zolpidem (Rx)

Brand and Other Names:Ambien, Ambien CR, more...Edluar, Intermezzo (DSC), Zolpimist (DSC)

Dosing & Uses

AdultPediatricGeriatric

Dosage Forms & Strengths

tablet, immediate-release: Schedule IV

  • 5mg (Ambien)
  • 10mg (Ambien)

tablet, extended-release: Schedule IV

  • 6.25mg (Ambien CR)
  • 12.5mg (Ambien CR)

tablet, sublingual: Schedule IV

  • 5mg (Edluar)
  • 10mg (Edluar)

capsule: Schedule IV

  • 7.5mg

Insomnia (Sleep Onset & Maintenance)

Indicated for insomnia characterized by difficulties with sleep onset and/or sleep maintenance (as measured by wake time after sleep onset)

Immediate-release tablet, sublingual tablet, and oral spray

  • Dosing for PO (Ambien), SL (Edluar), and oral spray (Zolpimist)
  • Women: 5 mg PO/SL/oral spray qHS
  • Men: Consider 5 mg PO/SL/oral spray qHS; may use 10 mg PO/SL/oral spray qHS if needed

Extended-release (Ambien CR)

  • Women: 6.25 mg PO qHS
  • Men: Consider 6.25 mg PO qHS; may use 12.5 mg PO qHS; not to exceed 12.5 mg/day

Dosing considerations (Ambien, Ambien CR)

  • Use lowest effective dose; take only once per night immediately before bedtime with at least 7-8 hr remaining before the planned time of awakening
  • In some patients, higher morning blood levels following use of 10 mg dose increase the risk of next day impairment of driving and other activities that require full alertness
  • Total dose should not exceed 10 mg once daily immediately before bedtime; should be taken as single dose and should not be readministered during same night

Insomnia (Middle of Night Awakening)

Intermezzo only

Indicated for insomnia when a middle of the night awakening is followed by difficulty returning to sleep

Women: 1.75 mg SL PRN; not to exceed 1 dose/night

Men: 3.5 mg SL PRN; not to exceed 1 dose/night

Dosing considerations (Intermezzo)

  • Use only when ≥4 hr of bedtime remain before awakening
  • Do not take if alcohol has been consumed or with any other sleep aid
  • Concomitant with CNS depressants: 1.75 mg SL PRN; not to exceed 1 dose/night

Dosage Modifications

Renal impairment

  • Dose adjustment may not be necessary; monitor

Hepatic impairment

  • Immediate-release: 5 mg immediately before bedtime
  • Extended-release: 6.25 mg immediately before bedtime
  • Sublingual (Edluar): 5 mg immediately before bedtime
  • Sublingual (Intermezzo): 1.75 mg once at night if ≥4 hr remain before awakening

Not recommended

Drug of choice when hypnotic indicated in elderly

Insomnia (Sleep Onset & Sleep Maintenance)

Indicated for insomnia characterized by difficulties with sleep onset and/or sleep maintenance (as measured by wake time after sleep onset)

Immediate-release, oral spray: 5 mg PO/SL immediately before bedtime

Extended-release: 6.25 mg PO immediately before bedtime

Dosing considerations

Ambien, Ambien CR: Use lowest effective dose; take only once per night immediately before bedtime with at least 7-8 hr remaining before the planned time of awakening

Insomnia (Middle of Night Awakening)

Intermezzo only

Indicated for insomnia when a middle of the night awakening is followed by difficulty returning to sleep

Men and women: 1.75 mg SL PRN; not to exceed 1 dose/night

Dosing considerations

Intermezzo: Use only when ≥4 hr of bedtime remain before awakening; do not take if alcohol has been consumed or with any other sleep aid

Next:

Interactions

Interaction Checker

and zolpidem

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            Contraindicated (2)

            • calcium/magnesium/potassium/sodium oxybates

              zolpidem, calcium/magnesium/potassium/sodium oxybates. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Contraindicated. Coadministration with alcohol or sedative hypnotics are contraindicated because of additive CNS depression.

            • sodium oxybate

              zolpidem, sodium oxybate. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Contraindicated. Coadministration with alcohol or sedative hypnotics are contraindicated because of additive CNS depression.

            Serious - Use Alternative (24)

            • apalutamide

              apalutamide will decrease the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Coadministration of apalutamide, a strong CYP3A4 inducer, with drugs that are CYP3A4 substrates can result in lower exposure to these medications. Avoid or substitute another drug for these medications when possible. Evaluate for loss of therapeutic effect if medication must be coadministered. Adjust dose according to prescribing information if needed.

            • benzhydrocodone/acetaminophen

              benzhydrocodone/acetaminophen, zolpidem. Either increases toxicity of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Profound sedation, respiratory depression, coma, and death may result if coadministered. Reserve concomitant prescribing of these drugs in patients for whom other treatment options are inadequate. Limit dosages and durations to the minimum required. Monitor closely for signs of respiratory depression and sedation.

            • clonidine

              clonidine, zolpidem. Either increases toxicity of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Coadministration enhances CNS depressant effects.

            • cobicistat

              cobicistat will increase the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • enzalutamide

              enzalutamide will decrease the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • fentanyl

              fentanyl, zolpidem. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Coadministration with other CNS depressants, such as skeletal muscle relaxants, may cause respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, coma, and/or death. Consider dose reduction of either or both agents to avoid serious adverse effects. Monitor for hypotension, respiratory depression, and profound sedation.

            • fentanyl intranasal

              fentanyl intranasal, zolpidem. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Coadministration with other CNS depressants, such as skeletal muscle relaxants, may cause respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, coma, and/or death. Consider dose reduction of either or both agents to avoid serious adverse effects. Monitor for hypotension, respiratory depression, and profound sedation.

            • fentanyl transdermal

              fentanyl transdermal, zolpidem. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Coadministration with other CNS depressants, such as skeletal muscle relaxants, may cause respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, coma, and/or death. Consider dose reduction of either or both agents to avoid serious adverse effects. Monitor for hypotension, respiratory depression, and profound sedation.

            • fentanyl transmucosal

              fentanyl transmucosal, zolpidem. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Coadministration with other CNS depressants, such as skeletal muscle relaxants, may cause respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, coma, and/or death. Consider dose reduction of either or both agents to avoid serious adverse effects. Monitor for hypotension, respiratory depression, and profound sedation.

            • fexinidazole

              fexinidazole will increase the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Fexinidazole inhibits CYP3A4. Coadministration may increase risk for adverse effects of CYP3A4 substrates.

            • hydrocodone

              hydrocodone, zolpidem. Either increases toxicity of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Profound sedation, respiratory depression, coma, and death may result if coadministered. Reserve concomitant prescribing of these drugs in patients for whom other treatment options are inadequate. Limit dosages and durations to the minimum required. Monitor closely for signs of respiratory depression and sedation.

            • idelalisib

              idelalisib will increase the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Idelalisib is a strong CYP3A inhibitor; avoid coadministration with sensitive CYP3A substrates

            • ivosidenib

              ivosidenib will decrease the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Avoid coadministration of sensitive CYP3A4 substrates with ivosidenib or replace with alternative therapies. If coadministration is unavoidable, monitor patients for loss of therapeutic effect of these drugs.

            • lemborexant

              lemborexant, zolpidem. Either increases effects of the other by sedation. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Use of lemborexant with other drugs to treat insomnia is not recommended.

            • lonafarnib

              lonafarnib will increase the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Avoid coadministration with sensitive CYP3A substrates. If coadministration unavoidable, monitor for adverse reactions and reduce CYP3A substrate dose in accordance with product labeling.

            • metoclopramide intranasal

              zolpidem, metoclopramide intranasal. Either increases effects of the other by Other (see comment). Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Comment: Avoid use of metoclopramide intranasal or interacting drug, depending on importance of drug to patient.

            • nefazodone

              nefazodone will increase the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • olopatadine intranasal

              zolpidem and olopatadine intranasal both increase sedation. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Coadministration increases risk of CNS depression, which can lead to additive impairment of psychomotor performance and cause daytime impairment.

            • oxycodone

              zolpidem and oxycodone both increase sedation. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Additive CNS depression may lead to hypotension, profound sedation, respiratory depression, or coma

            • selinexor

              selinexor, zolpidem. unspecified interaction mechanism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Patients treated with selinexor may experience neurological toxicities. Avoid taking selinexor with other medications that may cause dizziness or confusion.

            • sufentanil SL

              sufentanil SL, zolpidem. Either increases toxicity of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Coadministration may result in hypotension, profound sedation, respiratory depression, coma, and death. Reserve concomitant prescribing of these drugs in patients for whom other treatment options are inadequate. Limit dosages and durations to the minimum required. Monitor closely for signs of respiratory depression and sedation.

            • tucatinib

              tucatinib will increase the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Avoid concomitant use of tucatinib with CYP3A substrates, where minimal concentration changes may lead to serious or life-threatening toxicities. If unavoidable, reduce CYP3A substrate dose according to product labeling.

            • valerian

              valerian and zolpidem both increase sedation. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • voxelotor

              voxelotor will increase the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Voxelotor increases systemic exposure of sensitive CYP3A4 substrates. Avoid coadministration with sensitive CYP3A4 substrates with a narrow therapeutic index. Consider dose reduction of the sensitive CYP3A4 substrate(s) if unable to avoid.

            Monitor Closely (74)

            • acrivastine

              acrivastine and zolpidem both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • amisulpride

              amisulpride and zolpidem both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • asenapine

              asenapine and zolpidem both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • asenapine transdermal

              asenapine transdermal and zolpidem both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • avapritinib

              avapritinib and zolpidem both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • benzhydrocodone/acetaminophen

              benzhydrocodone/acetaminophen and zolpidem both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • brexanolone

              brexanolone, zolpidem. Either increases toxicity of the other by sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • brexpiprazole

              brexpiprazole and zolpidem both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • brimonidine

              brimonidine and zolpidem both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • brivaracetam

              brivaracetam and zolpidem both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • buprenorphine subdermal implant

              buprenorphine subdermal implant and zolpidem both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • buprenorphine transdermal

              buprenorphine transdermal and zolpidem both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • buprenorphine, long-acting injection

              zolpidem increases toxicity of buprenorphine, long-acting injection by pharmacodynamic synergism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Coadministration of buprenorphine and benzodiazepines or other CNS depressants increases risk of adverse reactions including overdose, respiratory depression, and death. Cessation of benzodiazepines or other CNS depressants is preferred in most cases. In some cases, monitoring at a higher level of care for tapering CNS depressants may be appropriate. In others, gradually tapering a patient off of a prescribed benzodiazepine or other CNS depressant or decreasing to the lowest effective dose may be appropriate.

              buprenorphine, long-acting injection and zolpidem both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • carbamazepine

              carbamazepine will decrease the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • cenobamate

              cenobamate, zolpidem. Either increases effects of the other by sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • ceritinib

              ceritinib will increase the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • chloramphenicol

              chloramphenicol will increase the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Consider reducing the zolpidem dose when zolpidem is given with a CYP3A4 inhibitor.

            • chlorpromazine

              chlorpromazine will increase the level or effect of zolpidem by pharmacodynamic synergism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Additive effect of decreased alertness and psychomotor performance

            • cimetidine

              cimetidine will increase the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • ciprofloxacin

              ciprofloxacin will increase the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP1A2 metabolism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

              ciprofloxacin will increase the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

            • clobazam

              zolpidem, clobazam. Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Concomitant administration can increase the potential for CNS effects (e.g., increased sedation or respiratory depression).

            • crizotinib

              crizotinib increases levels of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Dose reduction may be needed for coadministered drugs that are predominantly metabolized by CYP3A.

            • crofelemer

              crofelemer increases levels of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Crofelemer has the potential to inhibit CYP3A4 at concentrations expected in the gut; unlikely to inhibit systemically because minimally absorbed.

            • dabrafenib

              dabrafenib will decrease the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

            • daridorexant

              zolpidem and daridorexant both increase sedation. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Coadministration increases risk of CNS depression, which can lead to additive impairment of psychomotor performance and cause daytime impairment.

            • deferasirox

              deferasirox will decrease the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • deutetrabenazine

              zolpidem and deutetrabenazine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • diazepam intranasal

              diazepam intranasal, zolpidem. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Coadministration may potentiate the CNS-depressant effects of each drug.

            • difelikefalin

              difelikefalin and zolpidem both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • elagolix

              elagolix decreases levels of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Elagolix is a weak-to-moderate CYP3A4 inducer. Monitor CYP3A substrates if coadministered. Consider increasing CYP3A substrate dose if needed.

            • elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir DF

              elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir DF increases levels of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Cobicistat is a CYP3A4 inhibitor; contraindicated with CYP3A4 substrates for which elevated plasma concentrations are associated with serious and/or life-threatening events.

            • encorafenib

              encorafenib, zolpidem. affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Encorafenib both inhibits and induces CYP3A4 at clinically relevant plasma concentrations. Coadministration of encorafenib with sensitive CYP3A4 substrates may result in increased toxicity or decreased efficacy of these agents.

            • erythromycin base

              erythromycin base will increase the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • erythromycin ethylsuccinate

              erythromycin ethylsuccinate will increase the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • erythromycin lactobionate

              erythromycin lactobionate will increase the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • erythromycin stearate

              erythromycin stearate will increase the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • esketamine intranasal

              esketamine intranasal, zolpidem. Either increases toxicity of the other by sedation. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

            • fedratinib

              fedratinib will increase the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Adjust dose of drugs that are CYP3A4 substrates as necessary.

            • flibanserin

              zolpidem and flibanserin both increase sedation. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Risk for sedation increased if flibanserin is coadministration with other CNS depressants.

            • fluphenazine

              fluphenazine will increase the level or effect of zolpidem by pharmacodynamic synergism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Additive effect of decreased alertness and psychomotor performance

            • fluvoxamine

              fluvoxamine will increase the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • gabapentin

              gabapentin, zolpidem. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Coadministration of CNS depressants can result in serious, life-threatening, and fatal respiratory depression. Use lowest dose possible and monitor for respiratory depression and sedation.

            • gabapentin enacarbil

              gabapentin enacarbil, zolpidem. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Coadministration of CNS depressants can result in serious, life-threatening, and fatal respiratory depression. Use lowest dose possible and monitor for respiratory depression and sedation.

            • ganaxolone

              zolpidem and ganaxolone both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • iloperidone

              iloperidone increases levels of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Iloperidone is a time-dependent CYP3A inhibitor and may lead to increased plasma levels of drugs predominantly eliminated by CYP3A4.

            • istradefylline

              istradefylline will increase the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Istradefylline 40 mg/day increased peak levels and AUC of CYP3A4 substrates in clinical trials. This effect was not observed with istradefylline 20 mg/day. Consider dose reduction of sensitive CYP3A4 substrates.

            • itraconazole

              itraconazole will increase the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • ketoconazole

              ketoconazole will increase the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • lasmiditan

              lasmiditan, zolpidem. Either increases effects of the other by sedation. Use Caution/Monitor. Coadministration of lasmiditan and other CNS depressant drugs, including alcohol have not been evaluated in clinical studies. Lasmiditan may cause sedation, as well as other cognitive and/or neuropsychiatric adverse reactions.

            • lenacapavir

              lenacapavir will increase the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Lencapavir may increase CYP3A4 substrates initiated within 9 months after last SC dose of lenacapavir, which may increase potential risk of adverse reactions of CYP3A4 substrates.

            • letermovir

              letermovir increases levels of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • levoketoconazole

              levoketoconazole will increase the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • lopinavir

              lopinavir will increase the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • lorlatinib

              lorlatinib will decrease the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • lurasidone

              lurasidone, zolpidem. Either increases toxicity of the other by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Potential for increased CNS depressant effects when used concurrently; monitor for increased adverse effects and toxicity.

            • midazolam intranasal

              midazolam intranasal, zolpidem. Either increases toxicity of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Concomitant use of barbiturates, alcohol, or other CNS depressants may increase the risk of hypoventilation, airway obstruction, desaturation, or apnea and may contribute to profound and/or prolonged drug effect.

            • mifepristone

              mifepristone will increase the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • mitotane

              mitotane decreases levels of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Mitotane is a strong inducer of cytochrome P-4503A4; monitor when coadministered with CYP3A4 substrates for possible dosage adjustments.

            • oliceridine

              oliceridine, zolpidem. Either increases toxicity of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Profound sedation, respiratory depression, coma, and death may result if coadministered. Reserve concomitant prescribing of these drugs in patients for whom other treatment options are inadequate. Limit dosages and durations to the minimum required. Monitor closely for signs of respiratory depression and sedation.

            • perphenazine

              perphenazine will increase the level or effect of zolpidem by pharmacodynamic synergism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Additive effect of decreased alertness and psychomotor performance

            • pregabalin

              pregabalin, zolpidem. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Coadministration of CNS depressants can result in serious, life-threatening, and fatal respiratory depression. Use lowest dose possible and monitor for respiratory depression and sedation.

            • prochlorperazine

              prochlorperazine will increase the level or effect of zolpidem by pharmacodynamic synergism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Additive effect of decreased alertness and psychomotor performance

            • remimazolam

              remimazolam, zolpidem. Either increases toxicity of the other by sedation. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Coadministration may result in profound sedation, respiratory depression, coma, and/or death. Continuously monitor vital signs during sedation and recovery period if coadministered. Carefully titrate remimazolam dose if administered with opioid analgesics and/or sedative/hypnotics.

            • ribociclib

              ribociclib will increase the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • rifabutin

              rifabutin will decrease the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • rifampin

              rifampin will decrease the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • rucaparib

              rucaparib will increase the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Adjust dosage of CYP3A4 substrates, if clinically indicated.

            • saquinavir

              saquinavir will increase the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • St John's Wort

              St John's Wort will decrease the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • stiripentol

              stiripentol, zolpidem. affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Stiripentol is a CYP3A4 inhibitor and inducer. Monitor CYP3A4 substrates coadministered with stiripentol for increased or decreased effects. CYP3A4 substrates may require dosage adjustment.

              stiripentol, zolpidem. Either increases effects of the other by sedation. Use Caution/Monitor. Concomitant use stiripentol with other CNS depressants, including alcohol, may increase the risk of sedation and somnolence.

            • tazemetostat

              tazemetostat will decrease the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • tecovirimat

              tecovirimat will decrease the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Tecovirimat is a weak CYP3A4 inducer. Monitor sensitive CYP3A4 substrates for effectiveness if coadministered.

            • thioridazine

              thioridazine will increase the level or effect of zolpidem by pharmacodynamic synergism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Additive effect of decreased alertness and psychomotor performance

            • trifluoperazine

              trifluoperazine will increase the level or effect of zolpidem by pharmacodynamic synergism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Additive effect of decreased alertness and psychomotor performance

            Minor (87)

            • acetazolamide

              acetazolamide will increase the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • alprazolam

              zolpidem, alprazolam. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Additive CNS depression.

            • amitriptyline

              zolpidem, amitriptyline. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Additive CNS depression.

            • amobarbital

              amobarbital will decrease the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • amoxapine

              zolpidem, amoxapine. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Additive CNS depression.

            • anastrozole

              anastrozole will increase the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • aprepitant

              aprepitant will increase the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • armodafinil

              armodafinil will decrease the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • artemether/lumefantrine

              artemether/lumefantrine will decrease the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • atazanavir

              atazanavir will increase the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • bosentan

              bosentan will decrease the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • butabarbital

              butabarbital will decrease the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • butalbital

              butalbital will decrease the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • chlordiazepoxide

              zolpidem, chlordiazepoxide. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Additive CNS depression.

            • clarithromycin

              clarithromycin will increase the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • clomipramine

              zolpidem, clomipramine. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Additive CNS depression.

            • clonazepam

              zolpidem, clonazepam. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Additive CNS depression.

            • clorazepate

              zolpidem, clorazepate. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Additive CNS depression.

            • conivaptan

              conivaptan will increase the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • cyclophosphamide

              cyclophosphamide will increase the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • darifenacin

              darifenacin will increase the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • darunavir

              darunavir will increase the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • dasatinib

              dasatinib will increase the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • desipramine

              zolpidem, desipramine. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Additive CNS depression.

            • dexamethasone

              dexamethasone will decrease the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • DHEA, herbal

              DHEA, herbal will increase the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • diazepam

              zolpidem, diazepam. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Additive CNS depression.

            • dosulepin

              zolpidem, dosulepin. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Additive CNS depression.

            • doxepin

              zolpidem, doxepin. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Additive CNS depression.

            • dronedarone

              dronedarone will increase the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • efavirenz

              efavirenz will decrease the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • eslicarbazepine acetate

              eslicarbazepine acetate will decrease the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • estazolam

              zolpidem, estazolam. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Additive CNS depression.

            • ethanol

              zolpidem, ethanol. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Additive CNS depression.

            • etravirine

              etravirine will decrease the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • fluconazole

              fluconazole will increase the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • flurazepam

              zolpidem, flurazepam. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Additive CNS depression.

            • fosamprenavir

              fosamprenavir will increase the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • fosaprepitant

              fosaprepitant will increase the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • fosphenytoin

              fosphenytoin will decrease the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • grapefruit

              grapefruit will increase the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • green tea

              green tea decreases effects of zolpidem by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Caffeine component of green tea may decrease sedative effects of zolpidem.

            • griseofulvin

              griseofulvin will decrease the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • hydrocortisone

              hydrocortisone will decrease the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • imipramine

              zolpidem, imipramine. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Additive CNS depression.

            • indinavir

              indinavir will increase the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • isoniazid

              isoniazid will increase the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • lapatinib

              lapatinib will increase the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • larotrectinib

              larotrectinib will increase the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • lofepramine

              zolpidem, lofepramine. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Additive CNS depression.

            • loprazolam

              zolpidem, loprazolam. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Additive CNS depression.

            • lorazepam

              zolpidem, lorazepam. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Additive CNS depression.

            • lormetazepam

              zolpidem, lormetazepam. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Additive CNS depression.

            • lumefantrine

              lumefantrine will decrease the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • maprotiline

              zolpidem, maprotiline. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Additive CNS depression.

            • marijuana

              marijuana will increase the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • metronidazole

              metronidazole will increase the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • miconazole vaginal

              miconazole vaginal will increase the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • midazolam

              zolpidem, midazolam. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Additive CNS depression.

            • nafcillin

              nafcillin will decrease the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • nelfinavir

              nelfinavir will increase the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • nevirapine

              nevirapine will decrease the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • nifedipine

              nifedipine will increase the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • nilotinib

              nilotinib will increase the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • nortriptyline

              zolpidem, nortriptyline. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Additive CNS depression.

            • oxazepam

              zolpidem, oxazepam. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Additive CNS depression.

            • oxcarbazepine

              oxcarbazepine will decrease the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • pentobarbital

              pentobarbital will decrease the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • phenobarbital

              phenobarbital will decrease the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • phenytoin

              phenytoin will decrease the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • posaconazole

              posaconazole will increase the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • primidone

              primidone will decrease the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • protriptyline

              zolpidem, protriptyline. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Additive CNS depression.

            • quazepam

              zolpidem, quazepam. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Additive CNS depression.

            • quinupristin/dalfopristin

              quinupristin/dalfopristin will increase the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • rifapentine

              rifapentine will decrease the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • ritonavir

              ritonavir will increase the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • rufinamide

              rufinamide will decrease the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • secobarbital

              secobarbital will decrease the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • temazepam

              zolpidem, temazepam. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Additive CNS depression.

            • topiramate

              topiramate will decrease the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • trazodone

              zolpidem, trazodone. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Additive CNS depression.

            • triazolam

              zolpidem, triazolam. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Additive CNS depression.

            • trimipramine

              zolpidem, trimipramine. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Additive CNS depression.

            • verapamil

              verapamil will increase the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • voriconazole

              voriconazole will increase the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • zafirlukast

              zafirlukast will increase the level or effect of zolpidem by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

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            Adverse Effects

            >10%

            Dizziness (5-12%)

            Headache (7-19%)

            Drowsiness (6-15%)

            1-10%

            Allergy (4%)

            Hallucinations (4%)

            Myalgia (4%)

            Sinusitis (4%)

            Memory disorder (3%)

            Visual disturbance (3%)

            Pharyngitis (3%)

            Lightheadedness (2%)

            Palpitation (2%)

            Rash (2%)

            Constipation (2%)

            Depression (2%)

            Drowsiness (2%)

            Asthenia (1%)

            Diarrhea (1%)

            Dry mouth (1%)

            Flu-like symptoms (1%)

            Postmarketing reports

            Respiratory depression

            Complex sleep behaviors

            Sublingual tablet: Oral ulcers, blisters, and mucosal inflammation

            Liver and biliary system: Acute hepatocellular, cholestatic or mixed liver injury with or without jaundice (i.e., bilirubin greater than 2x ULN, alkaline phosphatase greater than or equal to 2x ULN, transaminase greater than or equal to 5x ULN).

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            Warnings

            Black Box Warnings

            Complex sleep behaviors including sleep-walking, sleep-driving, and engaging in other activities while not fully awake may occur; some of these events may result in serious injuries, including death

            Discontinue therapy immediately if a patient experiences complex sleep behavior

            Contraindications

            Contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to zolpidem; observed reactions include anaphylaxis and angioedema

            Patients who have experienced complex sleep behaviors after receiving therapy

            Cautions

            The risk of next-day psychomotor impairment, including impaired driving, is increased if taken with less than a full night of sleep remaining (7 to 8 hours); if a higher than the recommended dose is taken; if co-administered with other CNS depressants or alcohol; or if co-administered with other drugs that increase blood levels of zolpidem; patients should be warned against driving and other activities requiring complete mental alertness if drug taken in these circumstances

            Co-administration with other CNS depressants (eg, benzodiazepines, opioids, tricyclic antidepressants, alcohol) increases the risk of CNS depression; dosage adjustments of zolpidem and of other concomitant CNS depressants may be necessary when zolpidem is administered with such agents because of the potentially additive effects; the use of zolpidem with other sedative-hypnotics (including other zolpidem products) at bedtime or the middle of the night is not recommended

            Postmarketing reports of respiratory insufficiency in patients receiving 10 mg dose, most of whom had preexisting respiratory impairment, reported; risk of respiratory depression should be considered prior to prescribing this drug in patients with respiratory impairment including sleep apnea and myasthenia gravis or with concomitant opioid use

            Vehicle drivers and machine operators should be warned that, there may be a possible risk of adverse reactions including drowsiness, prolonged reaction time, dizziness, sleepiness, blurred/double vision, reduced alertness and impaired driving the morning after therapy; to minimize risk, a full night of sleep (7-8 hours) recommended; this next-morning impairment is highest for the extended-release dosage form and is more prevalent in women because they eliminate more slowly than men

            Can cause drowsiness and a decreased level of consciousness, which may lead to falls and consequently to severe injuries; severe injuries such as hip fractures and intracranial hemorrhage have been reported

            Use caution in patients with history of drug dependence (increases risk of abuse)

            Food increases time to attain peak plasma level and decreases peak plasma concentration

            Need to evaluate for comorbid diagnoses; reevaluate if insomnia persists after 7-10 days of use

            Severe anaphylactic/anaphylactoid reactions including angioedema and anaphylaxis reported; do not rechallenge if such reactions occur

            Abnormal thinking, behavioral changes, complex behaviors: May include “sleep driving” and hallucinations; coadministration of alcohol and other CNS depressants appears to increase the risk of such behaviors

            Do not use with alcohol

            Use can impair respiratory drive, alertness, and motor coordination; if used in combination with other CNS depressants, dose reductions of 50% may be needed due to additive effects

            Consider risk of respiratory depression before prescribing in patients with compromised regulatory functions

            Worsening of depression or suicidal thinking may occur; prescribe the least amount feasible to avoid intentional overdose

            Withdrawal symptoms may occur with rapid dose reduction or discontinuation

            Use lower dose in elderly/debilitated patients due to impaired motor, cognitive performance and increased sensitivity

            Use with caution and monitor closely in patients with hepatic impairment, mild to moderate COPD, impaired drug metabolism or hemodynamic responses

            GABA agonists such as zolpidem tartrate have been associated with precipitation of hepatic encephalopathy in patients with hepatic insufficiency; patients with hepatic insufficiency do not clear zolpidem tartrate as rapidly as patients with normal hepatic function; avoid zolpidem use in patients with severe hepatic impairment as it may contribute to encephalopathy

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            Pregnancy & Lactation

            Pregnancy

            Neonates born to mothers using zolpidem late in the third trimester of pregnancy reported to experience symptoms of respiratory depression and sedation; published data on use of zolpidem during pregnancy have not reported clear association with zolpidem and major birth defects

            There are limited postmarketing reports of severe to moderate cases of respiratory depression that occurred after birth in neonates whose mothers had taken zolpidem during pregnancy; these cases required artificial ventilation or intratracheal intubation; the majority of neonates recovered within hours to a few weeks after birth once treated Zolpidem has been shown to cross the placenta

            Animal data

            • Oral administration of zolpidem to pregnant rats and rabbits did not indicate a risk for adverse effects on fetal development at clinically relevant doses

            Lactation

            Limited data report presence of zolpidem in human milk; there are reports of excess sedation in infants exposed to zolpidem through breastmilk; there is no information on effects on milk production; consider developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding along with mother’s clinical need for therapy and any potential adverse effects on breastfed infant from therapy or from underlying maternal condition

            Monitor, for excess sedation, infants exposed to drug through breastmilk, hypotonia, and respiratory depression; a lactating woman may consider interrupting breastfeeding and pumping and discarding breast milk during treatment and for 23 hours (approximately 5 elimination half-lives) after drug administration in order to minimize drug exposure to a breast fed infant

            Pregnancy Categories

            A: Generally acceptable. Controlled studies in pregnant women show no evidence of fetal risk.

            B: May be acceptable. Either animal studies show no risk but human studies not available or animal studies showed minor risks and human studies done and showed no risk.

            C: Use with caution if benefits outweigh risks. Animal studies show risk and human studies not available or neither animal nor human studies done.

            D: Use in LIFE-THREATENING emergencies when no safer drug available. Positive evidence of human fetal risk.

            X: Do not use in pregnancy. Risks involved outweigh potential benefits. Safer alternatives exist.

            NA: Information not available.

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            Pharmacology

            Mechanism of Action

            Imidazopyridine; modulates omega-1 type GABA receptor via selective antagonism, resulting in increased chloride conductance, neuronal hyperpolarization, inhibition of action potential, and a decrease in neuronal excitability that in turn produce sedative and hypnotic effects

            Absorption

            Bioavailability: 70%

            Peak plasma time

            • 1.6 hr (immediate-release)
            • 1.5 hr (extended-release)
            • 1.4 hr (sublingual Edluar)
            • 1 hr (7.5 mg capsule)
            • 1.4 hr (10 mg SL)
            • Peak plasma time delayed by food intake

            Peak plasma concentration

            • 59 mg/mL (5 mg tablet)
            • (10 mg) 121 ng/mL (10 mg tablet)
            • 134 ng/mL (12.5 mg CR tablet)
            • 230 ng/mL (7.5 mg capsule)
            • 106 ng/mL (10 mg SL)

            AUC

            • 740 ngh/mL (extended-release tablet)
            • 942 ngh/mL (7.5 mg capsule)

            Distribution

            Protein bound: 92.5%

            Metabolism

            Metabolized by CYP3A4 (60%), CYP2C9 (22%), CYP1A2 (14%), CYP2D6 (3%), CYP2C (3%)

            Metabolized to inactive metabolites

            Elimination

            Half-life

            • Immediate release: 2.5 hr (normal liver function); 9.9 hr (cirrhosis)
            • Capsule: 3.7 hr
            • Sublingual: 1.4-6.7 hr

            Excretion

            • Urine (48-67%)
            • Feces (29-42%)
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            Administration

            Oral Administration

            Extended-release tablet: Swallow whole; do not chew, crush, or split

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            Images

            BRAND FORM. UNIT PRICE PILL IMAGE
            Ambien oral
            -
            5 mg tablet
            Ambien oral
            -
            10 mg tablet
            Ambien CR oral
            -
            6.25 mg tablet
            Ambien CR oral
            -
            12.5 mg tablet
            zolpidem oral
            -
            5 mg tablet
            zolpidem oral
            -
            10 mg tablet
            zolpidem oral
            -
            5 mg tablet
            zolpidem oral
            -
            10 mg tablet
            zolpidem oral
            -
            6.25 mg tablet
            zolpidem oral
            -
            10 mg tablet
            zolpidem oral
            -
            5 mg tablet
            zolpidem oral
            -
            10 mg tablet
            zolpidem oral
            -
            5 mg tablet
            zolpidem oral
            -
            12.5 mg tablet
            zolpidem oral
            -
            5 mg tablet
            zolpidem oral
            -
            10 mg tablet
            zolpidem oral
            -
            5 mg tablet
            zolpidem oral
            -
            10 mg tablet
            zolpidem oral
            -
            6.25 mg tablet
            zolpidem oral
            -
            12.5 mg tablet
            zolpidem oral
            -
            12.5 mg tablet
            zolpidem oral
            -
            6.25 mg tablet
            zolpidem oral
            -
            6.25 mg tablet
            zolpidem oral
            -
            6.25 mg tablet
            zolpidem oral
            -
            10 mg tablet
            zolpidem oral
            -
            5 mg tablet
            zolpidem oral
            -
            12.5 mg tablet
            zolpidem oral
            -
            6.25 mg tablet
            zolpidem oral
            -
            12.5 mg tablet
            zolpidem oral
            -
            12.5 mg tablet
            zolpidem oral
            -
            7.5 mg capsule
            zolpidem sublingual
            -
            3.5 mg tablet
            zolpidem sublingual
            -
            1.75 mg tablet
            Edluar sublingual
            -
            10 mg tablet
            Edluar sublingual
            -
            5 mg tablet

            Copyright © 2010 First DataBank, Inc.

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            Patient Handout

            Select a drug:
            Patient Education
            zolpidem oral

            ZOLPIDEM EXTENDED-RELEASE - ORAL

            (ZOL-pi-dem)

            COMMON BRAND NAME(S): Ambien CR

            WARNING: Rarely, after taking this drug, people have gotten out of bed and driven vehicles while not fully awake ("sleep-driving"). People have also sleepwalked, prepared/eaten food, made phone calls, or had sex while not fully awake. Often, these people do not remember these events. This problem can be dangerous (possibly fatal) to you or to others. If you find out that you have done any of these activities after taking this medication, tell your doctor right away. You should not take this medication or similar medications (such as eszopiclone, zaleplon) if you have this reaction to the medication.

            USES: Zolpidem is used for a short time to treat a certain sleep problem (insomnia) in adults. It helps you fall asleep faster and stay asleep longer, so you can get a better night's sleep. It may also reduce the number of times you wake up during the night. Zolpidem belongs to a class of drugs called sedative-hypnotics. It acts on your brain to produce a calming effect.

            HOW TO USE: Read the Medication Guide provided by your pharmacist before you start taking zolpidem and each time you get a refill. If you have any questions, ask your doctor or pharmacist.Take this medication by mouth on an empty stomach as directed by your doctor, usually once a night. Since zolpidem works quickly, take it right before you get into bed. Do not take it with or after a meal because it will not work as quickly.Swallow the tablets whole. Do not crush or chew the tablets. Doing so can release all of the drug at once, increasing the risk of side effects.Do not take a dose of this drug unless you have time for a full night's sleep of at least 7 to 8 hours. If you have to wake up before that, you may have some memory loss and may have trouble safely doing any activity that requires alertness, such as driving or operating machinery. (See also Precautions section.)Dosage is based on your gender, age, medical condition, other medications you may be taking, and response to treatment. Do not increase your dose, take it more often, or use it for longer than prescribed. Do not take more than 12.5 milligrams a day. Women are usually prescribed a lower dose because the drug is removed from the body more slowly than in men. Older adults are usually prescribed a lower dose to decrease the risk of side effects.If you suddenly stop using this medication, you may have withdrawal symptoms (such as nausea, vomiting, flushing, stomach cramps, nervousness, shakiness). To help prevent withdrawal, your doctor may lower your dose slowly. Withdrawal is more likely if you have used zolpidem for a long time or in high doses. Tell your doctor or pharmacist right away if you have withdrawal.Though it helps many people, this medication may sometimes cause addiction. This risk may be higher if you have a substance use disorder (such as overuse of or addiction to drugs/alcohol). Take this medication exactly as prescribed to lower the risk of addiction. Ask your doctor or pharmacist for more details.When this medication is used for a long time, it may not work as well. Talk with your doctor if this medication stops working well.Tell your doctor if your condition lasts after 7 to 10 days, or if it gets worse.You may have trouble sleeping the first few nights after you stop taking this medication. This is called rebound insomnia and is normal. It will usually go away after 1-2 nights. If this effect continues, contact your doctor.

            SIDE EFFECTS: See also Warning section.Dizziness may occur. If this effect lasts or gets worse, tell your doctor or pharmacist promptly.This medication may make you sleepy during the day. Tell your doctor if you have daytime drowsiness. Your dose may need to be adjusted.Remember that this medication has been prescribed because your doctor has judged that the benefit to you is greater than the risk of side effects. Many people using this medication do not have serious side effects.Tell your doctor right away if you have any serious side effects, including: memory loss, mental/mood/behavior changes (such as new/worsening depression, abnormal thoughts, thoughts of suicide, hallucinations, confusion, agitation, aggressive behavior, anxiety).A very serious allergic reaction to this drug is rare. However, get medical help right away if you notice any symptoms of a serious allergic reaction, including: rash, itching/swelling (especially of the face/tongue/throat), severe dizziness, trouble breathing.This is not a complete list of possible side effects. If you notice other effects not listed above, contact your doctor or pharmacist.In the US -Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or at www.fda.gov/medwatch.In Canada - Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to Health Canada at 1-866-234-2345.

            PRECAUTIONS: See also Warning section.Before taking zolpidem, tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are allergic to it; or if you have any other allergies. This product may contain inactive ingredients, which can cause allergic reactions or other problems. Talk to your pharmacist for more details.Before using this medication, tell your doctor or pharmacist your medical history, especially of: kidney disease, liver disease, mental/mood problems (such as depression, thoughts of suicide), personal or family history of a substance use disorder (such as overuse of or addiction to drugs/alcohol), personal or family history of sleepwalking, lung/breathing problems (such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease-COPD, sleep apnea), a certain muscle disease (myasthenia gravis).Do not drive, use machinery, or do any activities that require clear thinking after you take this medication and the next day. You may feel alert, but this medication may continue to affect your thinking, making such activities unsafe. This medication may also increase the risk of falls. You may also experience dizziness or blurred/double vision. Alcohol or marijuana (cannabis) can make you more dizzy or drowsy. Do not drink alcoholic beverages. Talk to your doctor if you are using marijuana (cannabis).Children may be more sensitive to the side effects of this drug, especially dizziness and hallucinations.Older adults may be more sensitive to the side effects of this drug, especially dizziness, confusion, unsteadiness, and excessive drowsiness. These side effects can increase the risk of falling.Before having surgery, tell your doctor or dentist about all the products you use (including prescription drugs, nonprescription drugs, and herbal products).During pregnancy, this medication should be used only when clearly needed. Babies born to mothers who have used this drug late in the last 3 months of pregnancy may develop unusual sleepiness, trouble breathing, unusual limpness, or withdrawal symptoms. Get medical help right away if you notice any unusual symptoms in your newborn. Discuss the risks and benefits with your doctor.A small amount of this medication passes into breast milk and may have undesirable effects on a nursing infant (such as unusual sleepiness, trouble breathing, or unusual limpness). Get medical help right away if you notice any unusual symptoms in your baby. Ask your doctor if you should pump and discard your breast milk during treatment and for 23 hours after a dose of this medication to lessen the risk of these effects in your baby. Consult your doctor before breast-feeding.

            DRUG INTERACTIONS: Drug interactions may change how your medications work or increase your risk for serious side effects. This document does not contain all possible drug interactions. Keep a list of all the products you use (including prescription/nonprescription drugs and herbal products) and share it with your doctor and pharmacist. Do not start, stop, or change the dosage of any medicines without your doctor's approval.A product that may interact with this drug is: sodium oxybate.Other medications can affect the removal of zolpidem from your body, which may affect how zolpidem works. Examples include azole antifungals (such as ketoconazole), rifampin, St. John's Wort, among others.The risk of serious side effects (such as slow/shallow breathing, severe drowsiness/dizziness) may be increased if this medication is taken with other products that may also cause drowsiness or breathing problems. Tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are taking other products such as opioid pain or cough relievers (such as codeine, hydrocodone), alcohol, marijuana (cannabis), other drugs for sleep or anxiety (such as alprazolam, lorazepam, zopiclone), muscle relaxants (such as carisoprodol, cyclobenzaprine), or antihistamines (such as cetirizine, diphenhydramine).Check the labels on all your medicines (such as allergy or cough-and-cold products) because they may contain ingredients that cause drowsiness. Ask your pharmacist about using those products safely.

            OVERDOSE: If someone has overdosed and has serious symptoms such as passing out or trouble breathing, call 911. Otherwise, call a poison control center right away. US residents can call their local poison control center at 1-800-222-1222. Canada residents can call a provincial poison control center. Symptoms of overdose may include slowed breathing or a deep sleep from which you cannot be awakened.

            NOTES: Do not share this medication with others. Sharing it is against the law.As you get older, your sleep pattern may naturally change and your sleep may be interrupted several times during the night. Consult your doctor or pharmacist for ways to improve your sleep without medication, such as avoiding caffeine and alcohol close to bedtime, avoiding daytime naps, and going to bed at the same time each night.

            MISSED DOSE: If you miss a dose, do not take it unless you have time to sleep for 7 to 8 hours afterwards.

            STORAGE: Store at room temperature away from light and moisture. Do not store in the bathroom. Keep all medications away from children and pets.Do not flush medications down the toilet or pour them into a drain unless instructed to do so. Properly discard this product when it is expired or no longer needed. Consult your pharmacist or local waste disposal company.

            Information last revised May 2023. Copyright(c) 2023 First Databank, Inc.

            IMPORTANT: HOW TO USE THIS INFORMATION: This is a summary and does NOT have all possible information about this product. This information does not assure that this product is safe, effective, or appropriate for you. This information is not individual medical advice and does not substitute for the advice of your health care professional. Always ask your health care professional for complete information about this product and your specific health needs.

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            Formulary

            FormularyPatient Discounts

            Adding plans allows you to compare formulary status to other drugs in the same class.

            To view formulary information first create a list of plans. Your list will be saved and can be edited at any time.

            Adding plans allows you to:

            • View the formulary and any restrictions for each plan.
            • Manage and view all your plans together – even plans in different states.
            • Compare formulary status to other drugs in the same class.
            • Access your plan list on any device – mobile or desktop.

            The above information is provided for general informational and educational purposes only. Individual plans may vary and formulary information changes. Contact the applicable plan provider for the most current information.

            Tier Description
            1 This drug is available at the lowest co-pay. Most commonly, these are generic drugs.
            2 This drug is available at a middle level co-pay. Most commonly, these are "preferred" (on formulary) brand drugs.
            3 This drug is available at a higher level co-pay. Most commonly, these are "non-preferred" brand drugs.
            4 This drug is available at a higher level co-pay. Most commonly, these are "non-preferred" brand drugs or specialty prescription products.
            5 This drug is available at a higher level co-pay. Most commonly, these are "non-preferred" brand drugs or specialty prescription products.
            6 This drug is available at a higher level co-pay. Most commonly, these are "non-preferred" brand drugs or specialty prescription products.
            NC NOT COVERED – Drugs that are not covered by the plan.
            Code Definition
            PA Prior Authorization
            Drugs that require prior authorization. This restriction requires that specific clinical criteria be met prior to the approval of the prescription.
            QL Quantity Limits
            Drugs that have quantity limits associated with each prescription. This restriction typically limits the quantity of the drug that will be covered.
            ST Step Therapy
            Drugs that have step therapy associated with each prescription. This restriction typically requires that certain criteria be met prior to approval for the prescription.
            OR Other Restrictions
            Drugs that have restrictions other than prior authorization, quantity limits, and step therapy associated with each prescription.
            Additional Offers
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            Medscape prescription drug monographs are based on FDA-approved labeling information, unless otherwise noted, combined with additional data derived from primary medical literature.