lesinurad/allopurinol (Discontinued)

Brand and Other Names:Duzallo (DSC)

Dosing & Uses

AdultPediatricGeriatric

Dosage Forms & Strengths

April 2019: Product discontinued by manufacturer

tablet

  • 200 mg/200 mg
  • 200 mg/300 mg

Gout

Indicated for hyperuricemia associated with gout in patients who have not achieved target serum uric acid (sUA) levels with allopurinol alone

Use 1 tablet of lesinurad/allopurinol equivalent to the total daily dose (TDD) of allopurinol; maintain TDD of allopurinol when initiating lesinurad/allopurinol

Recommended combination dose based on current allopurinol

  • For patients who have not achieved target sUA on a medically appropriate dose of allopurinol >300 mg, lesinurad/allopurinol may be initiated by using 1 tablet in place of an equivalent portion of the TDD of allopurinol
  • Allopurinol 300 mg: Initiate 1 tablet of lesinurad 200 mg/allopurinol 300 mg PO qDay
  • Allopurinol 200 mg: Initiate 1 tablet of lesinurad 200 mg/allopurinol 200 mg PO qDay
  • Lesinurad coadministered with allopurinol: Initiate 1 tablet PO qDay equivalent to the daily lesinurad and allopurinol doses

Dosage Modifications

Renal impairment

  • Mild-to-moderate (CrCl ≥45 mL/min): No dosage adjustment necessary; monitor CrCl more frequently if CrCl <60 mL/min
  • Moderate-to-severe (CrCl 30-45 mL/min): Do not initiate; discontinued if CrCl is persistently <45 mL/min while taking lesinurad/allopurinol
  • Severe renal impairment (CrCl <30 mL/min), end-stage renal disease, kidney transplant recipients, or patients on dialysis: Contraindicated
  • See Black Box Warnings

Hepatic impairment

  • Mild-to-moderate (Child-Pugh A and B): No dosage adjustment necessary
  • Severe (Child-Pugh C): Safety and efficacy not established

Gout flares

  • Gout flares may occur after initiation of urate-lowering therapy, including lesinurad/allopurinol, owing to changing sUA levels resulting in mobilization of urate from tissue deposits
  • Patients not previously taking lesinurad: Gout flare prophylaxis is recommended when initiating treatment, according to practice guidelines
  • If a gout flare occurs during treatment, lesinurad/allopurinol need not be discontinued; gout flare should be managed concurrently, as appropriate for the individual patient

Dosing Considerations

Limitation of use: Not recommended for treatment of asymptomatic hyperuricemia

1 tablet of lesinurad/allopurinol contains the maximum daily lesinurad dose (200 mg)

Do not take more than 1 tablet of lesinurad/allopurinol per day

Do not combine lesinurad/allopurinol with additional lesinurad

Safety and efficacy not established

No dosage adjustment necessary

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Interactions

Interaction Checker

and lesinurad/allopurinol

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            Contraindicated (0)

              Serious - Use Alternative (23)

              • aspirin

                aspirin decreases effects of lesinurad by unspecified interaction mechanism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Aspirin at doses >325 mg/day may decrease lesinurad efficacy. Aspirin doses 325 mg/day or less (ie, for cardiovascular event prophylaxis) does not decrease lesinurad efficacy and can be coadministered.

              • azathioprine

                allopurinol increases levels of azathioprine by decreasing metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Increased risk of bone marrow toxicity.

              • benazepril

                benazepril increases toxicity of allopurinol by unspecified interaction mechanism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. May increase risk for allergic or hypersensitivity reactions to allopurinol. Monitor for symptoms of hypersensitivity reactions if both drugs must be used together.

              • captopril

                captopril, allopurinol. Mechanism: unknown. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Risk of anaphylaxis, Stevens Johnson syndrome.

                captopril increases toxicity of allopurinol by Mechanism: unspecified interaction mechanism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. May increase risk for allergic or hypersensitivity reactions to allopurinol Monitor for symptoms of hypersensitivty reactions if both drugs must be used together.

              • didanosine

                allopurinol increases levels of didanosine by unknown mechanism. Contraindicated.

              • dienogest/estradiol valerate

                lesinurad decreases effects of dienogest/estradiol valerate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Use additional methods of nonhormonal contraception. Do not rely on hormonal contraception alone when taking lesinurad.

              • enalapril

                enalapril, allopurinol. Mechanism: unknown. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Risk of anaphylaxis, Stevens Johnson syndrome.

              • ethinylestradiol

                lesinurad decreases effects of ethinylestradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Use additional methods of nonhormonal contraception. Do not rely on hormonal contraception alone when taking lesinurad.

              • etonogestrel

                lesinurad decreases effects of etonogestrel by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Use additional methods of nonhormonal contraception. Do not rely on hormonal contraception alone when taking lesinurad.

              • ivosidenib

                ivosidenib will decrease the level or effect of lesinurad by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2C9/10 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Avoid coadministration of sensitive CYP2C9 substrates with ivosidenib or replace with alternate therapies. If coadministration is unavoidable, monitor patients for loss of therapeutic effect of these drugs.

              • levonorgestrel intrauterine

                lesinurad decreases effects of levonorgestrel intrauterine by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Use additional methods of nonhormonal contraception. Do not rely on hormonal contraception alone when taking lesinurad.

              • levonorgestrel oral

                lesinurad decreases effects of levonorgestrel oral by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Use additional methods of nonhormonal contraception. Do not rely on hormonal contraception alone when taking lesinurad.

              • medroxyprogesterone

                lesinurad decreases effects of medroxyprogesterone by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Use additional methods of nonhormonal contraception. Do not rely on hormonal contraception alone when taking lesinurad.

              • norethindrone

                lesinurad decreases effects of norethindrone by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Use additional methods of nonhormonal contraception. Do not rely on hormonal contraception alone when taking lesinurad.

              • pacritinib

                lesinurad will decrease the level or effect of pacritinib by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

              • perindopril

                perindopril, allopurinol. Mechanism: unknown. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Risk of anaphylaxis, Stevens Johnson syndrome.

              • pexidartinib

                allopurinol and pexidartinib both increase Other (see comment). Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Pexidartinib can cause hepatotoxicity. Avoid coadministration of pexidartinib with other products know to cause hepatoxicity.

              • pretomanid

                allopurinol, pretomanid. Either increases toxicity of the other by Other (see comment). Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Comment: Pretomanid regimen associated with hepatotoxicity. Avoid alcohol and hepatotoxic agents, including herbal supplements and drugs other than bedaquiline and linezolid.

              • protamine

                allopurinol increases effects of protamine by decreasing metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

              • ropeginterferon alfa 2b

                ropeginterferon alfa 2b, allopurinol. Either increases toxicity of the other by Other (see comment). Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Comment: Myelosuppressive agents can produce additive myelosuppression. Avoid use and monitor patients receiving the combination for effects of excessive myelosuppression.

              • theophylline

                allopurinol increases levels of theophylline by decreasing metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

              • valproic acid

                valproic acid, lesinurad. Other (see comment). Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Comment: Avoid coadministration with inhibitors of epoxide hydrolase (valproic acid) which may interfere with metabolism of lesinurad.

              • warfarin

                allopurinol increases effects of warfarin by anticoagulation. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

              Monitor Closely (55)

              • acalabrutinib

                acalabrutinib, allopurinol. Either increases toxicity of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Coadministration may increase risk of myelosuppressive effects.

              • alpelisib

                alpelisib will decrease the level or effect of lesinurad by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2C9/10 metabolism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

              • aluminum hydroxide

                aluminum hydroxide decreases levels of allopurinol by inhibition of GI absorption. Applies only to oral form of both agents. Use Caution/Monitor. Separate by 2 hours.

              • amiodarone

                amiodarone will increase the level or effect of lesinurad by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2C9/10 metabolism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

              • amlodipine

                lesinurad decreases levels of amlodipine by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • amoxicillin

                allopurinol decreases toxicity of amoxicillin by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Allopurinol may increase potential for allergic or hypersensitivity reactions to amoxicillin.

              • apalutamide

                apalutamide will decrease the level or effect of lesinurad by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2C9/10 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Coadministration of apalutamide, a weak CYP2C9 inducer, with drugs that are CYP2C9 substrates can result in lower exposure to these medications. Evaluate for loss of therapeutic effect if medication must be coadministered.

              • atogepant

                lesinurad will decrease the level or effect of atogepant by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • bosentan

                bosentan will decrease the level or effect of lesinurad by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2C9/10 metabolism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

              • calcium carbonate

                calcium carbonate decreases levels of allopurinol by inhibition of GI absorption. Applies only to oral form of both agents. Use Caution/Monitor. Separate by 2 hours.

              • cannabidiol

                cannabidiol will increase the level or effect of lesinurad by decreasing metabolism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Cannabidiol may potentially inhibit CYP2C9 activity. Consider reducing the dose when concomitantly using CYP2C9 substrates.

              • capecitabine

                capecitabine will increase the level or effect of lesinurad by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2C9/10 metabolism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

              • carbamazepine

                carbamazepine will decrease the level or effect of lesinurad by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2C9/10 metabolism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

              • cyclophosphamide

                allopurinol increases toxicity of cyclophosphamide by decreasing metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • dichlorphenamide

                dichlorphenamide and allopurinol both decrease serum potassium. Use Caution/Monitor.

                dichlorphenamide, allopurinol. Either increases toxicity of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Both drugs can cause metabolic acidosis.

              • ethambutol

                ethambutol decreases effects of allopurinol by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Hyperuricemia reported with ethambutol and precipitation of gout reported; uric acid lowering agents may be require dosage adjustment.

              • fluconazole

                fluconazole will increase the level or effect of lesinurad by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2C9/10 metabolism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

              • fluorouracil

                fluorouracil will increase the level or effect of lesinurad by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2C9/10 metabolism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

              • flurbiprofen

                flurbiprofen will increase the level or effect of lesinurad by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2C9/10 metabolism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

              • fosphenytoin

                fosphenytoin will decrease the level or effect of lesinurad by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2C9/10 metabolism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

              • gemfibrozil

                gemfibrozil will increase the level or effect of lesinurad by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2C9/10 metabolism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

              • hydroxyurea

                allopurinol, hydroxyurea. Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Combination may increase risk of myelosuppression.

              • ibuprofen

                ibuprofen will increase the level or effect of lesinurad by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2C9/10 metabolism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

              • ibuprofen IV

                ibuprofen IV will increase the level or effect of lesinurad by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2C9/10 metabolism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

              • indomethacin

                indomethacin will increase the level or effect of lesinurad by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2C9/10 metabolism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

              • isavuconazonium sulfate

                lesinurad will decrease the level or effect of isavuconazonium sulfate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • ketoconazole

                ketoconazole will increase the level or effect of lesinurad by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2C9/10 metabolism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

              • levoketoconazole

                levoketoconazole will increase the level or effect of lesinurad by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2C9/10 metabolism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

              • levonorgestrel oral/ethinylestradiol/ferrous bisglycinate

                lesinurad will decrease the level or effect of levonorgestrel oral/ethinylestradiol/ferrous bisglycinate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. The efficacy of hormonal contraceptives may be reduced. Use an alternative method of contraception or a backup method when enzyme inducers are used with combined hormonal contraceptives (CHCs), and continue backup contraception for 28 days after discontinuing enzyme inducer to ensure contraceptive reliability.

              • mefenamic acid

                mefenamic acid will increase the level or effect of lesinurad by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2C9/10 metabolism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

              • mercaptopurine

                allopurinol increases levels of mercaptopurine by decreasing metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Potential for increased myelosuppression.

              • methotrexate

                allopurinol decreases effects of methotrexate by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Combination may increase risk of myelosuppression.

              • mipomersen

                mipomersen, allopurinol. Either increases toxicity of the other by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Both drugs have potential to increase hepatic enzymes; monitor LFTs.

              • nicardipine

                nicardipine will increase the level or effect of lesinurad by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2C9/10 metabolism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

              • nitisinone

                nitisinone will increase the level or effect of lesinurad by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2C9/10 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Nitisinone inhibits CYP2C9. Caution if CYP2C9 substrate coadministered, particularly those with a narrow therapeutic index.

              • phenobarbital

                phenobarbital will decrease the level or effect of lesinurad by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2C9/10 metabolism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

              • phenytoin

                phenytoin will decrease the level or effect of lesinurad by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2C9/10 metabolism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

              • piroxicam

                piroxicam will increase the level or effect of lesinurad by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2C9/10 metabolism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

              • primidone

                primidone will decrease the level or effect of lesinurad by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2C9/10 metabolism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

              • rifampin

                rifampin will decrease the level or effect of lesinurad by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2C9/10 metabolism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

              • rifapentine

                rifapentine will decrease the level or effect of lesinurad by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2C9/10 metabolism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

              • rucaparib

                rucaparib will increase the level or effect of lesinurad by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2C9/10 metabolism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Adjust dosage of CYP2C9 substrates, if clinically indicated.

              • secobarbital

                secobarbital will decrease the level or effect of lesinurad by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2C9/10 metabolism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

              • sildenafil

                lesinurad decreases levels of sildenafil by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • sodium bicarbonate

                sodium bicarbonate decreases levels of allopurinol by inhibition of GI absorption. Applies only to oral form of both agents. Use Caution/Monitor. Separate by 2 hours.

              • sodium citrate/citric acid

                sodium citrate/citric acid decreases levels of allopurinol by inhibition of GI absorption. Applies only to oral form of both agents. Use Caution/Monitor. Separate by 2 hours.

              • sparsentan

                sparsentan will decrease the level or effect of lesinurad by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2C9/10 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Sparsentan (a CYP2C9 inducer) decreases exposure of CYP2C9 substrates and reduces efficacy related to these substrates.

              • sulfadiazine

                sulfadiazine will increase the level or effect of lesinurad by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2C9/10 metabolism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

              • sulfamethoxazole

                sulfamethoxazole will increase the level or effect of lesinurad by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2C9/10 metabolism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

              • tazemetostat

                lesinurad will decrease the level or effect of tazemetostat by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • thioguanine

                allopurinol, thioguanine. unknown mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor. Potential for increased myelosuppression.

              • tolbutamide

                tolbutamide will increase the level or effect of lesinurad by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2C9/10 metabolism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

              • ubrogepant

                lesinurad will decrease the level or effect of ubrogepant by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Dose adjustment is recommended with concomitant use of ubrogepant and moderate and weak CYP3A4 inducers. (see Dosage Modifications)

              • valoctocogene roxaparvovec

                allopurinol and valoctocogene roxaparvovec both increase Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Medications that may cause hepatotoxicity when combined with valoctogene roxaparvovec may potentiate the risk of elevated liver enzymes. Closely monitor these medications and consider alternative medications in case of potential drug interactions.

              • voriconazole

                voriconazole will increase the level or effect of lesinurad by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2C9/10 metabolism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

              Minor (3)

              • ampicillin

                ampicillin, allopurinol. Mechanism: unknown. Minor/Significance Unknown. Increased incidence of rash.

              • cyclosporine

                allopurinol increases levels of cyclosporine by unknown mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • tacrolimus

                allopurinol increases levels of tacrolimus by unknown mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

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              Adverse Effects

              >10%

              Serum creatinine elevation 1.5 x to <2.0 x baseline, lesinurad 400 mg/allopurinol (11%)

              1-10%

              Blood creatinine, lesinurad 400 mg/allopurinol (8%)

              Serum creatinine elevation ≥2.0 x baseline, lesinurad 400 mg/allopurinol (7%)

              Influenza, lesinurad 200 mg/allopurinol (4.9%)

              Serum creatinine elevation 1.5 x to <2.0 x baseline, lesinurad 200 mg/allopurinol (4.4%)

              Headache, lesinurad 200 mg/allopurinol (4.2%)

              Blood creatinine elevation, lesinurad 200 mg/allopurinol (3.7%)

              Renal failure, lesinurad 400 mg/allopurinol (3.5%)

              Gastroesophageal reflux disease (3.2%)

              Nephrolithiasis, lesinurad 400 mg/allopurinol (2.2%)

              Major adverse cardiovascular events (eg, cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and nonfatal stroke), lesinurad 400 mg/allopurinol (1.85%)

              Serum creatinine elevation ≥2.0 x baseline, lesinurad 200 mg/allopurinol (1.5%)

              Renal failure, lesinurad 200 mg/allopurinol (1%)

              <1%

              Major adverse cardiovascular events, lesinurad 200 mg/allopurinol (0.61%)

              Nephrolithiasis, lesinurad 200 mg/allopurinol (0.5%)

              Frequency Not Defined

              ALT increased

              AST increased

              Blood alkaline phosphatase increased

              Diarrhea

              Maculopapular rash

              Nausea

              Rash

              Postmarketing Reports

              Most common

              • Gastrointestinal disorders: Diarrhea, nausea
              • Investigations: Blood alkaline phosphatase increased, AST increased, ALT increased
              • Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders: Rash, maculopapular rash

              Less common (<1%)

              • Blood and lymphatic system disorders: Ecchymosis, thrombocytopenia, eosinophilia, leukocytosis, leukopenia
              • Gastrointestinal disorders: Vomiting, abdominal pain, gastritis, dyspepsia
              • General disorders and administration site conditions: Pyrexia
              • Hepatobiliary disorders: Hepatitis (including hepatic necrosis and granulomatous hepatitis), hepatomegaly, hyperbilirubinemia, cholestatic jaundice
              • Musculoskeletal and connective-tissue disorders: Myopathy, arthralgia
              • Nervous system disorders: Headache, peripheral neuropathy, neuritis, paresthesia, somnolence, ageusia
              • Renal and urinary disorders: Renal failure, azotemia
              • Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders: Epistaxis
              • Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders: Erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, leukocytoclastic vasculitis, purpura, bullous dermatitis, exfoliative dermatitis, eczema, pruritus, urticaria, alopecia, onycholysis, lichen planus
              • Vascular disorders: Necrotizing vasculitis, vasculitis
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              Warnings

              Black Box Warnings

              Acute renal failure reported with lesinurad and more commonly occurs when administered as monotherapy; lesinurad should be used in combination with a xanthine oxidase inhibitor; adverse reactions related to renal function, including acute renal failure, reported after initiating

              Lesinurad 200 mg in combination with allopurinol associated with increased incidence of serum creatinine (Scr) elevations, mostly reversible Interrupt treatment if Scr increases to >2 times baseline; discontinue treatment if CrCl <45 mL/min

              Interrupt treatment and measure Scr promptly if symptoms of acute uric acid nephropathy (eg, flank pain, nausea or vomiting) occur

              Do not restart lesinurad/allopurinol unless an alternative cause of serum creatinine abnormalities is found

              Evaluate renal function before treatment and periodically thereafter as clinically indicated; more frequent renal function monitoring recommended with CrCL < 60 mL/min or with Scr increases 1.5-2x baseline

              Contraindications

              Severe renal impairment (CrCl <30 mL/min), end-stage renal disease, kidney transplant recipients, or patient on dialysis

              Tumor lysis syndrome or Lesch-Nyhan syndrome

              Known hypersensitivity to allopurinol, including previous occurrence of skin rash

              Cautions

              Increase risk of renal events; see Black Box Warnings

              Few cases reported of reversible clinical hepatoxicity with patients taking allopurinol; if anorexia, weight loss, or pruritus develops in patients on lesinurad/allopurinol, liver function should be evaluated; in patients with pre-existing liver disease, periodic liver function tests are recommended

              In clinical trials with lesinurad/allopurinol, major adverse cardiovascular events (eg, cardiovascular deaths, nonfatal myocardial infarctions, and nonfatal strokes) were observed

              Occasional occurrence of drowsiness was reported in patients taking allopurinol; caution when engaging in activities where alertness is mandatory

              Bone marrow depression has been reported in patients receiving allopurinol, most of whom received concomitant drugs with the potential for causing this reaction, ranging from 6 weeks to 6 years after initiating allopurinol therapy; see Drug interactions overview

              Rash and hypersensitivity

              • Rash frequently reported in allopurinol patients; in some instances, a skin rash may be followed by more severe hypersensitivity reactions associated with exfoliation, fever, lymphadenopathy, arthralgia, and/or eosinophilia, including Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis; treatment should be discontinued immediately at any appearance of skin rash or other allergic signs/symptoms
              • Hypersensitivity reactions to allopurinol may be increased in patients with decreased renal function receiving thiazide diuretics and lesinurad/allopurinol concurrently; caution with coadministration of such combinations and patients should be observed closely

              Drug interactions overview

              • Lesinurad is a substrate of CYP2C9, OAT1, and OAT3; no clinical studies have been conducted with OAT1/OAT3 inhibitors; caution with moderate CYP2C9 inhibitors or inducers
              • Lesinurad is a weak inducer of CYP3A and has no relevant effect on any other CYP enzyme for induction (CYP1A2, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2B6, or CYP2C19) or inhibition (CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2D6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, or CYP3A4); monitor for potential reduction in efficacy in CYP3A substrates
              • Reported that allopurinol prolongs the half-life of dicumarol, a coumarin anticoagulant; prothrombin time should be reassessed periodically in patients receiving coumarin anticoagulants (dicumarol, warfarin) concomitantly with lesinurad/allopurinol
              • Allopurinol with mercaptopurine or azathioprine
                • Patients taking allopurinol and mercaptopurine or azathioprine require a reduction in dose to approximately one third to one quarter of the usual dose of mercaptopurine or azathioprine
                • Subsequent dose adjustments of mercaptopurine or azathioprine should be made on the basis of therapeutic response and the appearance of toxic effects; closely monitor therapeutic response and appearance of toxicity
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              Pregnancy

              Pregnancy

              No available human data on use of lesinurad/allopurinol or lesinurad in pregnant women to inform a drug-associated risk of adverse developmental outcomes. Limited published data on allopurinol use in pregnant women do not demonstrate a clear pattern or increase in frequency of adverse development outcomes

              Animal Data

              • Lesinurad
                • In an embryofetal development study in pregnant rats dosed during the period of organogenesis from gestation days 6-17, lesinurad was not teratogenic and had no affect fetal development or survival at exposures up to ~45 times the maximum recommended human dosage (MRHD) (on an AUC basis at maternal oral doses up to 300 mg/kg/day)
                • In an embryofetal development study in pregnant rabbits dosed during the period of organogenesis from gestation days 7-20, lesinurad was not teratogenic and did not affect fetal development at exposures up to ~10 times the MRHD (on an AUC basis at maternal oral doses up to 75 mg/kg/day); severe maternal toxicity, including mortality, was observed in rats and rabbits at exposures equal to or greater than ~45 and 4 times the MRHD (on an AUC basis at maternal oral doses of 300 mg/kg/day in rats and 25 mg/kg/day and higher in rabbits), respectively
              • Allopurinol
                • In embryofetal development studies with pregnant rats or rabbits, allopurinol administered during the period of organogenesis (gestation days 8–16) was not teratogenic or fetotoxic in either species at doses up to ~6 times the MRHD (on a mg/m2 basis at maternal oral doses up to 200 mg/kg/day in rats and 100 mg/kg/day in rabbits)
                • However, in an embryofetal development study with pregnant mice, single intraperitoneal doses of allopurinol on gestation days 10 or 13 produced significant increases in fetal deaths and teratogenic effects, including external and skeletal malformations, at 0.8 times the MRHD and higher (on a mg/m2 basis at maternal intraperitoneal doses of 50 or 100 mg/kg); it is uncertain whether the findings in mice represented a fetal effect or an effect secondary to maternal toxicity.

              Lactation

              Unknown if distributed in human breast milk

              Consider the developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding along with the mother’s clinical need for the drug, and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed infant from the drug or from the underlying maternal condition

              Pregnancy Categories

              A: Generally acceptable. Controlled studies in pregnant women show no evidence of fetal risk.

              B: May be acceptable. Either animal studies show no risk but human studies not available or animal studies showed minor risks and human studies done and showed no risk.

              C: Use with caution if benefits outweigh risks. Animal studies show risk and human studies not available or neither animal nor human studies done.

              D: Use in LIFE-THREATENING emergencies when no safer drug available. Positive evidence of human fetal risk.

              X: Do not use in pregnancy. Risks involved outweigh potential benefits. Safer alternatives exist.

              NA: Information not available.

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              Pharmacology

              Mechanism of Action

              Lesinurad: Selective uric acid reabsorption inhibitor (SURI); it acts by inhibiting the urate transporter, URAT1, which is responsible for the majority of the renal reabsorption of uric acid; it also inhibits organic anion transporter 4 (OAT4), a uric acid transporter associated with diuretic-induced hyperuricemia

              Allopurinol: Xanthine oxidase inhibitor that inhibits conversion of hypoxanthine to xanthine to uric acid; decreases production of uric acid without disrupting synthesis of vital purines

              Absorption

              Lesinurad

              • Bioavailability: ~100% (monotherapy)
              • Peak plasma time: 1-4 hr (single dose)
              • Administration with a high-fat meal, decreases plasma concentration of lesinurad compared with fasted state

              Allopurinol

              • Peak plasma time: 1-4 hr (allopurinol and oxypurinol)
              • Peak plasma concentration, single 300 mg dose: 3 mcg/mL (allopurinol); 6.5 mcg/mL (oxypurinol)

              Distribution

              Protein bound: 98% (lesinurad)

              Vd: ~20 L (lesinurad)

              Metabolism

              Lesinurad undergoes oxidative metabolism mainly via the polymorphic cytochrome CYP2C9 enzyme; metabolites are not known to contribute to the uric-acid lowering effects of lesinurad; caution with use in CYP2C9 poor metabolizers, and in patients taking moderate CYP2C9 inhibitors; see Cautions

              Allopurinol is metabolized to oxypurinol (alloxanthine), which also is a xanthine oxidase inhibitor

              Elimination

              Half-life: 5 hr (lesinurad); 1-2 hr (allopurinol); ~26 hr (oxypurinol)

              Clearance: 6L/hr (lesinurad)

              Allopurinol is cleared essentially by glomerular filtration; oxypurinol is reabsorbed in the kidney tubules similarly to the reabsorption of uric acid

              Excretion: Feces (20%, allopurinol)

              Pharmacogenomics

              Caution with CYP2C9 poor metabolizers

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              Administration

              Oral Administration

              Take PO qDay in the morning with food and water

              Instruct patient to stay well hydrated (eg, 2 liters of liquid per day)

              Storage

              Store at 20-25°C (68-77°F); excursions permitted from 15-30°C (59-86°F)

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              Patient Handout

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              Medscape prescription drug monographs are based on FDA-approved labeling information, unless otherwise noted, combined with additional data derived from primary medical literature.