budesonide inhaled/formoterol/glycopyrrolate inhaled (Rx)

Brand and Other Names:Breztri

Dosing & Uses

AdultPediatric

Dosage Forms & Strengths

budesonide/formoterol/glycopyrrolate

inhalation aerosol

  • 160mcg/9mcg/4.8mcg per inhalation

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Indicated for maintenance treatment of bronchoconstriction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

2 oral inhalations BID

Dosage Modifications

Renal impairment

  • Formal pharmacokinetic studies not conducted; however, glycopyrronium systemic exposure increased with moderate renal impairment (ie, eGFR 45 mL/min)
  • Severe (CrCl ≤30 mL/min/1.73m2) or end-stage renal disease requiring dialysis: Use if expected benefit outweighs potential risk

Hepatic impairment

  • Formal pharmacokinetic studies not conducted; however, budesonide and formoterol fumarate are predominantly cleared by hepatic metabolism
  • Severe hepatic disease: Closely monitor

Dosing Considerations

Limitations of use: Not indicated for relief of acute bronchospasm or treatment of asthma

Safety and efficacy not established

Next:

Interactions

Interaction Checker

and budesonide inhaled/formoterol/glycopyrrolate inhaled

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      Serious - Use Alternative

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            Contraindicated (1)

            • umeclidinium bromide/vilanterol inhaled

              glycopyrrolate inhaled, umeclidinium bromide/vilanterol inhaled. Either increases toxicity of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Contraindicated. Duplicate therapy.

            Serious - Use Alternative (68)

            • adagrasib

              adagrasib, formoterol. Either increases effects of the other by QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Each drug prolongs the QTc interval, which may increased the risk of Torsade de pointes, other serious arryhthmias, and sudden death. If coadministration unavoidable, more frequent monitoring is recommended for such patients.

            • amisulpride

              amisulpride and formoterol both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. ECG monitoring is recommended if coadministered.

            • amitriptyline

              amitriptyline and formoterol both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

              amitriptyline, formoterol. Other (see comment). Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Comment: Tricyclic antidepressants increase or decrease effects of sympathomimetics, by blocking reuptake of NE, or blocking uptake of indirect sympathomimetics into the adrenergic neuron.

            • amoxapine

              amoxapine and formoterol both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

              amoxapine, formoterol. Other (see comment). Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Comment: Tricyclic antidepressants increase or decrease effects of sympathomimetics, by blocking reuptake of NE, or blocking uptake of indirect sympathomimetics into the adrenergic neuron.

            • arformoterol

              arformoterol and formoterol both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • artemether/lumefantrine

              formoterol and artemether/lumefantrine both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • chlorpromazine

              chlorpromazine and formoterol both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • clarithromycin

              clarithromycin and formoterol both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • clomipramine

              clomipramine and formoterol both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

              clomipramine, formoterol. Other (see comment). Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Comment: Tricyclic antidepressants increase or decrease effects of sympathomimetics, by blocking reuptake of NE, or blocking uptake of indirect sympathomimetics into the adrenergic neuron.

            • desipramine

              desipramine and formoterol both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

              desipramine, formoterol. Other (see comment). Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Comment: Tricyclic antidepressants increase or decrease effects of sympathomimetics, by blocking reuptake of NE, or blocking uptake of indirect sympathomimetics into the adrenergic neuron.

            • disopyramide

              disopyramide and formoterol both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • dofetilide

              dofetilide and formoterol both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • doxepin

              doxepin and formoterol both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

              doxepin, formoterol. Other (see comment). Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Comment: Tricyclic antidepressants increase or decrease effects of sympathomimetics, by blocking reuptake of NE, or blocking uptake of indirect sympathomimetics into the adrenergic neuron.

            • dronedarone

              dronedarone and formoterol both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • droperidol

              droperidol and formoterol both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • entrectinib

              formoterol and entrectinib both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • epinephrine

              epinephrine and formoterol both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • epinephrine racemic

              epinephrine racemic and formoterol both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • erythromycin base

              erythromycin base and formoterol both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • erythromycin ethylsuccinate

              erythromycin ethylsuccinate and formoterol both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • erythromycin lactobionate

              erythromycin lactobionate and formoterol both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • erythromycin stearate

              erythromycin stearate and formoterol both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • fexinidazole

              fexinidazole and formoterol both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Avoid coadministration of fexinidazole with drugs known to block potassium channels or prolong QT interval.

            • fluconazole

              fluconazole and formoterol both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • fluphenazine

              fluphenazine and formoterol both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • glasdegib

              formoterol and glasdegib both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. If coadministration unavoidable, monitor for increased risk of QTc interval prolongation.

            • glucagon

              glucagon increases toxicity of glycopyrrolate inhaled by Other (see comment). Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Comment: Coadministration of anticholinergic drugs and glucagon increase the risk of gastrointestinal adverse reactions due to additive effects on inhibition of gastrointestinal motility. .

            • glucagon intranasal

              glucagon intranasal increases toxicity of glycopyrrolate inhaled by Other (see comment). Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Comment: Coadministration of anticholinergic drugs and glucagon increase the risk of gastrointestinal adverse reactions due to additive effects on inhibition of gastrointestinal motility. .

            • haloperidol

              formoterol and haloperidol both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • hydroxychloroquine sulfate

              hydroxychloroquine sulfate and formoterol both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • ibutilide

              formoterol and ibutilide both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • imipramine

              imipramine and formoterol both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

              imipramine, formoterol. Other (see comment). Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Comment: Tricyclic antidepressants increase or decrease effects of sympathomimetics, by blocking reuptake of NE, or blocking uptake of indirect sympathomimetics into the adrenergic neuron.

            • indapamide

              formoterol and indapamide both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • inotuzumab

              inotuzumab and formoterol both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. If unable to avoid concomitant use, obtain ECGs and electrolytes before and after initiation of any drug known to prolong QTc, and periodically monitor as clinically indicated during treatment.

            • isocarboxazid

              isocarboxazid increases effects of formoterol by pharmacodynamic synergism. Contraindicated. Risk of acute hypertensive episode.

            • ivosidenib

              ivosidenib and formoterol both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Avoid coadministration of QTc prolonging drugs with ivosidenib or replace with alternate therapies. If coadministration of a QTc prolonging drug is unavoidable, monitor for increased risk of QTc interval prolongation.

            • ketoconazole

              formoterol and ketoconazole both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • lefamulin

              lefamulin and formoterol both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • levoketoconazole

              formoterol and levoketoconazole both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • linezolid

              linezolid increases effects of formoterol by pharmacodynamic synergism. Contraindicated. Risk of acute hypertensive episode.

            • lofepramine

              lofepramine and formoterol both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

              lofepramine, formoterol. Other (see comment). Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Comment: Tricyclic antidepressants increase or decrease effects of sympathomimetics, by blocking reuptake of NE, or blocking uptake of indirect sympathomimetics into the adrenergic neuron.

            • lonafarnib

              lonafarnib will increase the level or effect of budesonide inhaled by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Avoid coadministration with sensitive CYP3A substrates. If coadministration unavoidable, monitor for adverse reactions and reduce CYP3A substrate dose in accordance with product labeling.

            • lumefantrine

              formoterol and lumefantrine both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • macimorelin

              budesonide inhaled, macimorelin. unspecified interaction mechanism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Drugs that directly affect the pituitary secretion of growth hormone (GH) may impact the accuracy of the macimorelin diagnostic test. Allow sufficient washout time of drugs affecting GH growth hormone release before administering prior to administration of macimorelin. Drugs that directly affect the pituitary secretion of growth hormone (GH) may impact the accuracy of the macimorelin diagnostic test. Allow sufficient washout time of drugs affecting GH release before administering macimorelin.

              macimorelin and formoterol both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Macimorelin causes an increase of ~11 msec in the corrected QT interval. Avoid coadministration with drugs that prolong QT interval, which could increase risk for developing torsade de pointes-type ventricular tachycardia. Allow sufficient washout time of drugs that are known to prolong the QT interval before administering macimorelin.

            • maprotiline

              maprotiline and formoterol both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

              maprotiline, formoterol. Other (see comment). Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Comment: Tricyclic antidepressants increase or decrease effects of sympathomimetics, by blocking reuptake of NE, or blocking uptake of indirect sympathomimetics into the adrenergic neuron.

            • mobocertinib

              mobocertinib and formoterol both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. If coadministration unavoidable, reduce mobocertinib dose and monitor QTc interval more frequently.

            • moxifloxacin

              formoterol and moxifloxacin both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • nilotinib

              formoterol and nilotinib both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • nortriptyline

              nortriptyline and formoterol both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

              nortriptyline, formoterol. Other (see comment). Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Comment: Tricyclic antidepressants increase or decrease effects of sympathomimetics, by blocking reuptake of NE, or blocking uptake of indirect sympathomimetics into the adrenergic neuron.

            • octreotide

              formoterol and octreotide both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • octreotide (Antidote)

              formoterol and octreotide (Antidote) both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • ondansetron

              formoterol and ondansetron both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Avoid with congenital long QT syndrome; ECG monitoring recommended with concomitant medications that prolong QT interval, electrolyte abnormalities, CHF, or bradyarrhythmias.

            • panobinostat

              formoterol and panobinostat both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Panobinostat is known to significantly prolong QT interval. Panobinostat prescribing information states use with drugs known to prolong QTc is not recommended.

            • pentamidine

              formoterol and pentamidine both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • perphenazine

              perphenazine and formoterol both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • phenelzine

              phenelzine increases effects of formoterol by pharmacodynamic synergism. Contraindicated. Risk of acute hypertensive episode.

            • pimozide

              formoterol and pimozide both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • pitolisant

              formoterol and pitolisant both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • pramlintide

              pramlintide, glycopyrrolate inhaled. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Contraindicated. Synergistic inhibition of GI motility.

            • primaquine

              primaquine and formoterol both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • procainamide

              formoterol and procainamide both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • prochlorperazine

              prochlorperazine and formoterol both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • promazine

              promazine and formoterol both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • promethazine

              promethazine and formoterol both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • protriptyline

              protriptyline and formoterol both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

              protriptyline, formoterol. Other (see comment). Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Comment: Tricyclic antidepressants increase or decrease effects of sympathomimetics, by blocking reuptake of NE, or blocking uptake of indirect sympathomimetics into the adrenergic neuron.

            • quinidine

              quinidine and formoterol both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • revefenacin

              revefenacin and glycopyrrolate inhaled both decrease cholinergic effects/transmission. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Coadministration may cause additive anticholinergic effects.

            • sotalol

              formoterol and sotalol both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Drugs known to prolong the QTc interval may potentiate the cardiovascular effects of formoterol.

              sotalol and formoterol both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Drugs known to prolong the QTc interval may potentiate the cardiovascular effects of formoterol.

            Monitor Closely (323)

            • abobotulinumtoxinA

              abobotulinumtoxinA increases effects of glycopyrrolate inhaled by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Use of anticholinergic drugs after administration of botulinum toxin-containing products may potentiate systemic anticholinergic effects. .

            • acebutolol

              acebutolol increases and formoterol decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

              acebutolol decreases effects of formoterol by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • aceclofenac

              aceclofenac increases and formoterol decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • acemetacin

              acemetacin increases and formoterol decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • aclidinium

              glycopyrrolate inhaled and aclidinium both decrease cholinergic effects/transmission. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • albuterol

              albuterol and formoterol both decrease serum potassium. Use Caution/Monitor.

              albuterol and formoterol both decrease sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

              albuterol and formoterol both increase sympathetic (adrenergic) effects, including increased blood pressure and heart rate. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • alfentanil

              alfentanil increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • alfuzosin

              formoterol and alfuzosin both increase QTc interval. Use Caution/Monitor.

              alfuzosin and formoterol both increase QTc interval. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • alprazolam

              alprazolam increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • amantadine

              glycopyrrolate inhaled increases levels of amantadine by unknown mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              glycopyrrolate inhaled, amantadine. Mechanism: pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Potential for increased anticholinergic adverse effects.

            • amiloride

              amiloride increases and formoterol decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

            • amiodarone

              amiodarone and formoterol both increase QTc interval. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • amitriptyline

              amitriptyline increases levels of glycopyrrolate inhaled by unknown mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              glycopyrrolate inhaled and amitriptyline both decrease cholinergic effects/transmission. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

              amitriptyline increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • amobarbital

              amobarbital increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • amoxapine

              glycopyrrolate inhaled and amoxapine both decrease cholinergic effects/transmission. Use Caution/Monitor.

              amoxapine increases levels of glycopyrrolate inhaled by unknown mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • amoxapine

              amoxapine increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • anticholinergic/sedative combos

              anticholinergic/sedative combos and glycopyrrolate inhaled both decrease cholinergic effects/transmission. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • apomorphine

              apomorphine and formoterol both increase QTc interval. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • arformoterol

              arformoterol and formoterol both decrease serum potassium. Use Caution/Monitor.

              arformoterol and formoterol both decrease sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

              arformoterol and formoterol both increase sympathetic (adrenergic) effects, including increased blood pressure and heart rate. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • aripiprazole

              glycopyrrolate inhaled decreases levels of aripiprazole by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              glycopyrrolate inhaled decreases levels of aripiprazole by inhibition of GI absorption. Applies only to oral form of both agents. Use Caution/Monitor.

              aripiprazole and formoterol both increase QTc interval. Use Caution/Monitor.

              aripiprazole increases effects of glycopyrrolate inhaled by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Additive anticholinergic effects, possible hypoglycemia.

              aripiprazole increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • armodafinil

              formoterol and armodafinil both decrease sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • atenolol

              glycopyrrolate inhaled increases levels of atenolol by unknown mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • arsenic trioxide

              arsenic trioxide and formoterol both increase QTc interval. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • artemether

              artemether and formoterol both increase QTc interval. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • asenapine transdermal

              asenapine transdermal and formoterol both increase QTc interval. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • aspirin

              aspirin increases and formoterol decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • aspirin rectal

              aspirin rectal increases and formoterol decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor. .

            • aspirin/citric acid/sodium bicarbonate

              aspirin/citric acid/sodium bicarbonate increases and formoterol decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • atenolol

              atenolol increases and formoterol decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

              atenolol decreases effects of formoterol by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • atomoxetine

              formoterol, atomoxetine. Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Exercise caution if beta-agonists and atomoxetine are coadministered. Interaction may be less likely with inhaled beta-agonists versus those given systemically. .

              atomoxetine and formoterol both increase QTc interval. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • atracurium

              atracurium and glycopyrrolate inhaled both decrease cholinergic effects/transmission. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • atropine

              atropine and glycopyrrolate inhaled both decrease cholinergic effects/transmission. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • atropine IV/IM

              atropine IV/IM and glycopyrrolate inhaled both decrease cholinergic effects/transmission. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • azelastine

              azelastine increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • azithromycin

              azithromycin and formoterol both increase QTc interval. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • bedaquiline

              formoterol and bedaquiline both increase QTc interval. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. ECG should be monitored closely

            • belladonna alkaloids

              belladonna alkaloids and glycopyrrolate inhaled both decrease cholinergic effects/transmission. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • belladonna and opium

              glycopyrrolate inhaled and belladonna and opium both decrease cholinergic effects/transmission. Use Caution/Monitor.

              belladonna and opium increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • bendroflumethiazide

              formoterol and bendroflumethiazide both decrease serum potassium. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • benperidol

              glycopyrrolate inhaled decreases levels of benperidol by inhibition of GI absorption. Applies only to oral form of both agents. Use Caution/Monitor.

              glycopyrrolate inhaled decreases levels of benperidol by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              benperidol increases effects of glycopyrrolate inhaled by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Additive anticholinergic effects, possible hypoglycemia.

            • benperidol

              benperidol increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • benzphetamine

              formoterol and benzphetamine both decrease sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

              formoterol and benzphetamine both increase sympathetic (adrenergic) effects, including increased blood pressure and heart rate. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • benztropine

              benztropine and glycopyrrolate inhaled both decrease cholinergic effects/transmission. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • betaxolol

              betaxolol increases and formoterol decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

              betaxolol decreases effects of formoterol by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • bethanechol

              bethanechol increases and glycopyrrolate inhaled decreases cholinergic effects/transmission. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • bisoprolol

              bisoprolol increases and formoterol decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

              bisoprolol decreases effects of formoterol by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • brompheniramine

              brompheniramine increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • bumetanide

              formoterol and bumetanide both decrease serum potassium. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • buprenorphine buccal

              buprenorphine buccal increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • butabarbital

              butabarbital increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • butalbital

              butalbital increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • butorphanol

              butorphanol increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • caffeine

              formoterol and caffeine both decrease sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • carbachol

              carbachol increases and glycopyrrolate inhaled decreases cholinergic effects/transmission. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • carbenoxolone

              formoterol and carbenoxolone both decrease serum potassium. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • carbinoxamine

              carbinoxamine increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • carvedilol

              carvedilol increases and formoterol decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

              carvedilol decreases effects of formoterol by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • celecoxib

              celecoxib increases and formoterol decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • celiprolol

              celiprolol increases and formoterol decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

              celiprolol decreases effects of formoterol by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • ceritinib

              ceritinib and formoterol both increase QTc interval. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • cevimeline

              cevimeline increases and glycopyrrolate inhaled decreases cholinergic effects/transmission. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • chloral hydrate

              chloral hydrate increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • chlordiazepoxide

              chlordiazepoxide increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • chlorothiazide

              formoterol and chlorothiazide both decrease serum potassium. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • chlorpheniramine

              chlorpheniramine increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • chlorpromazine

              glycopyrrolate inhaled decreases levels of chlorpromazine by inhibition of GI absorption. Applies only to oral form of both agents. Use Caution/Monitor.

              chlorpromazine increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

              chlorpromazine increases effects of glycopyrrolate inhaled by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Additive anticholinergic effects, possible hypoglycemia.

              chlorpromazine increases toxicity of glycopyrrolate inhaled by unknown mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              glycopyrrolate inhaled decreases levels of chlorpromazine by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • chlorthalidone

              formoterol and chlorthalidone both decrease serum potassium. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • cisatracurium

              cisatracurium and glycopyrrolate inhaled both decrease cholinergic effects/transmission. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • choline magnesium trisalicylate

              choline magnesium trisalicylate increases and formoterol decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor. .

            • cinnarizine

              cinnarizine increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • clemastine

              clemastine increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • clomipramine

              clomipramine increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

              clomipramine increases levels of glycopyrrolate inhaled by unknown mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              glycopyrrolate inhaled and clomipramine both decrease cholinergic effects/transmission. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • clonazepam

              clonazepam increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • clozapine

              glycopyrrolate inhaled decreases levels of clozapine by inhibition of GI absorption. Applies only to oral form of both agents. Use Caution/Monitor.

              glycopyrrolate inhaled decreases levels of clozapine by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              clozapine increases effects of glycopyrrolate inhaled by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Additive anticholinergic effects, possible hypoglycemia.

            • clorazepate

              clorazepate increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • clozapine

              clozapine increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • cobicistat

              cobicistat increases levels of budesonide inhaled by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • codeine

              codeine increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • cyclizine

              cyclizine increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

              cyclizine and glycopyrrolate inhaled both decrease cholinergic effects/transmission. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • cyclobenzaprine

              cyclobenzaprine and glycopyrrolate inhaled both decrease cholinergic effects/transmission. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • cyclopenthiazide

              formoterol and cyclopenthiazide both decrease serum potassium. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • cyproheptadine

              cyproheptadine increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • darifenacin

              darifenacin and glycopyrrolate inhaled both decrease cholinergic effects/transmission. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • dasatinib

              dasatinib and formoterol both increase QTc interval. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

            • deflazacort

              formoterol and deflazacort both decrease serum potassium. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • degarelix

              degarelix and formoterol both increase QTc interval. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • desipramine

              desipramine increases levels of glycopyrrolate inhaled by unknown mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              desipramine increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • dexchlorpheniramine

              dexchlorpheniramine increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • dicyclomine

              dicyclomine and glycopyrrolate inhaled both decrease cholinergic effects/transmission. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • dexfenfluramine

              formoterol and dexfenfluramine both decrease sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

              formoterol and dexfenfluramine both increase sympathetic (adrenergic) effects, including increased blood pressure and heart rate. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • dexmedetomidine

              dexmedetomidine increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • dexmethylphenidate

              formoterol and dexmethylphenidate both decrease sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

              formoterol and dexmethylphenidate both increase sympathetic (adrenergic) effects, including increased blood pressure and heart rate. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • dextroamphetamine

              formoterol and dextroamphetamine both decrease sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

              formoterol and dextroamphetamine both increase sympathetic (adrenergic) effects, including increased blood pressure and heart rate. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • dextromoramide

              dextromoramide increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • diamorphine

              diamorphine increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • dichlorphenamide

              dichlorphenamide and formoterol both decrease serum potassium. Use Caution/Monitor.

              dichlorphenamide, formoterol. Either increases toxicity of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Both drugs can cause metabolic acidosis.

            • diclofenac

              diclofenac increases and formoterol decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • diethylpropion

              formoterol and diethylpropion both decrease sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

              formoterol and diethylpropion both increase sympathetic (adrenergic) effects, including increased blood pressure and heart rate. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • difenoxin hcl

              difenoxin hcl increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • diflunisal

              diflunisal increases and formoterol decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • digoxin

              glycopyrrolate inhaled increases levels of digoxin by unknown mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              digoxin increases and formoterol decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • dimenhydrinate

              dimenhydrinate increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • diphenhydramine

              diphenhydramine and glycopyrrolate inhaled both decrease cholinergic effects/transmission. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • diphenhydramine

              diphenhydramine increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • diphenoxylate hcl

              diphenoxylate hcl increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • dipipanone

              dipipanone increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • dobutamine

              dobutamine and formoterol both decrease serum potassium. Use Caution/Monitor.

              dobutamine and formoterol both decrease sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

              dobutamine and formoterol both increase sympathetic (adrenergic) effects, including increased blood pressure and heart rate. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • dolasetron

              dolasetron and formoterol both increase QTc interval. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

            • donepezil

              donepezil increases and glycopyrrolate inhaled decreases cholinergic effects/transmission. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

              donepezil and formoterol both increase QTc interval. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • donepezil transdermal

              donepezil transdermal, glycopyrrolate inhaled. Either decreases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • dopamine

              formoterol and dopamine both decrease sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

              formoterol and dopamine both increase sympathetic (adrenergic) effects, including increased blood pressure and heart rate. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • dopexamine

              dopexamine and formoterol both decrease serum potassium. Use Caution/Monitor.

              dopexamine and formoterol both decrease sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

              dopexamine and formoterol both increase sympathetic (adrenergic) effects, including increased blood pressure and heart rate. Use Caution/Monitor.

              dopexamine, formoterol. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • dosulepin

              glycopyrrolate inhaled and dosulepin both decrease cholinergic effects/transmission. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • doxepin

              glycopyrrolate inhaled and doxepin both decrease cholinergic effects/transmission. Use Caution/Monitor.

              doxepin increases levels of glycopyrrolate inhaled by unknown mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              doxepin increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • droperidol

              droperidol increases effects of glycopyrrolate inhaled by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Additive anticholinergic effects, possible hypoglycemia.

              glycopyrrolate inhaled decreases levels of droperidol by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              droperidol increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

              glycopyrrolate inhaled decreases levels of droperidol by inhibition of GI absorption. Applies only to oral form of both agents. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • drospirenone

              drospirenone increases and formoterol decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

            • echothiophate iodide

              echothiophate iodide increases and glycopyrrolate inhaled decreases cholinergic effects/transmission. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • efavirenz

              efavirenz and formoterol both increase QTc interval. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • encorafenib

              encorafenib and formoterol both increase QTc interval. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • ephedrine

              ephedrine and formoterol both decrease serum potassium. Use Caution/Monitor.

              ephedrine and formoterol both decrease sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

              ephedrine and formoterol both increase sympathetic (adrenergic) effects, including increased blood pressure and heart rate. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • epinephrine

              epinephrine and formoterol both decrease serum potassium. Use Caution/Monitor.

              epinephrine and formoterol both decrease sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

              epinephrine and formoterol both increase sympathetic (adrenergic) effects, including increased blood pressure and heart rate. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • epinephrine racemic

              formoterol and epinephrine racemic both decrease serum potassium. Use Caution/Monitor.

              formoterol and epinephrine racemic both decrease sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

              formoterol and epinephrine racemic both increase sympathetic (adrenergic) effects, including increased blood pressure and heart rate. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • eribulin

              eribulin and formoterol both increase QTc interval. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • escitalopram

              escitalopram increases toxicity of formoterol by QTc interval. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • esmolol

              esmolol increases and formoterol decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

              esmolol decreases effects of formoterol by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • estazolam

              estazolam increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • ethacrynic acid

              formoterol and ethacrynic acid both decrease serum potassium. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • ethanol

              ethanol increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • etodolac

              etodolac increases and formoterol decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • fenfluramine

              formoterol and fenfluramine both decrease sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

              formoterol and fenfluramine both increase sympathetic (adrenergic) effects, including increased blood pressure and heart rate. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • fenoprofen

              fenoprofen increases and formoterol decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • fesoterodine

              fesoterodine and glycopyrrolate inhaled both decrease cholinergic effects/transmission. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • fingolimod

              fingolimod and formoterol both increase QTc interval. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • flavoxate

              flavoxate and glycopyrrolate inhaled both decrease cholinergic effects/transmission. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • flecainide

              flecainide and formoterol both increase QTc interval. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

            • fluoxetine

              fluoxetine and formoterol both increase QTc interval. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Fluoxetine prolongs the QT interval; the prescribing information for fluoxetine recommends avoiding concurrent use of other drugs that may prolong the QT interval; risk may be increased with higher doses and/or when associated with hypokalemia; drugs that prolong the QTc interval may potentiate the effects of beta2 agonists on the cardiovascular system

            • fluphenazine

              fluphenazine increases toxicity of glycopyrrolate inhaled by unknown mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              fluphenazine increases effects of glycopyrrolate inhaled by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Additive anticholinergic effects, possible hypoglycemia.

              glycopyrrolate inhaled decreases levels of fluphenazine by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              glycopyrrolate inhaled decreases levels of fluphenazine by inhibition of GI absorption. Applies only to oral form of both agents. Use Caution/Monitor.

              fluphenazine increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • flurazepam

              flurazepam increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • galantamine

              galantamine increases and glycopyrrolate inhaled decreases cholinergic effects/transmission. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • flurbiprofen

              flurbiprofen increases and formoterol decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • fluvoxamine

              fluvoxamine and formoterol both increase QTc interval. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

            • foscarnet

              formoterol and foscarnet both increase QTc interval. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

            • fostemsavir

              formoterol and fostemsavir both increase QTc interval. Use Caution/Monitor. QTc prolongation reported with higher than recommended doses of fostemsavir.

            • furosemide

              formoterol and furosemide both decrease serum potassium. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • gemifloxacin

              gemifloxacin and formoterol both increase QTc interval. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • gentamicin

              formoterol and gentamicin both decrease serum potassium. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • gilteritinib

              gilteritinib and formoterol both increase QTc interval. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • glycopyrronium tosylate topical

              glycopyrronium tosylate topical, glycopyrrolate inhaled. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Coadministration of glycopyrronium tosylate topical with other anticholinergic medications may result in additive anticholinergic adverse effects.

            • goserelin

              goserelin increases toxicity of formoterol by QTc interval. Use Caution/Monitor. Increases risk of torsades de pointes.

            • haloperidol

              haloperidol increases effects of glycopyrrolate inhaled by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Additive anticholinergic effects, possible hypoglycemia.

              glycopyrrolate inhaled decreases levels of haloperidol by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              glycopyrrolate inhaled decreases levels of haloperidol by inhibition of GI absorption. Applies only to oral form of both agents. Use Caution/Monitor.

              haloperidol increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • henbane

              glycopyrrolate inhaled and henbane both decrease cholinergic effects/transmission. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • histrelin

              histrelin increases toxicity of formoterol by QTc interval. Use Caution/Monitor. Increases risk of torsades de pointes.

            • homatropine

              glycopyrrolate inhaled and homatropine both decrease cholinergic effects/transmission. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • huperzine A

              huperzine A increases and glycopyrrolate inhaled decreases cholinergic effects/transmission. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • hydrochlorothiazide

              formoterol and hydrochlorothiazide both decrease serum potassium. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • hydromorphone

              hydromorphone increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • hydroxyzine

              hydroxyzine increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • hyoscyamine

              glycopyrrolate inhaled and hyoscyamine both decrease cholinergic effects/transmission. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • hyoscyamine spray

              glycopyrrolate inhaled and hyoscyamine spray both decrease cholinergic effects/transmission. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • ibuprofen

              ibuprofen increases and formoterol decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • ibuprofen IV

              ibuprofen IV increases and formoterol decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • iloperidone

              glycopyrrolate inhaled decreases levels of iloperidone by inhibition of GI absorption. Applies only to oral form of both agents. Use Caution/Monitor.

              iloperidone increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

              glycopyrrolate inhaled decreases levels of iloperidone by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              iloperidone increases effects of glycopyrrolate inhaled by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Additive anticholinergic effects, possible hypoglycemia.

              formoterol and iloperidone both increase QTc interval. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

            • imipramine

              glycopyrrolate inhaled and imipramine both decrease cholinergic effects/transmission. Use Caution/Monitor.

              imipramine increases levels of glycopyrrolate inhaled by unknown mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              imipramine increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • indapamide

              formoterol and indapamide both decrease serum potassium. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • ipratropium

              glycopyrrolate inhaled and ipratropium both decrease cholinergic effects/transmission. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • indomethacin

              indomethacin increases and formoterol decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • isoproterenol

              formoterol and isoproterenol both decrease serum potassium. Use Caution/Monitor.

              formoterol and isoproterenol both decrease sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

              formoterol and isoproterenol both increase sympathetic (adrenergic) effects, including increased blood pressure and heart rate. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • itraconazole

              itraconazole and formoterol both increase QTc interval. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • ketoprofen

              ketoprofen increases and formoterol decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • ketorolac

              ketorolac increases and formoterol decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • ketorolac intranasal

              ketorolac intranasal increases and formoterol decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor. .

            • ketotifen, ophthalmic

              ketotifen, ophthalmic increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • labetalol

              labetalol increases and formoterol decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

              labetalol decreases effects of formoterol by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • lapatinib

              formoterol and lapatinib both increase QTc interval. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

            • lenvatinib

              formoterol and lenvatinib both increase QTc interval. Use Caution/Monitor. Lenvatinib prescribing information recommends monitoring ECG closely when coadministered with QT prolonging drugs.

            • leuprolide

              leuprolide increases toxicity of formoterol by QTc interval. Use Caution/Monitor. Increases risk of torsades de pointes.

            • levalbuterol

              formoterol and levalbuterol both decrease serum potassium. Use Caution/Monitor.

              formoterol and levalbuterol both decrease sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

              formoterol and levalbuterol both increase sympathetic (adrenergic) effects, including increased blood pressure and heart rate. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • levodopa

              glycopyrrolate inhaled, levodopa. Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Anticholinergic agents may enhance the therapeutic effects of levodopa; however, anticholinergic agents can exacerbate tardive dyskinesia. In high dosage, anticholinergics may decrease the effects of levodopa by delaying its GI absorption. .

            • levofloxacin

              formoterol and levofloxacin both increase QTc interval. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

            • levorphanol

              levorphanol increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • lisdexamfetamine

              formoterol and lisdexamfetamine both decrease sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

              formoterol and lisdexamfetamine both increase sympathetic (adrenergic) effects, including increased blood pressure and heart rate. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • lofepramine

              glycopyrrolate inhaled and lofepramine both decrease cholinergic effects/transmission. Use Caution/Monitor.

              lofepramine increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • lofexidine

              lofexidine increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • loxapine

              glycopyrrolate inhaled decreases levels of loxapine by inhibition of GI absorption. Applies only to oral form of both agents. Use Caution/Monitor.

              glycopyrrolate inhaled decreases levels of loxapine by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              loxapine increases effects of glycopyrrolate inhaled by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Additive anticholinergic effects, possible hypoglycemia.

            • loprazolam

              loprazolam increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • lorazepam

              lorazepam increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • lormetazepam

              lormetazepam increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • lornoxicam

              lornoxicam increases and formoterol decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • loxapine

              loxapine increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • loxapine inhaled

              glycopyrrolate inhaled decreases levels of loxapine inhaled by inhibition of GI absorption. Applies only to oral form of both agents. Use Caution/Monitor.

              glycopyrrolate inhaled decreases levels of loxapine inhaled by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              loxapine inhaled increases effects of glycopyrrolate inhaled by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Additive anticholinergic effects, possible hypoglycemia.

              loxapine inhaled increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • maprotiline

              glycopyrrolate inhaled and maprotiline both decrease cholinergic effects/transmission. Use Caution/Monitor.

              maprotiline increases levels of glycopyrrolate inhaled by unknown mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              maprotiline increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • marijuana

              marijuana increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • meclizine

              glycopyrrolate inhaled and meclizine both decrease cholinergic effects/transmission. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • meclofenamate

              meclofenamate increases and formoterol decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • mefenamic acid

              mefenamic acid increases and formoterol decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • melatonin

              melatonin increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • meloxicam

              meloxicam increases and formoterol decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • meperidine

              meperidine increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • meprobamate

              meprobamate increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • metaproterenol

              formoterol and metaproterenol both decrease serum potassium. Use Caution/Monitor.

              formoterol and metaproterenol both decrease sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

              formoterol and metaproterenol both increase sympathetic (adrenergic) effects, including increased blood pressure and heart rate. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • methadone

              formoterol and methadone both increase QTc interval. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

              methadone increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • methamphetamine

              formoterol and methamphetamine both decrease sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

              formoterol and methamphetamine both increase sympathetic (adrenergic) effects, including increased blood pressure and heart rate. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • methscopolamine

              glycopyrrolate inhaled and methscopolamine both decrease cholinergic effects/transmission. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • methyclothiazide

              formoterol and methyclothiazide both decrease serum potassium. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • methylenedioxymethamphetamine

              formoterol and methylenedioxymethamphetamine both decrease sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

              formoterol and methylenedioxymethamphetamine both increase sympathetic (adrenergic) effects, including increased blood pressure and heart rate. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • methylphenidate

              formoterol and methylphenidate both increase sympathetic (adrenergic) effects, including increased blood pressure and heart rate. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • metolazone

              formoterol and metolazone both decrease serum potassium. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • metoprolol

              metoprolol increases and formoterol decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

              metoprolol decreases effects of formoterol by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • midazolam

              midazolam increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • midodrine

              formoterol and midodrine both decrease sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

              formoterol and midodrine both increase sympathetic (adrenergic) effects, including increased blood pressure and heart rate. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • mifepristone

              mifepristone, formoterol. QTc interval. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Use alternatives if available.

            • mirtazapine

              mirtazapine increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • modafinil

              formoterol and modafinil both decrease sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • morphine

              morphine increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • motherwort

              motherwort increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • moxonidine

              moxonidine increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • nabilone

              nabilone increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • nabumetone

              nabumetone increases and formoterol decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • nadolol

              nadolol increases and formoterol decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

              nadolol decreases effects of formoterol by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • nalbuphine

              nalbuphine increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • naproxen

              naproxen increases and formoterol decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • nebivolol

              nebivolol increases and formoterol decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

              nebivolol decreases effects of formoterol by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • neostigmine

              neostigmine increases and glycopyrrolate inhaled decreases cholinergic effects/transmission. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • norepinephrine

              formoterol and norepinephrine both decrease serum potassium. Use Caution/Monitor.

              formoterol and norepinephrine both decrease sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

              formoterol and norepinephrine both increase sympathetic (adrenergic) effects, including increased blood pressure and heart rate. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • nortriptyline

              glycopyrrolate inhaled and nortriptyline both decrease cholinergic effects/transmission. Use Caution/Monitor.

              nortriptyline increases levels of glycopyrrolate inhaled by unknown mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              nortriptyline increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • ofloxacin

              formoterol and ofloxacin both increase QTc interval. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

            • olanzapine

              glycopyrrolate inhaled decreases levels of olanzapine by inhibition of GI absorption. Applies only to oral form of both agents. Use Caution/Monitor.

              glycopyrrolate inhaled decreases levels of olanzapine by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              olanzapine increases effects of glycopyrrolate inhaled by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Additive anticholinergic effects, possible hypoglycemia.

            • olanzapine

              olanzapine increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • olodaterol inhaled

              formoterol and olodaterol inhaled both increase sympathetic (adrenergic) effects, including increased blood pressure and heart rate. Use Caution/Monitor. Caution with coadministration of adrenergic drugs by any route because of additive sympathetic effects

            • onabotulinumtoxinA

              onabotulinumtoxinA and glycopyrrolate inhaled both decrease cholinergic effects/transmission. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • opium tincture

              opium tincture increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • orphenadrine

              glycopyrrolate inhaled and orphenadrine both decrease cholinergic effects/transmission. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • osilodrostat

              osilodrostat and formoterol both increase QTc interval. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • osimertinib

              osimertinib and formoterol both increase QTc interval. Use Caution/Monitor. Conduct periodic monitoring with ECGs and electrolytes in patients taking drugs known to prolong the QTc interval.

            • oxaliplatin

              oxaliplatin will increase the level or effect of formoterol by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Monitor for ECG changes if therapy is initiated in patients with drugs known to prolong QT interval.

            • oxaprozin

              oxaprozin increases and formoterol decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • oxazepam

              oxazepam increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • oxybutynin

              glycopyrrolate inhaled and oxybutynin both decrease cholinergic effects/transmission. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • oxybutynin topical

              glycopyrrolate inhaled and oxybutynin topical both decrease cholinergic effects/transmission. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • oxybutynin transdermal

              glycopyrrolate inhaled and oxybutynin transdermal both decrease cholinergic effects/transmission. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • oxycodone

              oxycodone increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • oxymorphone

              oxymorphone increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • ozanimod

              ozanimod and formoterol both increase QTc interval. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. The potential additive effects on heart rate, treatment with ozanimod should generally not be initiated in patients who are concurrently treated with QT prolonging drugs with known arrhythmogenic properties.

            • paliperidone

              paliperidone increases effects of glycopyrrolate inhaled by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Additive anticholinergic effects, possible hypoglycemia.

              glycopyrrolate inhaled decreases levels of paliperidone by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              glycopyrrolate inhaled decreases levels of paliperidone by inhibition of GI absorption. Applies only to oral form of both agents. Use Caution/Monitor.

              paliperidone increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

              formoterol and paliperidone both increase QTc interval. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

            • pancuronium

              glycopyrrolate inhaled and pancuronium both decrease cholinergic effects/transmission. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • papaveretum

              papaveretum increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • parecoxib

              parecoxib increases and formoterol decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • paroxetine

              formoterol and paroxetine both increase QTc interval. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

            • pasireotide

              formoterol and pasireotide both increase QTc interval. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

            • pazopanib

              formoterol and pazopanib both increase QTc interval. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • penbutolol

              penbutolol increases and formoterol decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

              penbutolol decreases effects of formoterol by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • pentazocine

              pentazocine increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • pentobarbital

              pentobarbital increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • perphenazine

              perphenazine increases toxicity of glycopyrrolate inhaled by unknown mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              glycopyrrolate inhaled decreases levels of perphenazine by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              perphenazine increases effects of glycopyrrolate inhaled by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Additive anticholinergic effects, possible hypoglycemia.

              glycopyrrolate inhaled decreases levels of perphenazine by inhibition of GI absorption. Applies only to oral form of both agents. Use Caution/Monitor.

              perphenazine increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • phendimetrazine

              formoterol and phendimetrazine both decrease sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

              formoterol and phendimetrazine both increase sympathetic (adrenergic) effects, including increased blood pressure and heart rate. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • physostigmine

              physostigmine increases and glycopyrrolate inhaled decreases cholinergic effects/transmission. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • phenobarbital

              phenobarbital increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • phenoxybenzamine

              phenoxybenzamine, formoterol. Mechanism: pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Hypotension, tachycardia.

            • phentermine

              formoterol and phentermine both decrease sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

              formoterol and phentermine both increase sympathetic (adrenergic) effects, including increased blood pressure and heart rate. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • phenylephrine

              formoterol and phenylephrine both decrease sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

              formoterol and phenylephrine both increase sympathetic (adrenergic) effects, including increased blood pressure and heart rate. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • phenylephrine PO

              formoterol and phenylephrine PO both decrease sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

              formoterol and phenylephrine PO both increase sympathetic (adrenergic) effects, including increased blood pressure and heart rate. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • pholcodine

              pholcodine increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • pilocarpine

              pilocarpine increases and glycopyrrolate inhaled decreases cholinergic effects/transmission. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • pimozide

              glycopyrrolate inhaled decreases levels of pimozide by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              pimozide increases effects of glycopyrrolate inhaled by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Additive anticholinergic effects, possible hypoglycemia.

              glycopyrrolate inhaled decreases levels of pimozide by inhibition of GI absorption. Applies only to oral form of both agents. Use Caution/Monitor.

              pimozide increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • pindolol

              pindolol increases and formoterol decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

              pindolol decreases effects of formoterol by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • pralidoxime

              glycopyrrolate inhaled and pralidoxime both decrease cholinergic effects/transmission. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • pirbuterol

              formoterol and pirbuterol both decrease serum potassium. Use Caution/Monitor.

              formoterol and pirbuterol both decrease sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

              formoterol and pirbuterol both increase sympathetic (adrenergic) effects, including increased blood pressure and heart rate. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • piroxicam

              piroxicam increases and formoterol decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • posaconazole

              formoterol and posaconazole both increase QTc interval. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

            • potassium acid phosphate

              potassium acid phosphate increases and formoterol decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

            • potassium chloride

              potassium chloride increases and formoterol decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

            • potassium citrate

              potassium citrate increases and formoterol decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

            • primidone

              primidone increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • procarbazine

              procarbazine increases effects of formoterol by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • prochlorperazine

              glycopyrrolate inhaled decreases levels of prochlorperazine by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              prochlorperazine increases effects of glycopyrrolate inhaled by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Additive anticholinergic effects, possible hypoglycemia.

              glycopyrrolate inhaled decreases levels of prochlorperazine by inhibition of GI absorption. Applies only to oral form of both agents. Use Caution/Monitor.

              prochlorperazine increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • promethazine

              promethazine increases effects of glycopyrrolate inhaled by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Additive anticholinergic effects, possible hypoglycemia.

              glycopyrrolate inhaled decreases levels of promethazine by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              promethazine increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

              glycopyrrolate inhaled decreases levels of promethazine by inhibition of GI absorption. Applies only to oral form of both agents. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • propantheline

              glycopyrrolate inhaled and propantheline both decrease cholinergic effects/transmission. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • propranolol

              propranolol increases and formoterol decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

              propranolol decreases effects of formoterol by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • propylhexedrine

              formoterol and propylhexedrine both decrease sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

              formoterol and propylhexedrine both increase sympathetic (adrenergic) effects, including increased blood pressure and heart rate. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • protriptyline

              protriptyline increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

              glycopyrrolate inhaled and protriptyline both decrease cholinergic effects/transmission. Use Caution/Monitor.

              protriptyline increases levels of glycopyrrolate inhaled by unknown mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • pseudoephedrine

              formoterol and pseudoephedrine both increase sympathetic (adrenergic) effects, including increased blood pressure and heart rate. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • pyridostigmine

              pyridostigmine increases and glycopyrrolate inhaled decreases cholinergic effects/transmission. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • quazepam

              quazepam increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • quetiapine

              glycopyrrolate inhaled decreases levels of quetiapine by inhibition of GI absorption. Applies only to oral form of both agents. Use Caution/Monitor.

              quetiapine increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

              glycopyrrolate inhaled decreases levels of quetiapine by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              quetiapine increases effects of glycopyrrolate inhaled by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Additive anticholinergic effects, possible hypoglycemia.

            • quinine

              formoterol and quinine both increase QTc interval. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • rapacuronium

              glycopyrrolate inhaled and rapacuronium both decrease cholinergic effects/transmission. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • quizartinib

              quizartinib, formoterol. Either increases effects of the other by QTc interval. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Monitor patients more frequently with ECG if coadministered with QT prolonging drugs.

            • ranolazine

              formoterol and ranolazine both increase QTc interval. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

            • ribociclib

              ribociclib increases toxicity of formoterol by QTc interval. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • rimantadine

              glycopyrrolate inhaled, rimantadine. Mechanism: pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Enhanced CNS side effects.

            • risperidone

              risperidone increases effects of glycopyrrolate inhaled by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Additive anticholinergic effects, possible hypoglycemia.

              formoterol and risperidone both increase QTc interval. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

              glycopyrrolate inhaled decreases levels of risperidone by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              glycopyrrolate inhaled decreases levels of risperidone by inhibition of GI absorption. Applies only to oral form of both agents. Use Caution/Monitor.

              risperidone increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • rivastigmine

              rivastigmine increases and glycopyrrolate inhaled decreases cholinergic effects/transmission. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • sacubitril/valsartan

              sacubitril/valsartan increases and formoterol decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • rocuronium

              glycopyrrolate inhaled and rocuronium both decrease cholinergic effects/transmission. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • salicylates (non-asa)

              salicylates (non-asa) increases and formoterol decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • salmeterol

              formoterol and salmeterol both decrease serum potassium. Use Caution/Monitor.

              formoterol and salmeterol both decrease sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

              formoterol and salmeterol both increase sympathetic (adrenergic) effects, including increased blood pressure and heart rate. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • salsalate

              salsalate increases and formoterol decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • scopolamine

              glycopyrrolate inhaled and scopolamine both decrease cholinergic effects/transmission. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • scullcap

              scullcap increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • secobarbital

              secobarbital increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • selpercatinib

              selpercatinib increases toxicity of formoterol by QTc interval. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • serdexmethylphenidate/dexmethylphenidate

              formoterol and serdexmethylphenidate/dexmethylphenidate both increase sympathetic (adrenergic) effects, including increased blood pressure and heart rate. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • shepherd's purse

              shepherd's purse increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • sodium sulfate/potassium chloride/magnesium sulfate/polyethylene glycol

              formoterol and sodium sulfate/potassium chloride/magnesium sulfate/polyethylene glycol both decrease serum potassium. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

            • solifenacin

              glycopyrrolate inhaled and solifenacin both decrease cholinergic effects/transmission. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • solriamfetol

              formoterol and solriamfetol both increase sympathetic (adrenergic) effects, including increased blood pressure and heart rate. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • sorafenib

              sorafenib and formoterol both increase QTc interval. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • sotalol

              sotalol increases and formoterol decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

              sotalol decreases effects of formoterol by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • spironolactone

              spironolactone increases and formoterol decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

            • stiripentol

              stiripentol will increase the level or effect of budesonide inhaled by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Consider reducing the dose of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrates, if adverse reactions are experienced when administered concomitantly with stiripentol.

            • succinylcholine

              succinylcholine increases and glycopyrrolate inhaled decreases cholinergic effects/transmission. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

              succinylcholine increases and formoterol decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • thioridazine

              glycopyrrolate inhaled decreases levels of thioridazine by inhibition of GI absorption. Applies only to oral form of both agents. Use Caution/Monitor.

              glycopyrrolate inhaled decreases levels of thioridazine by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              thioridazine increases effects of glycopyrrolate inhaled by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Additive anticholinergic effects, possible hypoglycemia.

            • thiothixene

              glycopyrrolate inhaled decreases levels of thiothixene by inhibition of GI absorption. Applies only to oral form of both agents. Use Caution/Monitor.

              glycopyrrolate inhaled decreases levels of thiothixene by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              thiothixene increases effects of glycopyrrolate inhaled by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Additive anticholinergic effects, possible hypoglycemia.

            • tiotropium

              glycopyrrolate inhaled and tiotropium both decrease cholinergic effects/transmission. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • tolterodine

              glycopyrrolate inhaled and tolterodine both decrease cholinergic effects/transmission. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • trifluoperazine

              glycopyrrolate inhaled decreases levels of trifluoperazine by inhibition of GI absorption. Applies only to oral form of both agents. Use Caution/Monitor.

              glycopyrrolate inhaled decreases levels of trifluoperazine by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              trifluoperazine increases effects of glycopyrrolate inhaled by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Additive anticholinergic effects, possible hypoglycemia.

            • trihexyphenidyl

              glycopyrrolate inhaled and trihexyphenidyl both decrease cholinergic effects/transmission. Use Caution/Monitor. Potential for additive anticholinergic effects.

            • trimipramine

              glycopyrrolate inhaled and trimipramine both decrease cholinergic effects/transmission. Use Caution/Monitor.

              trimipramine increases levels of glycopyrrolate inhaled by unknown mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • trospium chloride

              glycopyrrolate inhaled and trospium chloride both decrease cholinergic effects/transmission. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • umeclidinium bromide

              umeclidinium bromide and glycopyrrolate inhaled both decrease cholinergic effects/transmission. Use Caution/Monitor. If possible, avoid coadministration of additional anticholinergic agents

            • vecuronium

              glycopyrrolate inhaled and vecuronium both decrease cholinergic effects/transmission. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • ziprasidone

              glycopyrrolate inhaled decreases levels of ziprasidone by inhibition of GI absorption. Applies only to oral form of both agents. Use Caution/Monitor.

              glycopyrrolate inhaled decreases levels of ziprasidone by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              ziprasidone increases effects of glycopyrrolate inhaled by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Additive anticholinergic effects, possible hypoglycemia.

            • zotepine

              glycopyrrolate inhaled decreases levels of zotepine by inhibition of GI absorption. Applies only to oral form of both agents. Use Caution/Monitor.

              glycopyrrolate inhaled decreases levels of zotepine by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            Minor (28)

            • bendroflumethiazide

              formoterol, bendroflumethiazide. Mechanism: pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Hypokalemia.

            • bumetanide

              formoterol, bumetanide. Mechanism: pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Hypokalemia.

            • chloroquine

              chloroquine increases toxicity of formoterol by QTc interval. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • chlorothiazide

              formoterol, chlorothiazide. Mechanism: pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Hypokalemia.

            • chlorthalidone

              formoterol, chlorthalidone. Mechanism: pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Hypokalemia.

            • cyclopenthiazide

              formoterol, cyclopenthiazide. Mechanism: pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Hypokalemia.

            • desipramine

              glycopyrrolate inhaled and desipramine both decrease cholinergic effects/transmission. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • dimenhydrinate

              dimenhydrinate increases toxicity of glycopyrrolate inhaled by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Additive anticholinergic effects.

            • donepezil

              donepezil decreases effects of glycopyrrolate inhaled by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • ethacrynic acid

              formoterol, ethacrynic acid. Mechanism: pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Hypokalemia.

            • eucalyptus

              eucalyptus increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • furosemide

              formoterol, furosemide. Mechanism: pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Hypokalemia.

            • galantamine

              galantamine decreases effects of glycopyrrolate inhaled by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • green tea

              green tea increases effects of formoterol by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Due to caffeine content. Combination may increase CNS stimulatory effects due to caffeine in green tea.

            • hydrochlorothiazide

              formoterol, hydrochlorothiazide. Mechanism: pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Hypokalemia.

            • indapamide

              formoterol, indapamide. Mechanism: pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Hypokalemia.

            • lofepramine

              lofepramine increases levels of glycopyrrolate inhaled by unknown mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • methyclothiazide

              formoterol, methyclothiazide. Mechanism: pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Hypokalemia.

            • metolazone

              formoterol, metolazone. Mechanism: pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Hypokalemia.

            • noni juice

              noni juice increases and formoterol decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • prochlorperazine

              prochlorperazine increases toxicity of glycopyrrolate inhaled by unknown mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • promazine

              promazine increases toxicity of glycopyrrolate inhaled by unknown mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • promethazine

              promethazine increases toxicity of glycopyrrolate inhaled by unknown mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • rimantadine

              rimantadine increases effects of glycopyrrolate inhaled by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • sage

              sage increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • thioridazine

              thioridazine increases toxicity of glycopyrrolate inhaled by unknown mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • torsemide

              formoterol, torsemide. Mechanism: pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Hypokalemia.

            • trazodone

              glycopyrrolate inhaled and trazodone both decrease cholinergic effects/transmission. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              trazodone increases levels of glycopyrrolate inhaled by unknown mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

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            Adverse Effects

            1-10%

            Upper respiratory tract infection (5.7%)

            Pneumonia (4.6%)

            Dysphonia (3.3%)

            Muscle spasms (2.8-3.3%)

            Back pain (3.1%)

            Oral candidiasis (3%)

            Influenza (2.9%)

            Urinary tract infection (2.7%)

            Cough (2.7%)

            Sinusitis (2.6%)

            Diarrhea (2.1%)

            <1%

            Cataracts

            Frequency Not Defined

            Other adverse effects associated ≥1 of the individual components

            • Hyperglycemia
            • Anxiety
            • Insomnia
            • Headache
            • Palpitations
            • Nausea
            • Hypersensitivity
            • Depression
            • Agitation
            • Restlessness
            • Nervousness
            • Tremor
            • Dizziness
            • Angina pectoris
            • Tachycardia
            • Arrhythmias (eg, atrial fibrillation, supraventricular tachycardia, extrasystoles)
            • Throat irritation
            • Bronchospasm
            • Dry mouth
            • Bruising
            • Urinary retention
            • Chest pain
            • Sign or symptoms of systemic glucocorticoid steroid effects (eg, hypofunctional adrenal gland)
            • Abnormal behavior
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            Warnings

            Contraindications

            Hypersensitivity

            Cautions

            Safety and efficacy not established for asthma; use of long-acting beta2-adrenergic agonists (LABAs) as monotherapy (ie, without inhaled corticosteroids) for asthma is associated with increased risk asthma-related death; data do not suggest an increased risk of death with LABAs in patients with COPD

            Do not initiate in patients with acutely deteriorating COPD, which may be a life-threatening condition; use only for maintenance and not as a rescue therapy

            Patients who have been taking inhaled, short-acting beta2 agonists on a regular basis should discontinue these drugs when budesonide/formoterol/glycopyrrolate inhaled is initiated

            Excess use or use with other long-acting beta2 agonists may result in overdose, clinically significant cardiovascular effects, and fatalities

            Oropharyngeal candidiasis is associated with orally inhaled corticosteroids; advised patients to rinse mouth with water and without swallowing

            Lower respiratory tract infections, including pneumonia, reported following inhaled corticosteroids

            Immunosuppressive drugs (eg, corticosteroids) use increases susceptibility to infection; some infections may be more serious or fatal compared with others not taking corticosteroids

            Caution if patients are being transferred from systemic corticosteroids; monitor for adrenal insufficiency, particularly for patients maintained on physiologic doses (eg, ≥20 mg/day of prednisone, or equivalent)

            Hypercorticism and adrenal suppression may occur if dose is exceeded

            Oral inhaled therapies can produce paradoxical bronchospasm, which may be life-threatening; if this occurs, permanently discontinue and treat immediately with inhaled, short-acting bronchodilator

            Hypersensitivity, including anaphylaxis, reported; allergic reactions including angioedema, urticaria, or rash may occur; discontinue drug

            Beta2 agonists can produce clinically significant cardiovascular effects (eg, increased heart rate and blood pressure, arrhythmias, ECG changes)

            Decreased bone mineral density observed with long-term administration of corticosteroids

            Use of long-term corticosteroids or inhaled anticholinergics associated with glaucoma, cataracts, or worsening of narrow-angle glaucoma

            Caution in patients with urinary retention (eg, prostatic hyperplasia, bladder-neck obstruction)

            Caution with sympathomimetic use in patients with convulsive disorders or thyrotoxicosis; beta2 agonists may aggravate preexisting diabetes mellitus and ketoacidosis

            Beta agonists may produce significant hypokalemia and transient hyperglycemia

            Drug interaction overview

            • Strong CYP3A4 inhibitors
              • Exercise caution
              • Coadministration with strong CYP3A4 inhibitors may increase budesonide systemic exposure
            • Adrenergic drugs
              • Exercise caution
              • Coadministration of formoterol with other adrenergic drugs may cause additive sympathetic effects
            • Xanthine derivatives, corticosteroids, or diuretics
              • Monitor for hypokalemia
              • Coadministration of beta2 agonists (eg, formoterol) with xanthine derivatives, corticosteroids, or diuretics may potentiate risk of hypokalemia
              • The hypokalemia and/or ECG changes that may result from nonpotassium sparing diuretics may be worsened by beta2 agonists, especially if beta2 agonist dose exceeded
            • MAOIs, TCAs, or QTc prolonging drugs
              • Use extreme caution with beta2 agonists in patients treated with MAOIs, TCAs, or other drugs known to prolong QTc interval owing to additive action of adrenergic agonists on the cardiovascular system
            • Beta blockers
              • Beta blockers inhibit the therapeutic effect of beta2 agonists and may also produce severe bronchospasm
              • Patients with COPD should normally not use beta blockers, excepts under certain circumstances (eg, prophylaxis after MI); consider cardioselective beta blockers when necessary
            • Anticholinergics
              • Monitor
              • Coadministration of glycopyrrolate with anticholinergic medications may cause additive effects
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            Pregnancy & Lactation

            Pregnancy

            Data are not available for glycopyrrolate or formoterol fumarate in pregnant women; however, studies are available for budesonide

            Studies (Swedish registries) of pregnant women who received inhaled budesonide alone during pregnancy did not show increased risk of abnormalities

            Clinical considerations

            • Labor or delivery: No well-controlled human trials; because of potential for beta agonists interfering with uterine contractility, restrict use during labor to patients in whom benefits clearly outweigh risks

            Animal studies

            • Budesonide
              • SC administration caused structural abnormalities, was embryocidal, and reduced fetal weights in rats and rabbits at 0.3 and 0.75 times the maximum recommended human daily inhaled dose (MRHDID), but these effects were not seen in rats that received inhaled doses up to 4 times the MRHDID
              • Experience with PO corticosteroids suggests that rodents are more prone to teratogenic effects from corticosteroid exposure than humans
            • Formoterol
              • Oral administration in rats and rabbits caused structural abnormalities at 1,500 and 61,000 times the MRHDID
              • It was also embryocidal, increased pup lost at birth and during lactation, and decreased pup weight in rats at 110 times the MRHDID
              • No structural abnormalities, embryocidal, or developmental effects observed in rats that received inhalation doses up to 350 times the MRHDID
            • Glycopyrrolate
              • SC administration in rats and rabbits did not cause structural abnormalities or affect fetal survival at 2,700-5,400 times MRHDID
              • It also had no effects on physical, functional, and behavioral development of rat pups up to 2,700 times the MRHDID

            Lactation

            Data are not available for glycopyrrolate or formoterol fumarate in lactating women; however, studies are available for budesonide

            Budesonide dry powder inhalation shows the total daily oral dose of budesonide available in breast milk to the infant is ~0.3-1% of the maternal inhaled dose

            Pregnancy Categories

            A: Generally acceptable. Controlled studies in pregnant women show no evidence of fetal risk.

            B: May be acceptable. Either animal studies show no risk but human studies not available or animal studies showed minor risks and human studies done and showed no risk.

            C: Use with caution if benefits outweigh risks. Animal studies show risk and human studies not available or neither animal nor human studies done.

            D: Use in LIFE-THREATENING emergencies when no safer drug available. Positive evidence of human fetal risk.

            X: Do not use in pregnancy. Risks involved outweigh potential benefits. Safer alternatives exist.

            NA: Information not available.

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            Pharmacology

            Mechanism of Action

            Budesonide: Anti-inflammatory corticosteroid; has potent glucocorticoid activity and weak mineralocorticoid activity

            Formoterol: Long-acting selective beta-2 agonist with rapid onset of action; acts locally as bronchodilator; stimulates intracellular adenyl cyclase, which results in increased cyclic adenosine monophosphate levels, causing relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle and inhibition of release of mast cell mediators

            Glycopyrrolate: Long-acting muscarinic antagonist; often referred to as an anticholinergic; produces bronchodilation by inhibiting acetylcholine’s effect on muscarinic receptors in the airway smooth muscle

            Absorption

            Peak plasma time

            • Budesonide: 20-40 minutes
            • Formoterol: 20-60 minutes
            • Glycopyrrolate: 2-6 minutes

            Steady-state

            • Budesonide: 1 day
            • Formoterol: 2 days
            • Glycopyrrolate: 3 days

            Distribution

            Protein bound

            • Budesonide: 86-87%
            • Formoterol: 46-58%
            • Glycopyrrolate: 43-54%

            Vd

            • Budesonide: 1,200 L
            • Formoterol: 2,400 L
            • Glycopyrrolate: 5,500 L

            Metabolism

            Budesonide: Extensively metabolized in liver by CYP3A4

            Formoterol: Primarily metabolized by direct glucuronidation and by O-demethylation (by CYP2D6 and CYP2C) followed by conjugation to inactive metabolites; secondary metabolism by deformylation and sulfate

            Glycopyrrolate: Metabolism plays a minor role in the overall elimination; CYP2D6 found to be the predominant enzyme involved

            Elimination

            Half-life

            • Budesonide: ~5 hr
            • Formoterol: ~10 hr
            • Glycopyrrolate: ~15 hr

            Excretion

            • Budesonide: Excreted in urine and feces as metabolites; negligible unchanged drug detected in urine
            • Formoterol: Urine 62%; feces 24%
            • Glycopyrrolate: Urine 85%; also small amount in bile
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            Administration

            Inhalation Preparation

            Priming canister

            • First use: Prime canister by releasing 4 sprays into the air when first administered
            • Inhaler not used for >7 days or after cleaning: Prime canister by releasing 2 sprays into the air

            Dose indicator

            • Canister has dose indicator showing how many inhalations remain
            • Display moves after every tenth actuation
            • Color behind dose indicator changes to red when nearing end of usable inhalations

            Inhalation Administration

            Shake well before oral inhalation

            Exhale fully through mouth, close lips around mouthpiece and tilt head back, keeping tongue below the mouthpiece, while breathing in deeply and slowly, release puff of medication by pressing on actuator; repeat for second inhalation

            Rinse mouth with water and spit out water after each dose (2 inhalations) to reduce risk of thrush

            Avoid spraying in eyes

            Missed dose

            • Take missed dose as soon as possible and the next dose at the usual time
            • Do not take more than 1 dose to make up for a missed dose

            Storage

            Store at controlled room temperature of 20-25ºC (68-77ºF); excursions permitted to 15-30ºC (59-86ºF)

            Keep in dry place away from heat and sunlight

            Contents under pressure; do not puncture or store near heat or open flame

            Exposure to temperature >49ºC (>120ºF) may cause bursting

            Never throw canister into fire or incinerator

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            Patient Handout

            A Patient Handout is not currently available for this monograph.
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            Formulary

            FormularyPatient Discounts

            Adding plans allows you to compare formulary status to other drugs in the same class.

            To view formulary information first create a list of plans. Your list will be saved and can be edited at any time.

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            • View the formulary and any restrictions for each plan.
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            • Compare formulary status to other drugs in the same class.
            • Access your plan list on any device – mobile or desktop.

            The above information is provided for general informational and educational purposes only. Individual plans may vary and formulary information changes. Contact the applicable plan provider for the most current information.

            Tier Description
            1 This drug is available at the lowest co-pay. Most commonly, these are generic drugs.
            2 This drug is available at a middle level co-pay. Most commonly, these are "preferred" (on formulary) brand drugs.
            3 This drug is available at a higher level co-pay. Most commonly, these are "non-preferred" brand drugs.
            4 This drug is available at a higher level co-pay. Most commonly, these are "non-preferred" brand drugs or specialty prescription products.
            5 This drug is available at a higher level co-pay. Most commonly, these are "non-preferred" brand drugs or specialty prescription products.
            6 This drug is available at a higher level co-pay. Most commonly, these are "non-preferred" brand drugs or specialty prescription products.
            NC NOT COVERED – Drugs that are not covered by the plan.
            Code Definition
            PA Prior Authorization
            Drugs that require prior authorization. This restriction requires that specific clinical criteria be met prior to the approval of the prescription.
            QL Quantity Limits
            Drugs that have quantity limits associated with each prescription. This restriction typically limits the quantity of the drug that will be covered.
            ST Step Therapy
            Drugs that have step therapy associated with each prescription. This restriction typically requires that certain criteria be met prior to approval for the prescription.
            OR Other Restrictions
            Drugs that have restrictions other than prior authorization, quantity limits, and step therapy associated with each prescription.
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            Medscape prescription drug monographs are based on FDA-approved labeling information, unless otherwise noted, combined with additional data derived from primary medical literature.