiol will increase the level or effect of isavuconazonium sulfate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • istradefylline

              istradefylline will increase the level or effect of levonorgestrel oral by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Istradefylline 40 mg/day increased peak levels and AUC of CYP3A4 substrates in clinical trials. This effect was not observed with istradefylline 20 mg/day. Consider dose reduction of sensitive CYP3A4 substrates.

              istradefylline will increase the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Istradefylline 40 mg/day increased peak levels and AUC of CYP3A4 substrates in clinical trials. This effect was not observed with istradefylline 20 mg/day. Consider dose reduction of sensitive CYP3A4 substrates.

            • itraconazole

              itraconazole will increase the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. CYP3A4 inhibitors such as itraconazole may increase plasma hormone levels.

            • ivosidenib

              ivosidenib will decrease the level or effect of levonorgestrel oral by unspecified interaction mechanism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Coadministration of ivosidenib may decrease the concentrations of hormonal contraceptives, consider alternative methods of contraception in patients receiving ivosidenib.

            • ketoconazole

              ketoconazole will increase the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. CYP3A4 inhibitors such as ketoconazole may increase plasma hormone levels.

            • lamotrigine

              levonorgestrel oral will decrease the level or effect of lamotrigine by increasing hepatic clearance. Use Caution/Monitor. Combination oral contraceptives have been shown to significantly decrease plasma concentrations of lamotrigine, likely due to induction of lamotrigine glucuronidation.

              ethinylestradiol decreases levels of lamotrigine by increasing hepatic clearance. Use Caution/Monitor. Combination oral contraceptives have been shown to significantly decrease plasma concentrations of lamotrigine, likely due to induction of lamotrigine glucuronidation.

            • lapatinib

              ethinylestradiol will increase the level or effect of lapatinib by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • lenacapavir

              lenacapavir will increase the level or effect of levonorgestrel oral by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Lencapavir may increase CYP3A4 substrates initiated within 9 months after last SC dose of lenacapavir, which may increase potential risk of adverse reactions of CYP3A4 substrates.

            • lemborexant

              ethinylestradiol will increase the level or effect of lemborexant by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Lower nightly dose of lemborexant recommended if coadministered with weak CYP3A4 inhibitors. See drug monograph for specific dosage modification.

            • lenacapavir

              lenacapavir will increase the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Lencapavir (a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor) may increase CYP3A4 substrates initiated within 9 months after last SC dose of lenacapavir, which may increase potential risk of adverse reactions of CYP3A4 substrates.

            • levofloxacin

              levofloxacin will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • levoketoconazole

              levoketoconazole will increase the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. CYP3A4 inhibitors such as ketoconazole may increase plasma hormone levels.

            • liraglutide

              ethinylestradiol decreases effects of liraglutide by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Oral contraceptives may decrease hypoglycemic effects of antidiabetics by impairing glucose tolerance. Monitor for glycemic control in diabetic patients.

              levonorgestrel oral decreases effects of liraglutide by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Oral contraceptives may decrease hypoglycemic effects of antidiabetics by impairing glucose tolerance. Monitor for glycemic control in diabetic patients.

            • lixisenatide (DSC)

              lixisenatide (DSC) will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by inhibition of GI absorption. Applies only to oral form of both agents. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. GLP1 agonists delay gastric emptying, which may affect absorption of concomitantly administered oral medications. Oral contraceptives should be taken at least 1 hr before lixisenatide administration or 11 hr after lixisenatide.

            • maraviroc

              levonorgestrel oral increases levels of maraviroc by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Potential for increased toxicity.

            • lomitapide

              ethinylestradiol increases levels of lomitapide by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Lomitapide dose should not exceed 30 mg/day.

            • lonapegsomatropin

              ethinylestradiol will decrease the level or effect of lonapegsomatropin by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Oral estrogens may reduce serum insulin-like growth factor-1 response to lonapegsomatropin. Patients receiving oral estrogen replacement may require higher lonapegsomatropin dosages.

              ethinylestradiol will decrease the level or effect of lonapegsomatropin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Oral estrogens may reduce serum insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-1) response to growth hormone (GH) analogs. Higher GH dose may be required

            • lorlatinib

              lorlatinib will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • lumefantrine

              lumefantrine will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • metformin

              ethinylestradiol decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              levonorgestrel oral decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • metronidazole

              metronidazole will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • mifepristone

              mifepristone decreases effects of levonorgestrel oral by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Backup contraceptive method recommended.

            • mexiletine

              ethinylestradiol will increase the level or effect of mexiletine by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP1A2 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • midazolam

              ethinylestradiol will increase the level or effect of midazolam by Mechanism: decreasing metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Ethinyl estradiol may inhibit the clearance of benzodiazepines that undergo oxidation, thereby increasing serum concentrations of concomitantly administered benzodiazepines.

            • midazolam intranasal

              ethinylestradiol will increase the level or effect of midazolam intranasal by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Coadministration of mild CYP3A4 inhibitors with midazolam intranasal may cause higher midazolam systemic exposure, which may prolong sedation.

            • mifepristone

              mifepristone decreases effects of ethinylestradiol by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Backup contraceptive method recommended.

            • minocycline

              minocycline will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • mitotane

              mitotane decreases levels of ethinylestradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Mitotane is a strong inducer of cytochrome P-4503A4; monitor when coadministered with CYP3A4 substrates for possible dosage adjustments.

              mitotane decreases levels of levonorgestrel oral by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Mitotane is a strong inducer of cytochrome P-4503A4; monitor when coadministered with CYP3A4 substrates for possible dosage adjustments.

            • momelotinib

              momelotinib increases toxicity of ethinylestradiol by plasma protein binding competition. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Momelotinib (BCRP inhibitor) may increase exposure of BCRP substrates, which may increase the risk of BCRP substrate adverse reactions. Dose adjustment of other BCRP substrates may necessary.

            • mycophenolate

              mycophenolate decreases levels of levonorgestrel oral by unspecified interaction mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor. Consider additional birth control methods during mycophenolate administration.

            • moxifloxacin

              moxifloxacin will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • nafcillin

              nafcillin will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              nafcillin decreases levels of levonorgestrel oral by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • neomycin PO

              neomycin PO will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • nevirapine

              nevirapine decreases levels of levonorgestrel oral by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • nicardipine

              ethinylestradiol will increase the level or effect of nicardipine by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • nilotinib

              ethinylestradiol will increase the level or effect of nilotinib by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • nirmatrelvir

              nirmatrelvir will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by increasing metabolism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Consider using additional nonhormonal contraceptive method for remainder of cycle. Mechanism unknown, but possibly by ritonavir CYP2C9 or CYP1A2 induction.

            • nirmatrelvir/ritonavir

              nirmatrelvir/ritonavir will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by increasing metabolism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Consider using additional nonhormonal contraceptive method for remainder of cycle. Mechanism unknown, but possibly by ritonavir CYP2C9 or CYP1A2 induction.

            • nitrofurantoin

              nitrofurantoin will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • ofloxacin

              ofloxacin will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • olanzapine

              ethinylestradiol will increase the level or effect of olanzapine by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP1A2 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • oteseconazole

              oteseconazole will increase the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by Other (see comment). Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Otesezonale, a BCRP inhibitor, may increase the effects and risk of toxicities of BCRP substrates. Use lowest starting dose of BCRP substrate, or consider reducing BCRP substrate dose.

            • oxcarbazepine

              oxcarbazepine decreases levels of levonorgestrel oral by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • paromomycin

              paromomycin will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • penicillin G aqueous

              penicillin G aqueous decreases levels of ethinylestradiol by increasing metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Risk of oral contraceptive failure.

            • penicillin VK

              penicillin VK will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • pentobarbital

              pentobarbital decreases levels of levonorgestrel oral by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • phenobarbital

              phenobarbital decreases levels of levonorgestrel oral by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • phenytoin

              phenytoin decreases levels of levonorgestrel oral by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • pioglitazone

              pioglitazone decreases levels of ethinylestradiol by unknown mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • pitolisant

              pitolisant will decrease the level or effect of levonorgestrel oral by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Pitolisant is a borderline/weak inducer of CYP3A4. Monitor sensitive CYP3A4 substrates for reduced effectiveness if coadministered.

            • posaconazole

              posaconazole will increase the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • primidone

              primidone decreases levels of levonorgestrel oral by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • quinupristin/dalfopristin

              quinupristin/dalfopristin will increase the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • ramelteon

              ethinylestradiol will increase the level or effect of ramelteon by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP1A2 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • rasagiline

              ethinylestradiol will increase the level or effect of rasagiline by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP1A2 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Recommended dose of rasagiline is 0.5mg daily in combination with CYP1A2 inhibitors.

            • ribociclib

              ribociclib will increase the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              ribociclib will increase the level or effect of levonorgestrel oral by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • rifabutin

              rifabutin decreases levels of levonorgestrel oral by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • romidepsin

              romidepsin decreases effects of ethinylestradiol by receptor binding competition. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • rifampin

              rifampin decreases levels of levonorgestrel oral by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • rifapentine

              rifapentine decreases levels of levonorgestrel oral by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • ropinirole

              ethinylestradiol will increase the level or effect of ropinirole by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP1A2 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              ethinylestradiol increases levels of ropinirole by unspecified interaction mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • rucaparib

              rucaparib will increase the level or effect of levonorgestrel oral by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Adjust dosage of CYP3A4 substrates, if clinically indicated.

              rucaparib will increase the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Adjust dosage of CYP3A4 substrates, if clinically indicated.

            • rufinamide

              rufinamide decreases effects of ethinylestradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Rufinamide is a weak inducer of the CYP 3A4 enzyme and can decrease exposure of drugs that are substrates of CYP3A4. .

            • secobarbital

              secobarbital will decrease the level or effect of levonorgestrel oral by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • selegiline

              ethinylestradiol increases levels of selegiline by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Oral contraceptives inhibit the N demethylatin of selegiline.

            • selegiline transdermal

              ethinylestradiol increases levels of selegiline transdermal by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Oral contraceptives inhibit the N demethylatin of selegiline.

            • siltuximab

              siltuximab, ethinylestradiol. Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: CYP450 activity in the liver is down regulated by infection and inflammation stimuli including cytokines (eg, IL-6); inhibition of IL-6 by siltuximab may restore CYP450 enzymatic activity; caution if coadministered with CYP substrates that have a narrow therapeutic index.

              siltuximab, levonorgestrel oral. Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: CYP450 activity in the liver is down regulated by infection and inflammation stimuli including cytokines (eg, IL-6); inhibition of IL-6 by siltuximab may restore CYP450 enzymatic activity; caution if coadministered with CYP substrates that have a narrow therapeutic index.

            • St John's Wort

              St John's Wort decreases levels of levonorgestrel oral by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • somapacitan

              ethinylestradiol will decrease the level or effect of somapacitan by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Oral estrogens may reduce serum insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-1) response to growth hormone (GH) analogs. Higher GH dose may be required

            • somatrogon

              ethinylestradiol will decrease the level or effect of somatrogon by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Oral estrogens may reduce serum insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-1) response to growth hormone (GH) analogs. Higher GH dose may be required

            • somatropin

              ethinylestradiol will decrease the level or effect of somatropin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Oral estrogens may reduce serum insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-1) response to growth hormone (GH) analogs. Higher GH dose may be required

            • stiripentol

              stiripentol, levonorgestrel oral. affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Stiripentol is a CYP3A4 inhibitor and inducer. Monitor CYP3A4 substrates coadministered with stiripentol for increased or decreased effects. CYP3A4 substrates may require dosage adjustment.

              stiripentol, ethinylestradiol. affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Stiripentol is a CYP3A4 inhibitor and inducer. Monitor CYP3A4 substrates coadministered with stiripentol for increased or decreased effects. CYP3A4 substrates may require dosage adjustment.

            • sulfadiazine

              sulfadiazine will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • tazemetostat

              tazemetostat will decrease the level or effect of levonorgestrel oral by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • sulfamethoxazole

              sulfamethoxazole will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • sulfisoxazole

              sulfisoxazole will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • tacrolimus

              ethinylestradiol will increase the level or effect of tacrolimus by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • tazemetostat

              tazemetostat will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              ethinylestradiol will increase the level or effect of tazemetostat by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • tecovirimat

              tecovirimat will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Tecovirimat is a weak CYP3A4 inducer. Monitor sensitive CYP3A4 substrates for effectiveness if coadministered.

              tecovirimat will decrease the level or effect of levonorgestrel oral by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Tecovirimat is a weak CYP3A4 inducer. Monitor sensitive CYP3A4 substrates for effectiveness if coadministered.

            • teriflunomide

              teriflunomide increases levels of levonorgestrel oral by unknown mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              teriflunomide increases levels of ethinylestradiol by unknown mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • tesamorelin

              tesamorelin will decrease the level or effect of levonorgestrel oral by altering metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Use alternative contraception

            • tetracycline

              tetracycline will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • theophylline

              ethinylestradiol will increase the level or effect of theophylline by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP1A2 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • ticarcillin

              ticarcillin will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • tigecycline

              tigecycline will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • tinidazole

              ethinylestradiol will increase the level or effect of tinidazole by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • tizanidine

              ethinylestradiol will increase the level or effect of tizanidine by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP1A2 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Monitor for tizanidine adverse effects (eg, hypotension or bradycardia)

            • tolterodine

              ethinylestradiol will increase the level or effect of tolterodine by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • topiramate

              topiramate decreases levels of levonorgestrel oral by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • triazolam

              ethinylestradiol will increase the level or effect of triazolam by Mechanism: decreasing metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Ethinyl estradiol may inhibit the clearance of benzodiazepines that undergo oxidation, thereby increasing serum concentrations of concomitantly administered benzodiazepines.

            • trimethoprim

              trimethoprim will decrease the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • ursodiol

              ethinylestradiol decreases effects of ursodiol by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • valoctocogene roxaparvovec

              levonorgestrel oral and valoctocogene roxaparvovec both increase Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Medications that may cause hepatotoxicity when combined with valoctogene roxaparvovec may potentiate the risk of elevated liver enzymes. Closely monitor these medications and consider alternative medications in case of potential drug interactions.

              ethinylestradiol and valoctocogene roxaparvovec both increase Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Medications that may cause hepatotoxicity when combined with valoctogene roxaparvovec may potentiate the risk of elevated liver enzymes. Closely monitor these medications and consider alternative medications in case of potential drug interactions.

            • valproic acid

              ethinylestradiol will decrease the level or effect of valproic acid by increasing elimination. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. May lead to increased seizure frequency

            • voriconazole

              voriconazole will increase the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            Minor (24)

            • acetazolamide

              acetazolamide will increase the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              acetazolamide will increase the level or effect of levonorgestrel oral by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • amitriptyline

              ethinylestradiol, amitriptyline. Mechanism: unspecified interaction mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Estrogens and progestins may decr tricyclic antidepressant effects, while increasing TCA plasma concentration and adverse effects.

            • anastrozole

              anastrozole will increase the level or effect of levonorgestrel oral by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • amoxapine

              ethinylestradiol, amoxapine. Mechanism: unspecified interaction mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Estrogens and progestins may decr tricyclic antidepressant effects, while increasing TCA plasma concentration and adverse effects.

            • anastrozole

              anastrozole will increase the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • antipyrine

              ethinylestradiol will increase the level or effect of antipyrine by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP1A2 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • asenapine

              ethinylestradiol will increase the level or effect of asenapine by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP1A2 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • clarithromycin

              ethinylestradiol will increase the level or effect of clarithromycin by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • clomipramine

              ethinylestradiol will increase the level or effect of clomipramine by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP1A2 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • cyclophosphamide

              cyclophosphamide will increase the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              cyclophosphamide will increase the level or effect of levonorgestrel oral by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • desipramine

              ethinylestradiol, desipramine. Mechanism: unspecified interaction mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Oxidative metabolism of TCAs may be decreased by ethinyl estradiol. Increased antidepressant serum concentrations may occur. Potential for increased TCA adverse effects.

            • enasidenib

              enasidenib, levonorgestrel oral. unknown mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Coadministration of enasidenib may increase or decrease the concentrations of combined hormonal contraceptives. Clinical significance of this interaction is unknown.

            • dosulepin

              ethinylestradiol, dosulepin. Mechanism: unspecified interaction mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Oxidative metabolism of TCAs may be decreased by ethinyl estradiol. Increased antidepressant serum concentrations may occur. Potential for increased TCA adverse effects.

            • doxepin

              ethinylestradiol, doxepin. Mechanism: unspecified interaction mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Oxidative metabolism of TCAs may be decreased by ethinyl estradiol. Increased antidepressant serum concentrations may occur. Potential for increased TCA adverse effects.

            • duloxetine

              ethinylestradiol will increase the level or effect of duloxetine by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP1A2 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • enasidenib

              enasidenib, ethinylestradiol. unknown mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Coadministration of enasidenib may increase or decrease the concentrations of combined hormonal contraceptives. Clinical significance of this interaction is unknown.

            • eplerenone

              ethinylestradiol will increase the level or effect of eplerenone by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • felbamate

              felbamate decreases levels of ethinylestradiol by unknown mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • frovatriptan

              ethinylestradiol will increase the level or effect of frovatriptan by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP1A2 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • imipramine

              ethinylestradiol, imipramine. Mechanism: unspecified interaction mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Oxidative metabolism of TCAs may be decreased by ethinyl estradiol. Increased antidepressant serum concentrations may occur. Potential for increased TCA adverse effects.

            • larotrectinib

              larotrectinib will increase the level or effect of ethinylestradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              larotrectinib will increase the level or effect of levonorgestrel oral by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • levoketoconazole

              levoketoconazole will increase the level or effect of levonorgestrel oral by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • mineral oil

              mineral oil decreases levels of ethinylestradiol by inhibition of GI absorption. Applies only to oral form of both agents. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • naratriptan

              ethinylestradiol increases effects of naratriptan by unspecified interaction mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown. The clinical implication of these interactions is unknown.

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            Adverse Effects

            Frequency Not Defined

            Amenorrhea

            Arterial thromboembolism

            Benign or malignant neoplasm of liver

            Bloating

            Breakthrough bleeding

            Breast changes (enlargement, tenderness, secretion)

            Cerebral hemorrhage

            Cerebral thrombosis

            Disorder of gallbladder

            Disorder of menstruation

            Headache

            Hypertension

            Mood swings

            Myocardial infarction

            Nausea and vomiting

            Pulmonary embolism (PE)

            Scanty vaginal bleeding

            Stomach cramps

            Thrombophlebitis

            Weight change (increased or decreased)

            Postmarketing Reports

            Pancreatitis

            Cholestatic jaundice

            Retinal vein thrombosis

            Hirsutism

            Erythema multiforme

            Erythema nodosum

            Hemorrhagic eruption

            Melasma/chloasma

            Migraine

            Urticaria

            Angioedema

            Respiratory

            Circulatory symptoms

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            Warnings

            Black Box Warnings

            Cigarette smoking & risk of cardiovascular disease

            • Cigarette smoking increases risk of serious cardiovascular adverse effects from combination hormonal contraceptive use
            • Risk increases with age (>35 years) and with heavy smoking (≥15 cigarettes/day)
            • Advise women who use hormonal oral contraceptives not to smoke
            • Not for the treatment of patients who use of hepatitis C drug combinations containing ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir, with or without dasabuvir, due to the potential for ALT elevations

            Contraindications

            Documented hypersensitivity

            Breast cancer or other estrogen- or progestin-sensitive cancer, now or in the past

            Arterial thromboembolic disease (stroke, myocardial infarction [MI]), thrombophlebitis, deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism (DVT)/PE, thrombogenic valvular disease

            Estrogen-dependent neoplasia

            Liver tumors, benign or malignant, or liver disease

            Undiagnosed abnormal vaginal bleeding

            Undiagnosed abnormal uterine bleeding

            Uncontrolled hypertension or hypertension with vascular disease

            Diabetes mellitus and over age 35, diabetes mellitus with hypertension or vascular disease or other end-organ damage, or diabetes mellitus of >20 years duration

            Inherited or acquired hypercoagulopathies, smokers aged >35 years (Natazia)

            Renal insufficiency, hepatic dysfunction, adrenal insufficiency

            Headaches with focal neurological symptoms or have migraine headaches with aura

            Women >35 with any migraine headaches

            Smoking >15 cigarettes/day at age >35 years

            Major surgery with prolonged immobilization

            Cerebrovascular or coronary artery disease (current or past history)

            Thrombogenic rhythm disorders

            Hereditary or acquired thrombophilias

            Carcinoma of the endometrium or other known or suspected estrogen-dependent neoplasia

            Undiagnosed abnormal vagina/uterine bleeding

            Cholestatic jaundice of pregnancy or jaundice with prior pill use

            Receiving Hepatitis C drug combinations containing ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir, with or without dasabuvir

            Acute viral hepatitis, or severe (decompensated) cirrhosis

            Cautions

            Before starting therapy evaluate any past medical history or family history of thrombotic or thromboembolic disorders and consider whether the history suggests an inherited or acquired hypercoagulopathy; therapy is contraindicated in females with a high risk of arterial or venous thrombotic/thromboembolic diseases

            Use caution in patients with family history of breast cancer, DVT/PE, or both; current or previous depression, endometriosis, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, bone mineral density changes, renal or hepatic impairment, bone metabolic disease, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE); conditions exacerbated by fluid retention (eg, migraine, asthma, epilepsy)

            Risk of VTE is highest during first year of use of a COCs and when restarting oral contraception after a break of 4 weeks or longer; risk of thromboembolic disease due to COCs gradually disappears after COC use is discontinued; use of COCs increases risk of arterial thromboses that result in strokes and myocardial infarctions, especially in women with other risk factors for these events; COCs have been shown to increase both relative and attributable risks of cerebrovascular events (thrombotic and hemorrhagic strokes); risk increases with age, particularly in women over 35 years of age who smoke

            Consider presence of underlying risk factors that may increase risk of cardiovascular disease or VTE, particularly before initiating therapy for women over 35 years, such as hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, obesity

            Discontinue therapy if an arterial thrombotic event or venous thromboembolic (VTE) event occurs; if feasible, stop therapy at least 4 weeks before and through 2 weeks after major surgery or other surgeries known to have an elevated risk of VTE as well as during and following prolonged immobilization; initiate therapy no earlier than 4 weeks after delivery in women who are not breastfeeding; risk of postpartum VTE decreases after third postpartum week, whereas risk of ovulation increases after third postpartum week

            Discontinue if the following develop: Jaundice, visual problems (may cause contact lens intolerance), any signs of VTE, migraine with unusual severity, significant blood pressure increase, severe depression, increased risk of thromboembolic complications after surgery

            Discontinue 4 weeks before major surgery or prolonged immobilization

            Discontinue drug prior to starting therapy with the combination drug regimen ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir, with or without dasabuvir; therapy can be restarted approximately 2 weeks following completion of treatment with the hepatitis C combination drug regimen

            Use of warfarin or other oral anticoagulants (increase in anticoagulant dose may be warranted)

            Estrogen component of COCs may raise serum concentrations of thyroxine-binding globulin, sex hormone- binding globulin, and cortisol-binding globulin; dose of replacement thyroid hormone or cortisol therapy may need to be increased

            Increased risk of cervical cancer with oral contraceptive use, however, human papillomavirus (HPV) remains primary risk factor for this cancer

            Discontinue hormonal therapy prior to starting therapy with combination drug regimen ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir, with or without dasabuvir; may restart approximately 2 weeks following completion of treatment with combination drug regimen

            Long-term (≥5 years) use of oral contraceptives may be associated with increased risk

            Increased risk of liver cancer with oral contraceptive use; risk increases with duration of use

            CDC guidelines recommend waiting ≥3 weeks after vaginal birth or ≥6 weeks after cesarean section to decrease risk of VTE before initiating combined hormonal contraceptives; women with additional risk factors for VTE (besides postpartum status) should not use combined hormonal contraceptives

            Scheduled withdrawal bleeding does not occur with therapy; the absence of withdrawal bleeding cannot be used as a sign of an unexpected pregnancy and as such, unexpected pregnancy may be difficult to recognize; if pregnancy suspected, a pregnancy test should be performed

            Benign hepatic adenomas are associated with oral contraceptive use; rupture of rare, benign, hepatic adenomas may cause death through intraabdominal hemorrhage

            Retinal thrombosis associated with use of oral contraceptives that may lead to partial or complete loss of vision reported; oral contraceptives should be discontinued if there is unexplained partial or complete loss of vision; onset of proptosis or diplopia; papilledema; or retinal vascular lesions; appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic measures should be undertaken immediately

            Increased risk of myocardial infarction attributed to oral contraceptive use; risk is primarily in smokers or women with other underlying risk factors for coronary-artery disease such as hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, morbid obesity, and diabetes

            An increased risk of venous thromboembolic and thrombotic disease associated with use of oral contraceptives is well established; the excess risk is highest during the first year a woman ever uses a combined oral contraceptive

            In women with hereditary angioedema, exogenous estrogens may induce or exacerbate symptoms of angioedema

            Chloasma may occasionally occur, especially in women with a history of chloasma gravidarum. Women with a tendency to chloasma should avoid exposure to the sun or ultraviolet radiation while receiving therapy

            Oral contraceptives have been shown to increase both relative and attributable risks of cerebrovascular events (thrombotic and hemorrhagic strokes), although, in general, risk is greatest among older (>35 years), hypertensive women who also smoke

            Not for use in women with liver disease, such as acute viral hepatitis or severe (decompensated) cirrhosis of liver; acute or chronic disturbances of liver function may necessitate discontinuation of COC use until markers of liver function return to normal and COC causation has been excluded; discontinue therapy if jaundice develops

            Certain conditions, such as smoking and migraine headache without aura, that do not contraindicate COC use in younger females, are contraindications to use in women over 35 years of age; women with migraine (particularly migraine/ headaches with focal neurological symptoms such as aura) who take combination oral contraceptives may be at increased risk of stroke

            A positive association has been observed between the amount of estrogen and progestogen in oral contraceptives and the risk of vascular disease

            A decline in serum high-density lipoproteins (HDL) has been reported with many progestational agents; a decline in serum high-density lipoproteins has been associated with an increased incidence of ischemic heart disease; women who are being treated for hyperlipidemias should be followed closely if they elect to use oral contraceptives; some progestogens may elevate LDL levels and may render control of hyperlipidemias more difficult; nonhormonal contraception should be considered in women with uncontrolled dyslipidemias; persistent hypertriglyceridemia may occur; elevations of plasma triglycerides may lead to pancreatitis and other complications

            Diarrhea and/or vomiting may reduce hormone absorption resulting in decreased serum concentrations

            Increase in blood pressure reported in women taking oral contraceptives and this increase is more likely in older oral contraceptive users and with continued use; women with history of hypertension or hypertension-related diseases, or renal disease should be encouraged to use another method of contraception; if women with hypertension elect to use oral contraceptives, they should be monitored closely and if significant elevation of blood pressure occurs, oral contraceptives should be discontinued

            Onset or exacerbation of migraine or development of headache with new pattern that is recurrent, persistent, or severe requires discontinuation of oral contraceptives and evaluation of the cause

            The convenience of having no scheduled menstrual bleeding should be weighed against the inconvenience of unscheduled breakthrough bleeding and spotting

            Ectopic as well as intrauterine pregnancy may occur in contraceptive failures

            Women with a strong family history of breast cancer or who have breast nodules should be monitored with particular care

            For women with well-controlled hypertension, monitor blood pressure and stop treatment if blood pressure rises significantly

            Studies suggest a small increased relative risk of developing gallbladder disease among COC users; use of COCs may worsen existing gallbladder disease; a past history of COC-related cholestasis predicts an increased risk with subsequent COC use; women with a history of pregnancy-related cholestasis may be at increased risk for COC related cholestasis

            If a woman receiving therapy develops new headaches that are recurrent, persistent, or severe, evaluate cause and discontinue therapy if indicated; consider discontinuation in case of increased frequency or severity of migraine during COC use (which may be prodromal of a cerebrovascular event)

            If bleeding persists or occurs after previously regular cycles, check for causes such as pregnancy or malignancy; if pathology and pregnancy are excluded, bleeding irregularities may resolve over time or with a change to a different contraceptive product

            Women receiving therapy may experience amenorrhea, absence of withdrawal bleeding, even if they are not pregnant; if scheduled (withdrawal) bleeding does not occur, consider possibility of pregnancy if patient has not adhered to prescribed dosing schedule (missed one or more active tablets or started taking them on a day later than she should have); consider possibility of pregnancy at time of first missed period and take appropriate diagnostic measures; if patient has adhered to prescribed regimen and misses two consecutive periods, rule out pregnancy

            Breast cancer

            • Epidemiology studies have not found a consistent association between use of combined oral contraceptives (COCs) and breast cancer risk; studies do not show an association between ever (current or past) use of COCs and risk of breast cancer
            • Some studies report a small increase in risk of breast cancer among current or recent users(<6 months since last use) and current users with longer duration of COC use
            • A woman's risk depends on conditions where naturally high hormone levels persist for long periods of time including early-onset menstruation before age 12, late-onset menopause, after age 55, first child after age 30, nulliparity
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            Pregnancy & Lactation

            Pregnancy

            There is no use for contraception in pregnancy; therefore, this drug should be discontinued during pregnancy; epidemiologic studies and meta-analyses have not found an increased risk of genital or non-genital birth defects (including cardiac anomalies and limb-reduction defects) following exposure to COCs before conception or during early pregnancy

            Extensive epidemiological studies have revealed no increased risk of birth defects in women who have used oral contraceptives prior to pregnancy; studies also do not suggest a teratogenic effect, particularly insofar as cardiac anomalies and limb reduction defects are concerned, when taken inadvertently during early pregnancy

            Administration of oral contraceptives to induce withdrawal bleeding should not be used as a test for pregnancy; oral contraceptives should not be used during pregnancy to treat threatened or habitual abortion

            It is recommended that for any patient who has missed two consecutive periods, pregnancy should be ruled out before continuing oral contraceptive use; if the patient has not adhered to prescribed schedule, possibility of pregnancy should be considered at time of first missed period; oral contraceptive use should be discontinued if pregnancy is confirmed

            Lactation

            Contraceptive hormones and/or metabolites are present in human milk; COCs can reduce milk production in breastfeeding females; this reduction can occur at any time but is less likely to occur once breastfeeding is well-established; when possible, advise nursing female to use other methods of contraception until she discontinues breastfeeding

            The developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mother’s clinical need for therapy and any potential adverse effects on breastfed child from the drug or underlying maternal condition

            If possible, the nursing mother should be advised not to use oral contraceptives but to use other forms of contraception until she has completely weaned her child

            Pregnancy Categories

            A: Generally acceptable. Controlled studies in pregnant women show no evidence of fetal risk.

            B: May be acceptable. Either animal studies show no risk but human studies not available or animal studies showed minor risks and human studies done and showed no risk.

            C: Use with caution if benefits outweigh risks. Animal studies show risk and human studies not available or neither animal nor human studies done.

            D: Use in LIFE-THREATENING emergencies when no safer drug available. Positive evidence of human fetal risk.

            X: Do not use in pregnancy. Risks involved outweigh potential benefits. Safer alternatives exist.

            NA: Information not available.

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            Pharmacology

            Mechanism of Action

            Levonorgestrel: Progestin; inhibits secretion of gonadotropins from pituitary; prevents follicular maturation and ovulation; stimulates growth of mammary tissues

            Ethinyl estradiol: Reduces release of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) from hypothalamus; reduces release of gonadotropin from pituitary; increases synthesis of DNA, RNA, and various proteins in target tissues

            Absorption

            Bioavailability (levonorgestrel): Nearly 100%; rapidly and almost completely absorbed; not subject to first-pass metabolism; (ethinyl estradiol): 43%; rapidly and almost completely absorbed from gastrointestinal (GI) tract; subject to first-pass metabolism in gut mucosa and liver

            Distribution

            Protein bound (levonorgestrel): 97.5-99% (principally to sex hormone-binding globulin [SHBG] and, to a lesser extent, to serum albumin); (ethinyl estradiol): 95-97% (to serum albumin)

            Vd (levonorgestrel): 1.8 L/kg; (ethinyl estradiol): 4.3 L/kg

            Metabolism

            Levonorgestrel: Forms conjugated metabolites

            Ethinyl estradiol: Metabolized in liver by CYP3A4 to estriol and estrone

            Elimination

            Half-life (levonorgestrel): 22-49 hr (after single dose); (ethinyl estradiol): 12-23 hr

            Excretion (levonorgestrel and metabolites): Urine (40-68%) and feces (16-48%), mostly as glucuronide conjugates; (ethinyl estradiol): Urine and feces, as glucuronide and sulfate conjugates

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            Formulary

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            Tier Description
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            Medscape prescription drug monographs are based on FDA-approved labeling information, unless otherwise noted, combined with additional data derived from primary medical literature.