Dosing & Uses
Dosage Forms & Strengths
transdermal patch: Schedule II
- 12mcg/hr
- 25mcg/hr
- 50mcg/hr
- 75mcg/hr
- 100mcg/hr
Chronic Severe Pain
Indicated for chronic pain in opioid-tolerant patients, severe enough to require daily, around-the-clock, long-term opioid treatment and for which alternative treatment options are inadequate
Discontinue or taper all other extended-release opioids when beginning fentanyl transdermal therapy
25-100 mcg/hr, reapplied q72hr until adequate analgesia is achieved
Opioid-tolerant definition
- Patients who are opioid tolerant are those receiving, for 1 week or longer, at least 60 mg/day morphine, 25 mcg/day transdermal fentanyl, 30 mg/day PO oxycodone, 8 mg/day PO hydromorphone, 25 mg/day PO oxymorphone, 60 mg/day PO hydrocodone, or an equianalgesic dose of another opioid
Dosage Modifications
Hepatic impairment
- Mild-to-moderate (Child Pugh A to B): Start with one half of the usual dose; closely monitor for signs of respiratory and central nervous system depression (see Cautions)
- Severe (Child C): Avoid use
Renal impairment
- Mild-to-moderate: Start with one half of the usual dose; closely monitor for signs of respiratory and central nervous system depression (see Cautions)
- Severe: Avoid use
Dosing Considerations
Limitations of use
- Because of the risks of addiction, abuse, and misuse with opioids, even at recommended doses, and because of the greater risks of overdose and death with extended-release opioid formulations, reserve for patients whom alternative treatment options (eg, nonopioid analgesics or immediate-release opioids) are ineffective, not tolerated, or would be otherwise inadequate to provide sufficient management of pain
Conversion oral/IV opioids to fentanyl transdermal
- Each transdermal system is worn continuously for up to 72 hr (see Administration)
- Tables found in prescribing information cannot be used to convert from fentanyl transdermal to another opioid because conversions will result in an overestimation of the dose of new opioid and may result in fatal overdosage
- Calculate 24-hr morphine dose and find the corresponding recommended initial fentanyl transdermal dose
- Initiate recommended dose and titrate dose no more frequently than 3 days after initial dose and every 6 days thereafter until analgesic efficacy is attained
- For patients that require >100 mcg/hr, several transdermal systems may be used
Discontinuation of fentanyl transdermal
- Significant amounts of fentanyl continue to be absorbed from the skin for ≥24 hr after the patch is removed
- Convert to another opioid
- Remove transdermal and titrate dose of new analgesic based upon patient’s report of pain until adequate analgesia has been attained
- Upon system removal, ≥17 hr are required for a 50% decrease in serum fentanyl concentrations
- Withdrawal symptoms are possible in some patients after conversion or dose adjustment
- Not converting to another opioid
- Gradually titrate the dose, (eg, 50% dosage reduction q6days), while monitoring carefully for signs and symptoms of withdrawal
- If patient develops these signs or symptoms, raise dose to the previous level and taper more slowly, either by increasing the interval between decreases, decreasing the amount of change in dose, or both
- Do not abruptly discontinue fentanyl patch It is unknown at what dose level the fentanyl transdermal may be discontinued without producing the signs and symptoms of opioid withdrawal
Dosage Forms & Strengths
transdermal patch: Schedule II
- 12mcg/hr
- 25mcg/hr
- 50mcg/hr
- 75mcg/hr
- 100mcg/hr
Chronic Pain (Off-label)
Treatment of chronic pain in children who are opioid-tolerant and receiving ≥60 mg/day PO of morphine or equivalent
<2 years: Safety not established
≥2 years: 25-100 mcg/hr, reapplied q72hr until adequate analgesia is achieved
Dosing Considerations
Limitations of use
- Because of the risks of addiction, abuse, and misuse with opioids, even at recommended doses, and because of the greater risks of overdose and death with extended-release opioid formulations, reserve for patients whom alternative treatment options (eg, nonopioid analgesics or immediate-release opioids) are ineffective, not tolerated, or would be otherwise inadequate to provide sufficient management of pain
Conversion oral/IV opioids to fentanyl transdermal
- Each transdermal system is worn continuously for up to 72 hr (see Administration)
- Tables found in prescribing information cannot be used to convert from fentanyl transdermal to another opioid because conversions will result in an overestimation of the dose of new opioid and may result in fatal overdosage
- Calculate 24-hr morphine dose and find the corresponding recommended initial fentanyl transdermal dose
- Initiate recommended dose and titrate dose no more frequently than 3 days after initial dose and every 6 days thereafter until analgesic efficacy is attained
- For patients that require >100 mcg/hr, several transdermal systems may be used
Discontinuation of fentanyl transdermal
- Significant amounts of fentanyl continue to be absorbed from the skin for ≥24 hr after the patch is removed
- Convert to another opioid
- Remove transdermal and titrate dose of new analgesic based upon patient’s report of pain until adequate analgesia has been attained
- Upon system removal, ≥17 hr are required for a 50% decrease in serum fentanyl concentrations
- Withdrawal symptoms are possible in some patients after conversion or dose adjustment
- Not converting to another opioid
- Gradually titrate the dose, (eg, 50% dosage reduction q6days), while monitoring carefully for signs and symptoms of withdrawal
- If patient develops these signs or symptoms, raise dose to the previous level and taper more slowly, either by increasing the interval between decreases, decreasing the amount of change in dose, or both
- Do not abruptly discontinue fentanyl patch
- It is unknown at what dose level the fentanyl transdermal may be discontinued without producing the signs and symptoms of opioid withdrawal
Interactions
Interaction Checker
No Results
Contraindicated
Serious - Use Alternative
Significant - Monitor Closely
Minor
Adverse Effects
Frequency Not Defined
Asthenia
Confusion
Constipation
Dry mouth
Nausea
Somnolence
Sweating
Vomiting
Abdominal pain
Anorexia
Anxiety
Apnea
Depression
Diarrhea
Dizziness
Dyspepsia
Dyspnea
Euphoria
Fatigue
Hallucinations
Headache
Hemoptysis
Hypoventilation
Influenzalike symptoms
Nervousness
Pharyngitis
Pruritus
Upper respiratory tract infection
Urinary retention
Abnormal coordination, thinking, gait, dreams
Accidental injury
Agitation
Amnesia
Angina pectoris
Application-site reaction
Back pain
Bradycardia
Bronchitis
Cardiac arrest, ST-segment elevation
Coma
Dysphoria
Faintness
Fever
Flatulence
Flushing
Hiccups
Mental clouding
Micturition disorder
Myocardial infarction
Oliguria
Paranoid reaction
Paresthesia
Rash
Respiratory arrest
Respiratory/circulatory depression
Rhinitis
Sedation
Seizures
Severe cardiac arrhythmias
Shock
Sinusitis
Speech disorder
Syncope
Tremor
Urinary retention
Ventricular tachycardia
Visual disturbances
Warmness of face/neck/upper thorax, urticaria
Weakness
Warnings
Black Box Warnings
Opioid analgesic risk evaluation and mitigation strategy (REMS)
- To ensure that benefits of opioid analgesics outweigh risks of addiction, abuse, and misuse, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has required a REMS for these products; under requirements of the REMS, drug companies with approved opioid analgesic products must make REMS-compliant education programs available to healthcare providers
- Healthcare providers are strongly encouraged to:
- Complete a REMS-compliant education program
- Counsel patients and/or their caregivers, with every prescription, on safe use, serious risks, storage, and disposal of these products
- Emphasize to patients and their caregivers the importance of reading the Medication Guide every time it is provided by their pharmacist
- Consider other tools to improve patient, household, and community safety
Addiction, abuse, and misuse
- Risk of opioid addiction, abuse, and misuse, which can lead to overdose and death
- Assess each patient’s risk prior to prescribing and monitor all patients regularly for the development of these behaviors or conditions
Life-threatening respiratory depression
- Serious, life-threatening, or fatal respiratory depression may occur
- Monitor for respiratory depression, especially during initiation or following a dose increase
- Instruct patients to swallow tablet/capsule whole; crushing, chewing, or dissolving can cause rapid release and absorption of a potentially fatal dose
- Benzodiazepines or other CNS depressants
- Concomitant use of opioids with benzodiazepines or other central nervous system (CNS) depressants, including alcohol, may result in profound sedation, respiratory depression, coma, and death; reserve concomitant prescribing for use in patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate; limit dosages and durations to minimum required; follow patients for signs and symptoms of respiratory depression and sedation
- Reserve concomitant use of fentanyl transdermal and benzodiazepines or other CNS depressants for patients whom alternative treatment options are inadequate
- Limit treatment to the minimum effective dosages and durations
- Monitor patients for signs and symptoms of respiratory depression and sedation
Accidental exposure
- Accidental of even 1 dose, especially by children, can result in a fatal overdose
Neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome
- Prolonged use during pregnancy can result in neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome, which may be life-threatening if not recognized and treated, and requires management according to protocols developed by neonatology experts
- Syndrome presents as irritability, hyperactivity and abnormal sleep pattern, high pitched cry, tremor, vomiting, diarrhea and failure to gain weight
- Onset, duration, and severity of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome vary based on the specific opioid used, duration of use, timing and amount of last maternal use, and rate of elimination of the drug by the newborn
- If opioid use is required for a prolonged period in a pregnant woman, advise the patient of the risk of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome and ensure that appropriate treatment will be available
CYP3A4 inhibitors
- Concomitant use of transdermal fentanyl with all cytochrome CYP450 3A4 inhibitors (ritonavir, ketoconazole, itraconazole, troleandomycin, clarithromycin, nelfinavir, nefazodone, amiodarone, amprenavir, aprepitant, diltiazem, erythromycin, fluconazole, fosamprenavir, grapefruit juice, verapamil) may result in increased fentanyl plasma concentrations, which could increase or prolong adverse drug effects and may cause potentially fatal respiratory depression
- Patients receiving fentanyl transdermally and any CYP34A inhibitors should be carefully monitored for extended period, and dosage adjustments should be made if warranted
Exposure to heat
- Exposure of the application site and surrounding area to direct external heat sources (eg, heating pads or electric blankets, heat or tanning lamps, sunbathing, hot baths, saunas, hot tubs, and heated water beds) may increase fentanyl absorption and has resulted in fatal overdose of fentanyl and death
- Patients wearing a fentanyl patch who develop fever or increased core body temperature due to strenuous exertion are also at risk for increased fentanyl exposure and may require an adjustment in the dose to avoid overdose and death
Contraindications
Hypersensitivity to drug or components of the formulation
Known or suspected gastrointestinal obstruction, including paralytic ileus
Significant respiratory depression
Acute or severe bronchial asthma in an unmonitored setting or in the absence of resuscitative equipment
Within 2 weeks of monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) therapy
Management of postoperative, mild, or intermittent pain
Opioid-naive or non-opioid-tolerant patients
Cautions
Use caution in acute pancreatitis, Addison disease, benign prostatic hyperplasia, cardiac arrhythmias, central nervous system (CNS) depression, drug abuse or dependence, emotional lability, gallbladder disease, gastrointestinal (GI) disorder, pseudomembranous colitis, GI surgery, head injury, hypothyroidism or untreated myxedema, intracranial hypertension, brain tumor, toxic psychosis, urethral stricture, urinary tract surgery, seizures, acute alcoholism, delirium tremens, shock, cor pulmonale, chronic pulmonary disease, emphysema, hypercapnia, kyphoscoliosis, severe obesity, renal or hepatic impairment, elderly or debilitated patients
Increased risk of potentially fatal respiratory depression, pruritus (despite little histamine release), and abuse or addiction
May impair physical or mental abilities; use caution when operating machinery or driving
Schedule II opioid analgesics expose users to the risks of addiction, abuse, and misuse; there is a greater risk for overdose and death with extended-release opioids due to the larger amount of active opioid present (see Black Box Warnings); addiction can occur at recommended dosages and if drug is misused or abused
Severe hypotension may occur including orthostatic hypotension and syncope in ambulatory patients; there is increased risk in patients whose ability to maintain blood pressure has already been compromised by a reduced blood volume or concurrent administration of certain CNS depressant drugs (eg, phenothiazines or general anesthetics); monitor patients for signs of hypotension after initiating or titrating dosage; in patients with circulatory shock, therapy may cause vasodilation that can further reduce cardiac output and blood pressure; avoid therapy in patients with circulatory shock
In patients who may be susceptible to intracranial effects of CO2 retention (eg, those with evidence of increased intracranial pressure or brain tumors), therapy may reduce respiratory drive, and resultant CO2 retention can further increase intracranial pressure; monitor such patients for signs of sedation and respiratory depression, particularly when initiating therapy; opioids may obscure clinical course in a patient with a head injury; avoid the use in patients with impaired consciousness or coma
Addiction, abuse, and misuse risks are increased in patients with a personal or family history of substance abuse or mental illness (eg, major depression); the potential for these risks should not, however, prevent the prescribing of proper pain management in any given patient; intensive monitoring is necessary (see Black Box Warnings)
Contraindicated in patients with known or suspected gastrointestinal obstruction, including paralytic ileus; may cause spasm of sphincter of Oddi; opioids may cause increases in serum amylase; monitor patients with biliary tract disease, including acute pancreatitis, for worsening symptoms
Serious, life-threatening, or fatal respiratory depression reported (see Black Box Warnings)
Accidental exposure reported, including fatalities (see Black Box Warnings)
Bradycardia may occur; monitor patients with bradyarrhythmias closely for changes in heart rate, particularly when initiating therapy
Therapy may increase frequency of seizures in patients with seizure disorders and in other clinical settings associated with seizures; monitor patients for worsened seizure control during therapy
Neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome reported with long-term use during pregnancy (see Black Box Warnings)
Life-threatening respiratory depression is more likely to occur in elderly, cachectic, or debilitated patients as they may have altered pharmacokinetics or altered clearance compared to younger, healthier patients
While serious, life-threatening, or fatal respiratory depression can occur at any time during therapy, risk is greatest during initiation of therapy or following dosage increase; monitor patients closely for respiratory depression, especially within first 24-72 hr of initiating therapy with and following dosage increases; accidental ingestion of even one dose, especially by children, can result in respiratory depression and death due to overdose of opioid
Deaths have occurred in nursing infants exposed to high levels of opioid in breast milk because mothers were ultra-rapid metabolizers of opioid (see Lactation)
Cases of adrenal insufficiency reported with opioid use, more often following greater than one month of use; symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, anorexia, fatigue, weakness, dizziness, and low blood pressure; if adrenal insufficiency is diagnosed, treat with physiologic replacement doses of corticosteroids; wean patient off of opioid to allow adrenal function to recover and continue corticosteroid treatment until adrenal function recovers; other opioids may be tried as some cases reported use of a different opioid without recurrence of adrenal insufficiency
Use caution when selecting dosage for an elderly patient, usually starting at low end of dosing range, reflecting greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy; because elderly patients are more likely to have decreased renal function, care should be taken in dose selection, and may be useful to monitor renal function
Opioid pharmacokinetics may be altered in patients with renal failure; clearance may be decreased and metabolites may accumulate much higher plasma levels in patients with renal failure as compared to patients with normal renal function; start with a lower than normal dosage or with longer dosing intervals and titrate slowly while monitoring for signs of respiratory depression, sedation, and hypotension
Opioid analgesic risk evaluation and mitigation strategy (REMS)
- To ensure that benefits of opioid analgesics outweigh risks of addiction, abuse, and misuse, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has required a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) for these products
- Discuss the safe use, serious risks, and proper storage and disposal of opioid analgesics with patients and/or their caregivers every time these medicines are prescribed; use the following link to obtain the Patient Counseling Guide (PCG): www.fda.gov/OpioidAnalgesicREMSPCG
- Emphasize to patients and their caregivers the importance of reading the Medication Guide that they will receive from their pharmacist every time an opioid analgesic is dispensed to them
- Consider using other tools to improve patient, household, and community safety, such as patient-prescriber agreements that reinforce patient-prescriber responsibilities
- To obtain further information on opioid analgesic REMS and for a list of accredited REMS CME/CE, call 1-800-503-0784, or log on to www.opioidanalgesicrems.com; the FDA Blueprint can be found at www.fda.gov/OpioidAnalgesicREMSBlueprint
Drug interactions overview
- Also see Black Box Warnings
- Profound sedation, respiratory depression, coma, and death may result from concomitant administration with benzodiazepines or other CNS depressants (eg, non-benzodiazepine sedatives/hypnotics, anxiolytics, tranquilizers, muscle relaxants, general anesthetics, antipsychotics, other opioids, alcohol); because of these risks, reserve concomitant prescribing of these drugs for use in patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate
- Coadministration with anticholinergic drugs may increase risk of urinary retention and/or severe constipation, which may lead to paralytic ileus
- Opioids can reduce the efficacy of diuretics by inducing the release of antidiuretic hormone
- Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) may potentiate effects of opioid, opioid’s active metabolite, including respiratory depression, coma, and confusion; therapy should not be administered within 14 days of initiating or stopping MAOIs
- Cases of serotonin syndrome, a potentially life-threatening condition, reported with concomitant use of serotonergic drugs; this may occur within the recommended dosage range; the onset of symptoms generally occur within several hours to a few days of concomitant use, but may occur later than that; discontinue therapy immediately if serotonin syndrome is suspected
- Avoid use of mixed agonist/antagonist (eg, pentazocine, nalbuphine, and butorphanol) or partial agonist (eg, buprenorphine) analgesics in patients who are receiving a full opioid agonist analgesic; mixed agonist/antagonist and partial agonist analgesics may reduce analgesic effect and/or precipitate withdrawal symptoms; when discontinuing therapy in physically-dependent patient, gradually taper dosage; do not abruptly discontinue therapy in these patients
- Concomitant use with a CYP3A4 inhibitor, such as macrolide antibiotics (eg, erythromycin), azole-antifungal agents (eg, ketoconazole), and protease inhibitors (eg, ritonavir), may increase plasma concentrations of fentanyl and prolong opioid adverse reactions, which may cause potentially fatal respiratory depression, particularly when an inhibitor is added after a stable dose of fentanyl injection is achieved; similarly, discontinuation of a CYP3A4 inducer, such as rifampin, carbamazepine, and phenytoin, in fentanyl-injection treated patients may increase fentanyl plasma concentrations and prolong opioid adverse reactions; when using fentanyl injection with CYP3A4 inhibitors or discontinuing CYP3A4 inducers in fentanyl-Injection treated patients, monitor patients closely at frequent intervals and consider dosage reduction of fentanyl injection until stable drug effects are achieved
- Concomitant use of fentanyl injection with CYP3A4 inducers or discontinuation of a CYP3A4 inhibitor could decrease fentanyl plasma concentrations, decrease opioid efficacy or, possibly, lead to a withdrawal syndrome in a patient who had developed physical dependence to fentanyl; when using fentanyl injection with CYP3A4 inducers or discontinuing CYP3A4 inhibitors, monitor patients closely at frequent intervals and consider increasing opioid dosage if needed to maintain adequate analgesia or if symptoms of opioid withdrawal occur
- Interactions with CNS depressants (eg, alcohol, sedatives, anxiolytics, hypnotics, neuroleptics, other opioids) can cause additive effects and increase risk for respiratory depression, profound sedation, and hypotension
Pregnancy & Lactation
Pregnancy
Prolonged use of opioid analgesics during pregnancy for medical or nonmedical purposes can result in physical dependence in the neonate and neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome shortly after birth; observe newborns for symptoms of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome and manage accordingly; opioids cross placenta and may produce respiratory depression and psychophysiologic effects in neonates; an opioid antagonist, such as naloxone, must be available for reversal of opioid-induced respiratory depression in the neonate; opioid sulfate is not recommended for use in pregnant women during or immediately prior to labor, when other analgesic techniques are more appropriate; opioid analgesics can prolong labor through actions which temporarily reduce strength, duration, and frequency of uterine contractions
Fertility
- Due to effects of androgen deficiency, chronic use of opioids may cause reduced fertility in females and males of reproductive potential; it is not known whether effects on fertility are reversible
Lactation
Opioid is secreted into human milk; in women with normal opioid metabolism (normal CYP2D6 activity), the amount of opioid secreted into human milk is low and dose-dependent; some women are ultra-rapid metabolizers of opioid; these women achieve higher-than-expected serum levels of opioid's active metabolite, opioid, leading to higher-than-expected levels of opioid in breast milk and potentially dangerously high serum opioid levels in their breastfed infants that can potentially lead to serious adverse reactions, including death, in nursing infants
Developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with mother’s clinical need for therapy and any potential adverse effects on breastfed infant from therapy or from underlying maternal condition
Pregnancy Categories
A:Generally acceptable. Controlled studies in pregnant women show no evidence of fetal risk.
B:May be acceptable. Either animal studies show no risk but human studies not available or animal studies showed minor risks and human studies done and showed no risk.
C:Use with caution if benefits outweigh risks. Animal studies show risk and human studies not available or neither animal nor human studies done.
D:Use in LIFE-THREATENING emergencies when no safer drug available. Positive evidence of human fetal risk.
X:Do not use in pregnancy. Risks involved outweigh potential benefits. Safer alternatives exist.
NA:Information not available.
Pharmacology
Mechanism of Action
Narcotic agonist-analgesic of opiate receptors; inhibits ascending pain pathways; alters pain perception, thus altering response to pain; produces analgesia, respiratory depression, and sedation
Absorption
After patch removal, continued systemic absorption occurs from residual fentanyl in skin, so that serum concentrations fall by average of 50% in ~20-27 hr
Onset: 6 hr
Duration: 72-96 hr
Peak plasma time: 28.8-35.8 hr (dose dependent; following first application)
Peak plasma concentration: 0.38-3.36 ng/mL (dose dependent; following first application)
Distribution
Vd: 4-6 L/kg
Protein binding: 80-85%
Metabolism
Metabolized in liver by CYP3A4
Elimination
Half-life: 20-27 hr
Excretion: Urine (75% mostly as metabolites), feces (9% as metabolites)
Administration
Transdermal Preparation
Hair at application site may be clipped (not shaved) prior to system application
If application site must be cleaned prior to application of the patch, do so with clear water; do not use soaps, oils, lotions, alcohol, or any other agents that might irritate the skin or alter its characteristics
Allow skin to dry completely prior to patch application
Patch must not be altered (eg, cut) in any way prior to application
Do not use if the pouch seal is broken or if the patch is cut or damaged
Transdermal Administration
Transdermal use only
Apply to intact, non-irritated, and non-irradiated skin on a flat surface (eg, chest, back, flank, or upper arm)
In young children and persons with cognitive impairment, monitor adhesion an upper back is the preferred location to minimize the potential of inappropriate patch removal
Avoid exposing application site and surrounding area to direct external heat sources (see Black Box Warnings)
Apply immediately upon removal from sealed package
Firmly press in place with the palm of the hand for 30 seconds, making sure the contact is complete, especially around the edges
Each patch may be worn continuously for 72 hr; rotate application sites to a different skin site after removal of the previous transdermal system
Patients or caregivers who apply the patch should wash their hands immediately with soap and water after applying; contact with unwashed or unclothed application sites can result in secondary exposure to drug and should be avoided
Keep patches in a secure location out of the reach of children and of others
Resolutions to adhesion issues
- If problems with adhesion of the patch occur, edges of the patch may be taped with first aid tape
- If problems with adhesion persist, patch may be overlaid with a transparent adhesive film dressing
- If patch falls off before 72 hr, dispose of it by folding in half and flushing down the toilet
Disposal
- Dispose of used patches immediately upon removal by folding the adhesive side of the patch to itself, then flushing down the toilet
- Remove unused patches from their pouches, remove the release liners, fold patches so that the adhesive side of the patch adheres to itself, and to immediately flush the patches down the toilet
- Dispose of any patches remaining from a prescription as soon as they are no longer needed
Storage
Unopened pouches: Store up to 25°C (77°F); excursions permitted to 15-30°C (59-86°F)
Images
Patient Handout
Formulary
Adding plans allows you to compare formulary status to other drugs in the same class.
To view formulary information first create a list of plans. Your list will be saved and can be edited at any time.
Adding plans allows you to:
- View the formulary and any restrictions for each plan.
- Manage and view all your plans together – even plans in different states.
- Compare formulary status to other drugs in the same class.
- Access your plan list on any device – mobile or desktop.
