estradiol (Rx)

Brand and Other Names:Estrace, Vivelle-Dot, more...Delestrogen, DepoEstradiol, Divigel, Elestrin, Alora, Estrace Cream, Estraderm Transdermal, estradiol topical, Estradot, Estrasorb, Estrogel, Evamist, Femtrace, Menostar, Minivelle, Vivelle, Climara

Dosing & Uses

AdultPediatric

Dosage Forms & Strengths

transdermal gel

  • 0.06% (Elestrin; Estrogel)
  • 0.1% (Divigel; generic)

injectable solution

  • 5mg/mL
  • 10mg/mL
  • 20mg/mL
  • 40mg/mL

tablet

  • 0.45mg (as acetate)
  • 0.5mg
  • 0.9mg (as acetate)
  • 1mg
  • 1.5mg
  • 2mg

transdermal patch

  • 0.025mg
  • 0.0375mg
  • 0.05mg
  • 0.06mg
  • 0.075mg
  • 0.1mg

topical emulsion

  • 4.35mg/1.74g (0.25%)

Vulvar and Vaginal Atrophy in Menopause

Estrace: 1-2 mg PO once daily for 3 weeks, followed by 1 week off

Valerate: 10-20 mg IM q4weeks

EstroGel: 1.25 g/day 3 weeks on, 1 week off

Alora, Climara Vivelle-Dot, Estraderm: Use transdermally and follow product-specific directions

Prevention of osteoporosis: 0.5 mg PO once daily for 3 weeks, followed by 1 week off

Metastatic breast cancer: 10 mg PO q8hr for 3 months

Prostate cancer: 1-2 mg PO q8hr for ≥3 months

Hypoestrogenism from Castration, Hypogonadonism, or Ovarian Failure

PO (Estrace): 1-2 mg PO qDay; titrate to use minimal effective dose

Transdermal (Alora, Estraderm, Climara, Vivelle-Dot, Minivelle): Use transdermally and follow product-specific directions

Valerate: 10-20 mg IM q4week

Metastatic Breast Cancer

Estrace: 10 mg PO 3 times daily

Hypoestrogenism

Cypionate: 1.5-2 mg IM every 4 weeks

Osteoporosis

PO (Estrace): 0.5 mg/day for 23 days of 28 day cycle used in clinical studies

Transdermal (Alora, Menostar, Estraderm, Vivell-Dot, Minivelle): Follow product specific directions

Vasomotor Symptoms Associated with Menopause

Estrace: 1-2 mg/day 3 weeks on, 1 week off

Valerate: 10-20 mg IM q3-4weeks

Cypionate: 1-5 mg IM q3-4weeks

Estrasorb: 3.48 g of emulsion applied qDay in the morning

Elestrin: 0.87 g/day gel applied at the same time each day; use patient's response to adjust dose

Divigel: 0.25 g/day gel; adjust dose based on patient response

EstroGel: 1.25 g/day gel applied at the same time each day

Prostate Cancer

Estrace: 1-2 mg PO three times daily

Valerate: 30 mg IM or more q1-2weeks

Estrogen Replacement in Turner Syndrome (Orphan)

Orphan indication sponsor

  • Ascend Therapeutics, Inc, 607 Herndon Parkway, Suite 110, Herndon, VA 21070

Safety and efficacy not established

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Interactions

Interaction Checker

and estradiol

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            Contraindicated (2)

            • fezolinetant

              estradiol will increase the level or effect of fezolinetant by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP1A2 metabolism. Contraindicated. Fezolinetant AUC and peak plasma concentration are increased if coadministered with drugs that are weak, moderate, or strong CYP1A2 inhibitors

            • ospemifene

              ospemifene, estradiol. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Contraindicated.

            Serious - Use Alternative (34)

            • anastrozole

              estradiol decreases effects of anastrozole by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Contraindicated. Estrogen may diminish the pharmacologic action of anastrozole. Coadministration not recommended.

            • antithrombin alfa

              estradiol decreases effects of antithrombin alfa by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Contraindicated. Risk of thromboembolic disorders.

            • antithrombin III

              estradiol decreases effects of antithrombin III by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Contraindicated. Risk of thromboembolic disorders.

            • apalutamide

              apalutamide will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Coadministration of apalutamide, a strong CYP3A4 inducer, with drugs that are CYP3A4 substrates can result in lower exposure to these medications. Avoid or substitute another drug for these medications when possible. Evaluate for loss of therapeutic effect if medication must be coadministered. Adjust dose according to prescribing information if needed.

            • argatroban

              estradiol decreases effects of argatroban by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Contraindicated. Risk of thromboembolic disorders.

            • bemiparin

              estradiol decreases effects of bemiparin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Contraindicated. Risk of thromboembolic disorders.

            • bivalirudin

              estradiol decreases effects of bivalirudin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Contraindicated. Risk of thromboembolic disorders.

            • carbamazepine

              carbamazepine will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • cimetidine

              cimetidine will increase the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • clarithromycin

              clarithromycin will increase the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • dalteparin

              estradiol decreases effects of dalteparin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Contraindicated. Risk of thromboembolic disorders.

            • enoxaparin

              estradiol decreases effects of enoxaparin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Contraindicated. Risk of thromboembolic disorders.

            • enzalutamide

              enzalutamide will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • erdafitinib

              erdafitinib will increase the level or effect of estradiol by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. If coadministration unavoidable, separate administration by at least 6 hr before or after administration of P-gp substrates with narrow therapeutic index.

            • erythromycin base

              erythromycin base will increase the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • erythromycin ethylsuccinate

              erythromycin ethylsuccinate will increase the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • erythromycin lactobionate

              erythromycin lactobionate will increase the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • erythromycin stearate

              erythromycin stearate will increase the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • fexinidazole

              fexinidazole will increase the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Fexinidazole inhibits CYP3A4. Coadministration may increase risk for adverse effects of CYP3A4 substrates.

            • fondaparinux

              estradiol decreases effects of fondaparinux by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Contraindicated. Risk of thromboembolic disorders.

            • givosiran

              givosiran will increase the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP1A2 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Avoid coadministration of sensitive CYP1A2 substrates with givosiran. If unavoidable, decrease the CYP1A2 substrate dosage in accordance with approved product labeling.

            • heparin

              estradiol decreases effects of heparin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Contraindicated. Risk of thromboembolic disorders.

            • idelalisib

              idelalisib will increase the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Idelalisib is a strong CYP3A inhibitor; avoid coadministration with sensitive CYP3A substrates

            • ivosidenib

              ivosidenib will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Avoid coadministration of sensitive CYP3A4 substrates with ivosidenib or replace with alternate therapies. If coadministration is unavoidable, monitor patients for loss of therapeutic effect of these drugs.

            • nefazodone

              nefazodone will increase the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • pacritinib

              estradiol will decrease the level or effect of pacritinib by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • phenindione

              estradiol decreases effects of phenindione by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Contraindicated. Risk of thromboembolic disorders.

            • protamine

              estradiol decreases effects of protamine by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Contraindicated. Risk of thromboembolic disorders.

            • quinidine

              quinidine will increase the level or effect of estradiol by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • rifabutin

              rifabutin will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • rifampin

              rifampin will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • St John's Wort

              St John's Wort will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • tucatinib

              tucatinib will increase the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Avoid concomitant use of tucatinib with CYP3A substrates, where minimal concentration changes may lead to serious or life-threatening toxicities. If unavoidable, reduce CYP3A substrate dose according to product labeling.

            • voxelotor

              voxelotor will increase the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Voxelotor increases systemic exposure of sensitive CYP3A4 substrates. Avoid coadministration with sensitive CYP3A4 substrates with a narrow therapeutic index. Consider dose reduction of the sensitive CYP3A4 substrate(s) if unable to avoid.

            Monitor Closely (181)

            • albiglutide

              estradiol decreases effects of albiglutide by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Estradiol may decrease hypoglycemic effects of antidiabetics by impairing glucose tolerance. Monitor for glycemic control in diabetic patients.

            • amikacin

              amikacin will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • amiodarone

              amiodarone will increase the level or effect of estradiol by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • amobarbital

              amobarbital will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • amoxicillin

              amoxicillin will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • apalutamide

              apalutamide will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by increasing elimination. Use Caution/Monitor. Apalutamide induces UGT and may decrease systemic exposure of drugs that are UGT substrates.

            • aprepitant

              aprepitant will increase the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • armodafinil

              armodafinil will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • artemether/lumefantrine

              artemether/lumefantrine will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • atazanavir

              atazanavir, estradiol. affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Atazanavir may increase or decrease levels of estradiol. Use alternatives if available.

            • atorvastatin

              atorvastatin will increase the level or effect of estradiol by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • azithromycin

              azithromycin will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

            • aztreonam

              aztreonam will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • belzutifan

              belzutifan will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. If unable to avoid coadministration of belzutifan with sensitive CYP3A4 substrates, consider increasing the sensitive CYP3A4 substrate dose in accordance with its prescribing information.

            • bosentan

              bosentan will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • bosutinib

              bosutinib increases levels of estradiol by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • budesonide

              budesonide will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • butabarbital

              butabarbital will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • butalbital

              butalbital will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • cannabidiol

              cannabidiol, estradiol. affecting hepatic enzyme CYP1A2 metabolism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Owing to the potential for both CYP1A2 induction and inhibition with the coadministration of CYP1A2 substrates and cannabidiol, consider reducing dosage adjustment of CYP1A2 substrates as clinically appropriate.

            • cefaclor

              cefaclor will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • cefadroxil

              cefadroxil will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • cefamandole

              cefamandole will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • cefazolin

              cefazolin will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • cefepime

              cefepime will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • cefixime

              cefixime will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • cefpirome

              cefpirome will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • cefprozil

              cefprozil will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • ceftazidime

              ceftazidime will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • ceftibuten

              ceftibuten will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • cenobamate

              cenobamate will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Increase dose of CYP3A4 substrate, as needed, when coadministered with cenobamate.

            • cephalexin

              cephalexin will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • ceritinib

              ceritinib will increase the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • chloramphenicol

              chloramphenicol increases levels of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. May increase side effects.

            • chlorhexidine oral

              chlorhexidine oral will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • ciprofloxacin

              ciprofloxacin will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • clarithromycin

              clarithromycin will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

              clarithromycin will increase the level or effect of estradiol by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • clindamycin

              clindamycin will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • clotrimazole

              clotrimazole will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • conivaptan

              conivaptan will increase the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • cortisone

              cortisone will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • crofelemer

              crofelemer increases levels of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Crofelemer has the potential to inhibit CYP3A4 at concentrations expected in the gut; unlikely to inhibit systemically because minimally absorbed.

            • cyclosporine

              cyclosporine will increase the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              cyclosporine will increase the level or effect of estradiol by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • dabrafenib

              dabrafenib will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

            • dapsone

              dapsone will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • darifenacin

              darifenacin will increase the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • darunavir

              darunavir will increase the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • dasatinib

              dasatinib will increase the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • deferasirox

              deferasirox will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • demeclocycline

              demeclocycline will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • dexamethasone

              dexamethasone will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • DHEA, herbal

              DHEA, herbal will increase the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • diltiazem

              diltiazem will increase the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • doxycycline

              doxycycline will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • dronedarone

              dronedarone will increase the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              dronedarone will increase the level or effect of estradiol by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • efavirenz

              efavirenz will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • elagolix

              elagolix will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Elagolix is a weak-to-moderate CYP3A4 inducer. Monitor CYP3A substrates if coadministered. Consider increasing CYP3A substrate dose if needed.

            • eliglustat

              eliglustat increases levels of estradiol by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Monitor therapeutic drug concentrations, as indicated, or consider reducing the dosage of the P-gp substrate and titrate to clinical effect.

            • encorafenib

              encorafenib, estradiol. affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Encorafenib both inhibits and induces CYP3A4 at clinically relevant plasma concentrations. Coadministration of encorafenib with sensitive CYP3A4 substrates may result in increased toxicity or decreased efficacy of these agents.

            • ertapenem

              ertapenem will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • erythromycin base

              erythromycin base will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

              erythromycin base will increase the level or effect of estradiol by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • erythromycin ethylsuccinate

              erythromycin ethylsuccinate will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

              erythromycin ethylsuccinate will increase the level or effect of estradiol by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • erythromycin lactobionate

              erythromycin lactobionate will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

              erythromycin lactobionate will increase the level or effect of estradiol by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • erythromycin stearate

              erythromycin stearate will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

              erythromycin stearate will increase the level or effect of estradiol by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • eslicarbazepine acetate

              eslicarbazepine acetate will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • etravirine

              etravirine will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • exemestane

              estradiol decreases effects of exemestane by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Estrogens or estrogen-containing products, including combined oral contraceptives, should not be given concomitantly with exemestane; these drugs could interfere with the pharmacologic action and efficacy of exemestane.

            • exenatide injectable solution

              estradiol, exenatide injectable solution. Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Oral contraceptives may decrease hypoglycemic effects of antidiabetics by impairing glucose tolerance. The effect of exenatide to slow gastric emptying may reduce the extent and rate of oral medications that require rapid GI absorption. Advise patients to take oral contraceptives at least 1 hr before exenatide. .

            • exenatide injectable suspension

              estradiol, exenatide injectable suspension. Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Oral contraceptives may decrease hypoglycemic effects of antidiabetics by impairing glucose tolerance. The effect of exenatide to slow gastric emptying may reduce the extent and rate of oral medications that require rapid GI absorption. Advise patients to take oral contraceptives at least 1 hr before exenatide.

            • fedratinib

              fedratinib will increase the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Adjust dose of drugs that are CYP3A4 substrates as necessary.

            • felodipine

              felodipine will increase the level or effect of estradiol by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • fexinidazole

              fexinidazole will increase the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP1A2 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • fleroxacin

              fleroxacin will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • fluconazole

              fluconazole will increase the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • fludrocortisone

              fludrocortisone will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • fosamprenavir

              fosamprenavir will increase the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • fosaprepitant

              fosaprepitant will increase the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • fosfomycin

              fosfomycin will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • fosphenytoin

              fosphenytoin will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              fosphenytoin will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • fostamatinib

              fostamatinib will increase the level or effect of estradiol by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor. Concomitant use of fostamatinib may increase concentrations of P-gp substrates. Monitor for toxicities of the P-gp substrate drug that may require dosage reduction when given concurrently with fostamatinib.

            • gemifloxacin

              gemifloxacin will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • gentamicin

              gentamicin will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • glecaprevir/pibrentasvir

              glecaprevir/pibrentasvir will increase the level or effect of estradiol by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • grapefruit

              grapefruit will increase the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • griseofulvin

              griseofulvin will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • hemin

              estradiol decreases effects of hemin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Drugs that increase delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase may decrease hemin effect.

            • hyaluronidase

              estradiol decreases effects of hyaluronidase by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Estrogens, when given in large systemic doses, may render tissues partially resistant to the action of hyaluronidase. Patients may require larger amounts of hyaluronidase for equivalent dispersing effect.

            • hydrocortisone

              hydrocortisone will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • iloperidone

              iloperidone increases levels of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Iloperidone is a time-dependent CYP3A inhibitor and may lead to increased plasma levels of drugs predominantly eliminated by CYP3A4.

            • indinavir

              indinavir will increase the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              indinavir will increase the level or effect of estradiol by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • insulin degludec

              estradiol decreases effects of insulin degludec by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Estrogens may impair glucose tolerance.

            • insulin degludec/insulin aspart

              estradiol decreases effects of insulin degludec/insulin aspart by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Estrogens may impair glucose tolerance.

            • insulin inhaled

              estradiol decreases effects of insulin inhaled by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Estrogens may impair glucose tolerance.

            • istradefylline

              istradefylline will increase the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Istradefylline 40 mg/day increased peak levels and AUC of CYP3A4 substrates in clinical trials. This effect was not observed with istradefylline 20 mg/day. Consider dose reduction of sensitive CYP3A4 substrates.

            • itraconazole

              itraconazole will increase the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              itraconazole will increase the level or effect of estradiol by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • ivacaftor

              ivacaftor increases levels of estradiol by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor. Ivacaftor and its M1 metabolite has the potential to inhibit P-gp; may significantly increase systemic exposure to sensitive P-gp substrates with a narrow therapeutic index.

            • ketoconazole

              ketoconazole will increase the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              ketoconazole will increase the level or effect of estradiol by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • lamotrigine

              estradiol decreases levels of lamotrigine by increasing hepatic clearance. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • lapatinib

              lapatinib will increase the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              lapatinib will increase the level or effect of estradiol by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • lenacapavir

              lenacapavir will increase the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Lencapavir (a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor) may increase CYP3A4 substrates initiated within 9 months after last SC dose of lenacapavir, which may increase potential risk of adverse reactions of CYP3A4 substrates.

            • letermovir

              letermovir increases levels of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • levofloxacin

              levofloxacin will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • levoketoconazole

              levoketoconazole will increase the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              levoketoconazole will increase the level or effect of estradiol by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • linezolid

              linezolid will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • liraglutide

              estradiol decreases effects of liraglutide by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Estradiol may decrease hypoglycemic effects of antidiabetics by impairing glucose tolerance. Monitor for glycemic control in diabetic patients.

            • lomitapide

              lomitapide increases levels of estradiol by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Consider reducing dose when used concomitantly with lomitapide.

            • lopinavir

              lopinavir will increase the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • loratadine

              loratadine will increase the level or effect of estradiol by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • lovastatin

              lovastatin will increase the level or effect of estradiol by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • lumefantrine

              lumefantrine will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • marijuana

              marijuana will increase the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • meropenem

              meropenem will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • meropenem/vaborbactam

              meropenem/vaborbactam will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • metformin

              estradiol decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • methylprednisolone

              methylprednisolone will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • metronidazole

              metronidazole will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.

              metronidazole will increase the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • miconazole vaginal

              miconazole vaginal will increase the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • mifepristone

              mifepristone will increase the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • minocycline

              minocycline will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • mitotane

              mitotane decreases levels of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Mitotane is a strong inducer of cytochrome P-4503A4; monitor when coadministered with CYP3A4 substrates for possible dosage adjustments.

            • moxifloxacin

              moxifloxacin will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • nafcillin

              nafcillin will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.

              nafcillin will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • nefazodone

              nefazodone will increase the level or effect of estradiol by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • nelfinavir

              nelfinavir will increase the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • neomycin PO

              neomycin PO will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • nevirapine

              nevirapine will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • nicardipine

              nicardipine will increase the level or effect of estradiol by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • nifedipine

              nifedipine will increase the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              nifedipine will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • nilotinib

              nilotinib will increase the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              nilotinib will increase the level or effect of estradiol by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • nitrofurantoin

              nitrofurantoin will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • ofloxacin

              ofloxacin will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • oxcarbazepine

              oxcarbazepine will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • oxytetracycline

              oxytetracycline will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • paromomycin

              paromomycin will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • pentobarbital

              pentobarbital will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • phenobarbital

              phenobarbital will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              phenobarbital will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • phenytoin

              phenytoin will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              phenytoin will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • pivmecillinam

              pivmecillinam will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • ponatinib

              ponatinib increases levels of estradiol by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • posaconazole

              posaconazole will increase the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • prednisone

              prednisone will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • primidone

              primidone will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • quercetin

              quercetin will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • quinupristin/dalfopristin

              quinupristin/dalfopristin will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.

              quinupristin/dalfopristin will increase the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • ranolazine

              ranolazine will increase the level or effect of estradiol by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • ribociclib

              ribociclib will increase the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • rifampin

              rifampin will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • rifapentine

              rifapentine will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • ritonavir

              ritonavir will increase the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              ritonavir will increase the level or effect of estradiol by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • roxithromycin

              roxithromycin will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

            • rufinamide

              rufinamide will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • secobarbital

              secobarbital will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • simvastatin

              simvastatin will increase the level or effect of estradiol by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • sirolimus

              sirolimus will increase the level or effect of estradiol by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • somapacitan

              estradiol decreases effects of somapacitan by Other (see comment). Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Comment: Oral estrogens may reduce the serum IGF-1 response to somapacitan. Patients may require higher somapacitan dosages. See drug monograph for starting dose recommendations.

            • St John's Wort

              St John's Wort will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • stiripentol

              stiripentol, estradiol. affecting hepatic enzyme CYP1A2 metabolism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Stiripentol is a CYP1A2 inhibitor and inducer. Monitor CYP1A2 substrates coadministered with stiripentol for increased or decreased effects. CYP1A2 substrates may require dosage adjustment.

            • streptomycin

              streptomycin will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • sulfadiazine

              sulfadiazine will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • sulfamethoxazole

              sulfamethoxazole will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • sulfisoxazole

              sulfisoxazole will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • tacrolimus

              tacrolimus will increase the level or effect of estradiol by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • tazemetostat

              tazemetostat will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • tecovirimat

              tecovirimat will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Tecovirimat is a weak CYP3A4 inducer. Monitor sensitive CYP3A4 substrates for effectiveness if coadministered.

            • teicoplanin

              teicoplanin will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • temocillin

              temocillin will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • teriflunomide

              teriflunomide decreases levels of estradiol by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP1A2 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • tetracycline

              tetracycline will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • ticarcillin

              ticarcillin will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • tigecycline

              tigecycline will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • tobramycin

              tobramycin will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • tolvaptan

              tolvaptan will increase the level or effect of estradiol by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • topiramate

              topiramate will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • trazodone

              trazodone will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • trimethoprim

              trimethoprim will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • valproic acid

              estradiol will decrease the level or effect of valproic acid by increasing elimination. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. May lead to increased seizure frequency

            • vancomycin

              vancomycin will decrease the level or effect of estradiol by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • verapamil

              verapamil will increase the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              verapamil will increase the level or effect of estradiol by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • voriconazole

              voriconazole will increase the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • warfarin

              estradiol increases effects of warfarin by unspecified interaction mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • zafirlukast

              zafirlukast will increase the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            Minor (36)

            • acetazolamide

              acetazolamide will increase the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • amitriptyline

              estradiol, amitriptyline. Mechanism: unspecified interaction mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Estrogens and progestins may decr tricyclic antidepressant effects, while increasing TCA plasma concentration and adverse effects.

            • amoxapine

              estradiol, amoxapine. Mechanism: unspecified interaction mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Estrogens and progestins may decr tricyclic antidepressant effects, while increasing TCA plasma concentration and adverse effects.

            • anastrozole

              anastrozole will increase the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • androstenedione

              androstenedione increases effects of estradiol by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • boron

              boron increases levels of estradiol by altering metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • clomipramine

              estradiol, clomipramine. Mechanism: unspecified interaction mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Estrogens and progestins may decr tricyclic antidepressant effects, while increasing TCA plasma concentration and adverse effects.

            • cyanocobalamin

              estradiol decreases levels of cyanocobalamin by altering metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • cyclophosphamide

              cyclophosphamide will increase the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • desipramine

              estradiol, desipramine. Mechanism: unspecified interaction mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Estrogens and progestins may decr tricyclic antidepressant effects, while increasing TCA plasma concentration and adverse effects.

            • dosulepin

              estradiol, dosulepin. Mechanism: unspecified interaction mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Estrogens and progestins may decr tricyclic antidepressant effects, while increasing TCA plasma concentration and adverse effects.

            • doxepin

              estradiol, doxepin. Mechanism: unspecified interaction mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Estrogens and progestins may decr tricyclic antidepressant effects, while increasing TCA plasma concentration and adverse effects.

            • folic acid

              estradiol decreases levels of folic acid by altering metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • imipramine

              estradiol, imipramine. Mechanism: unspecified interaction mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Estrogens and progestins may decr tricyclic antidepressant effects, while increasing TCA plasma concentration and adverse effects.

            • isoniazid

              isoniazid will increase the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • L-methylfolate

              estradiol decreases levels of L-methylfolate by altering metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • larotrectinib

              larotrectinib will increase the level or effect of estradiol by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • lofepramine

              estradiol, lofepramine. Mechanism: unspecified interaction mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Estrogens and progestins may decr tricyclic antidepressant effects, while increasing TCA plasma concentration and adverse effects.

            • magnesium chloride

              estradiol decreases levels of magnesium chloride by Other (see comment). Minor/Significance Unknown. Comment: Magnesium shifted from blood to tissue storage.

            • magnesium citrate

              estradiol decreases levels of magnesium citrate by Other (see comment). Minor/Significance Unknown. Comment: Magnesium shifted from blood to tissue storage.

            • magnesium hydroxide

              estradiol decreases levels of magnesium hydroxide by Other (see comment). Minor/Significance Unknown. Comment: Magnesium shifted from blood to tissue storage.

            • magnesium oxide

              estradiol decreases levels of magnesium oxide by Other (see comment). Minor/Significance Unknown. Comment: Magnesium shifted from blood to tissue storage.

            • magnesium sulfate

              estradiol decreases levels of magnesium sulfate by Other (see comment). Minor/Significance Unknown. Comment: Magnesium shifted from blood to tissue storage.

            • maprotiline

              estradiol, maprotiline. Mechanism: unspecified interaction mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Estrogens and progestins may decr tricyclic antidepressant effects, while increasing TCA plasma concentration and adverse effects.

            • metyrapone

              estradiol decreases effects of metyrapone by unspecified interaction mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • mycophenolate

              mycophenolate decreases effects of estradiol by unknown mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Clinical significance unclear.

            • nortriptyline

              estradiol, nortriptyline. Mechanism: unspecified interaction mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Estrogens and progestins may decr tricyclic antidepressant effects, while increasing TCA plasma concentration and adverse effects.

            • phytoestrogens

              phytoestrogens decreases effects of estradiol by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • pleurisy root

              pleurisy root decreases effects of estradiol by unspecified interaction mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Theoretical interaction.

            • protriptyline

              estradiol, protriptyline. Mechanism: unspecified interaction mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Estrogens and progestins may decr tricyclic antidepressant effects, while increasing TCA plasma concentration and adverse effects.

            • pyridoxine

              estradiol decreases levels of pyridoxine by altering metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • pyridoxine (Antidote)

              estradiol decreases levels of pyridoxine (Antidote) by altering metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • ropinirole

              estradiol increases levels of ropinirole by unspecified interaction mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • rose hips

              estradiol decreases levels of rose hips by increasing elimination. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • trazodone

              estradiol, trazodone. Mechanism: unspecified interaction mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Estrogens and progestins may decr tricyclic antidepressant effects, while increasing TCA plasma concentration and adverse effects.

            • trimipramine

              estradiol, trimipramine. Mechanism: unspecified interaction mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Estrogens and progestins may decr tricyclic antidepressant effects, while increasing TCA plasma concentration and adverse effects.

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            Adverse Effects

            Frequency Not Defined

            Anxiety

            Abdominal cramping

            Amenorrhea

            Bloating

            Breakthrough bleeding

            Breast enlargement

            Breast tenderness

            Delayed ejaculation

            Depression

            Dry mouth

            Headache

            Hypertension

            Impotency

            Influenza

            Leukorrhea

            Melasma

            Muscle cramps

            Nausea

            Nervousness

            Peripheral edema

            Polydipsia

            Pruritus

            Rash

            Swelling

            Skin irritation and redness at application site (transdermal)

            Spotting

            Syncope

            Toothache

            Vaginal discomfort, vaginal erosion, vaginal ulceration, adherence of the vaginal ring to the vaginal wall (Estring)

            Vomiting

            Weight changes

            Postmarketing Reports

            Nasopharyngitis

            Upper respiratory tract infection

            Vaginal mycosis

            Metrorrhagia

            Dysmenorrhea

            Ovarian cyst

            Vaginal discharge

            Gynecomastia

            Palpitations

            Ventricular extrasystoles

            Flatulence

            Rash pruritic, urticaria

            Retinal vein occlusion

            Tremor

            Arthralgia

            Application site rash

            Asthenia

            Chest discomfort

            Fatigue

            Feeling abnormal

            Heart rate increased

            Insomnia

            Malaise

            Muscle spasms

            Pain in extremity

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            Warnings

            Black Box Warnings

            Increased risk of endometrial cancer

            • Close clinical surveillance of all women taking estrogens is important
            • Risk of endometrial cancer increases with use of unopposed estrogens; adding progestin to estrogen therapy may reduce risk of endometrial hyperplasia, a precursor to endometrial cancer;
            • Adequate diagnostic measures, including endometrial sampling when indicated, should be undertaken to rule out malignancy in all cases of undiagnosed persistent or recurring abnormal vaginal bleeding

            Cardiovascular risks

            • Estrogens with and without progestins should not be used to prevent cardiovascular disease
            • Estrogens plus progestins: Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) Estrogen Plus Progestin substudy reported increased risks of myocardial infarction, stroke, invasive breast cancer, pulmonary embolism (PE), and deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in postmenopausal women (50-79 years) during 5.6 years of treatment with daily PO conjugated estrogens (0.625 mg) combined with medroxyprogesterone acetate (2.5 mg) in comparison with placebo
            • Estrogens alone: Substudy of WHI study reported increased risk of stroke and DVT in postmenopausal women (50-79 years) during 6.8 years of treatment with PO conjugated estrogens (0.625 mg/day) alone in comparison with placebo
            • Relevance of WHI findings regarding effects of lower conjugated estrogen doses, other routes of administration, or other estrogen-alone products on adverse cardiovascular events not known; without such data, not possible to definitively exclude risks or determine extent of risks for other products; discuss with patient benefits and risks of estrogen-alone therapy, taking into account individual risk profile

            Dementia risks

            • Estrogens with and without progestins should not be used to prevent dementia
            • Women's Health Initiative Memory Study (WHIMS), substudy of WHI study, reported increased risk of developing probable dementia in postmenopausal women ≥65 years during 4 years of treatment with daily PO conjugated estrogens (0.625 mg) combined with medroxyprogesterone acetate (2.5 mg) in comparison with placebo
            • Estrogens alone: Substudy of WHIMS reported increased risk of developing probable dementia in postmenopausal women ≥65 years during 5.2 years of treatment with conjugated estrogens (0.625 mg/day) alone in comparison with placebo
            • Unknown whether these findings apply to younger postmenopausal women
            • Relevance of WHI findings regarding effects of lower conjugated estrogen doses, other routes of administration, or other estrogen-alone products on dementia not known; without such data, not possible to definitively exclude risks or determine extent of risks for other products; discuss with patient benefits and risks of estrogen-alone therapy, taking into account individual risk profile

            Breast cancer

            • The WHI estrogen plus progestin substudy also demonstrated an increased risk of invasive breast cancer; estrogens with or without progestins should be prescribed at the lowest doses and for the shortest duration

            Dose & duration

            • In the absence of comparable data, these risks should be assumed to be similar for other doses of conjugated estrogens and medroxyprogesterone acetate, as well as for other combinations and dosage forms of estrogens and progestins
            • Because of these risks, estrogens with or without progestins should be prescribed at lowest effective dose and for shortest duration consistent with treatment goals and individual risks

            Unintentional secondary exposure to transdermal products

            • Breast budding, breast masses in prepubertal females, and gynecomastia in prepubertal males have been reported after unintentional secondary exposure

            Contraindications

            Documented hypersensitivity

            Known anaphylactic reaction or angioedema with topical emulsion

            Known protein C, protein S, or antithrombin deficiency or other known thrombophilic disorder

            Active or previous breast cancer

            Arterial thromboembolic disease (stroke, myocardial infarction [MI]), thrombophlebitis, DVT/PE, thrombogenic valvular disease

            Estrogen-dependent neoplasia

            Uncontrolled hypertension, diabetes mellitus with vascular involvement, jaundice with previous oral contraceptive (OC) use

            Undiagnosed abnormal vaginal bleeding

            Liver disease, liver tumors

            Cautions

            Severe anaphylactic reactions including hives , pruritus, swollen lips-tong-face, respiratory compromise, abdominal pain, vomiting during transdermal treatment reported

            Increased risks of stroke and DVT reported with estrogen-alone and estrogen plus progestin therapy; immediately discontinue estrogen with or without progestogen if any of these occur or are suspected

            Use caution in patients with family history of breast cancer or DVT/PE; current or previous depression, endometriosis, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, bone mineral density changes, renal or hepatic impairment, bone metabolic disease, systemic lupus erythematosus; conditions exacerbated by fluid retention (eg, migraine, asthma, epilepsy)

            Discontinue if the following develop: Jaundice, visual problems (may cause contact lens intolerance), any signs of venous thromboembolism, migraine with unusual severity, significang blood pressure increase, severe depression, increased risk of thromboembolic complications after surgery

            Discontinue 4 weeks before major surgery or prolonged immobilization

            Patients on warfarin or other oral anticoagulants (increase in anticoagulant dose may be warranted)

            Some studies link OC use with increased risk of breast cancer, whereas other studies have not shown any change in risk; risk depends on conditions where naturally high hormone levels persist for long periods, including early-onset menstruation (<12 years), late-onset menopause (>55 years), first child after age 30 years, nulliparity

            Increased risk of ovarian cancer reported in women who used hormonal therapy for menopausal symptoms

            Increased risk of cervical cancer with OC use; however human papillomavirus (HPV) remains main risk factor for this cancer; evidence suggests long-term (≥5 years) use of OCs may be associated with increased risk

            Increased risk of liver cancer with OC use; risk increases with longer duration of use

            Hypercalcemia may occur in patients with breast cancer or bone metastases; discontinue therapy if hypercalcemia occurs, and take appropriate measures to reduce serum calcium level

            Exogenous estrogens may exacerbate symptoms of angioedema in women with hereditary angioedema; consider whether benefits of estrogen therapy outweigh the risks in such women

            Angioedema involving eye/eyelid, face, larynx, pharynx, tongue and extremity (hands, legs, ankles, and fingers) with or without urticaria reported; discontinue therapy permanently if angioedema occurs

            Femring is more potent than Estring and should be used with progesterone therapy to prevent endometrial hyperplasia

            Caution regarding unintentional exposure in children (see Black Box Warnings)

            Clinical surveillance of all women using estrogen-alone or estrogen plus progestogen therapy important; perform adequate diagnostic measures, including directed or random endometrial sampling when indicated to rule out malignancy in postmenopausal women with undiagnosed persistent or recurring abnormal genital bleeding with unknown etiology

            Risk of endometrial cancer increases with use of unopposed estrogens (see Black Box Warnings)

            An increased risk of invasive breast cancer reported with estrogen plus progestin in WHI substury; estrogens with or without progestins should be prescribed at lowest doses and for shortest duration

            There is no evidence that the use of "natural" estrogens results in different endometrial risk profile from use of synthetic estrogens at equivalent estrogen doses

            Cases of ring adherence to vaginal or bladder wall, making ring removal difficult, reported in women using vaginal rings and may require surgical removal of device; women should be carefully evaluated for vaginal or bladder wall ulceration or erosion; cases of vaginal erosion and vaginal ulceration reported with other estradiol vaginal rings

            Manage appropriately risk factors for arterial vascular disease (e.g., hypertension, diabetes mellitus, tobacco use, hypercholesterolemia, and obesity) and/or venous thromboembolism (e.g., personal history or family history of VTE, obesity, and systemic lupus erythematosus)

            A 2 to 4-fold increase in risk of gallbladder disease requiring surgery in postmenopausal women receiving estrogens reported

            Retinal vascular thrombosis reported in patients receiving estrogens; discontinue medication pending examination if there is sudden partial or complete loss of vision, or a sudden onset of proptosis, diplopia, or migraine; permanently discontinue therapy if examination reveals papilledema or retinal vascular lesions

            There are, possible risks that may be associated with use of progestins with estrogens compared to estrogen-alone regimens, including a possible increased risk of breast cancer, adverse effects on lipoprotein metabolism (e.g., lowering HDL, raising LDL), and impairment of glucose tolerance

            In patients with pre-existing hypertriglyceridemia, estrogen therapy may be associated with elevations of plasma triglycerides leading to pancreatitis and other complications

            Estrogens may be poorly metabolized in patients with impaired liver function; exercise caution in patients with a history of cholestatic jaundice associated with past estrogen use or with pregnancy; in the case of recurrence, discontinue medication

            Patients dependent on thyroid hormone replacement therapy who are also receiving estrogens may require increased doses of thyroid replacement therapy; these patients should have their thyroid function monitored in order to maintain their free thyroid hormone levels in an acceptable range

            Estrogen-induced hypocalcemia may occur in women with hypoparathyroidism; consider whether benefits of estrogen therapy, outweigh risks

            Estradiol absorption increased when sunscreen applied 10 minutes before Elestrin application; do not apply sunscreen to application site until at least 25 minutes after application

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            Pregnancy & Lactation

            Pregnancy

            Therapy not indicated for use in pregnancy; there are no data with use in pregnant women; however, epidemiologic studies and meta-analyses have not found an increased risk of genital or nongenital birth defects (including cardiac anomalies and limb-reduction defects) following exposure to combined hormonal contraceptives (estrogen and progestins) before conception or during early pregnancy

            Lactation

            Therapy not indicated for use in females of reproductive potential; estrogens present in human milk and can reduce milk production in breast-feeding females; reduction can occur at any time but is less likely to occur once breast-feeding is well- established

            Consider developmental and health benefits of breast-feeding along with mother’s clinical need for therapy and any potential adverse effects on breast-fed child from therapy or from underlying maternal condition

            Pregnancy Categories

            A: Generally acceptable. Controlled studies in pregnant women show no evidence of fetal risk.

            B: May be acceptable. Either animal studies show no risk but human studies not available or animal studies showed minor risks and human studies done and showed no risk.

            C: Use with caution if benefits outweigh risks. Animal studies show risk and human studies not available or neither animal nor human studies done.

            D: Use in LIFE-THREATENING emergencies when no safer drug available. Positive evidence of human fetal risk.

            X: Do not use in pregnancy. Risks involved outweigh potential benefits. Safer alternatives exist.

            NA: Information not available.

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            Pharmacology

            Mechanism of Action

            Endogenous estrogen; reduces release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone from hypothalamus; reduces gonadotropin release from pituitary; increases synthesis of DNA, RNA, and various proteins in target tissues

            Absorption

            Readily absorbed through GI tract, skin, mucous membrane

            Onset: PO, 2-4 weeks; transdermal, 4 hr

            Duration: Estradiol valerate, 7-8 days; estradiol cypionate, 11 days

            Distribution

            Widely distributed

            Protein bound: To globulin and albumin

            Elimination

            Half-life: 1.5-5 hr (IM); 4 hr (transdermal)

            Excretion: Mainly in urine (as conjugates with small amount of unchanged drug); most estrogens are also excreted in bile and undergo enterohepatic recycling

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            Images

            BRAND FORM. UNIT PRICE PILL IMAGE
            Vagifem vaginal
            -
            10 mcg tablet
            Vagifem vaginal
            -
            10 mcg tablet
            Estring vaginal
            -
            2 mg (7.5 mcg /24 hour) ring
            estradiol transdermal
            -
            0.0375 mg/24 hr transdermal system
            estradiol transdermal
            -
            0.025 mg/24 hr transdermal system
            estradiol transdermal
            -
            0.05 mg/24 hr transdermal system
            estradiol transdermal
            -
            0.0375 mg/24 hr transdermal system
            estradiol transdermal
            -
            0.025 mg/24 hr transdermal system
            estradiol transdermal
            -
            0.1 mg/24 hr transdermal system
            estradiol transdermal
            -
            0.1 mg/24 hr transdermal system
            estradiol transdermal
            -
            0.025 mg/24 hr transdermal system
            estradiol transdermal
            -
            0.0375 mg/24 hr transdermal system
            estradiol transdermal
            -
            0.1 mg/24 hr transdermal system
            estradiol transdermal
            -
            0.06 mg/24 hr transdermal system
            estradiol transdermal
            -
            0.0375 mg/24 hr transdermal system
            estradiol transdermal
            -
            0.1 mg/24 hr transdermal system
            estradiol transdermal
            -
            0.025 mg/24 hr transdermal system
            estradiol transdermal
            -
            0.1 mg/24 hr transdermal system
            estradiol transdermal
            -
            0.1 mg/24 hr transdermal system
            estradiol transdermal
            -
            0.075 mg/24 hr transdermal system
            estradiol transdermal
            -
            0.06 mg/24 hr transdermal system
            estradiol transdermal
            -
            0.05 mg/24 hr transdermal system
            estradiol transdermal
            -
            0.0375 mg/24 hr transdermal system
            estradiol transdermal
            -
            0.025 mg/24 hr transdermal system
            estradiol transdermal
            -
            0.1 mg/24 hr transdermal system
            estradiol transdermal
            -
            0.075 mg/24 hr transdermal system
            estradiol transdermal
            -
            0.0375 mg/24 hr transdermal system
            estradiol transdermal
            -
            0.05 mg/24 hr transdermal system
            estradiol transdermal
            -
            0.1 mg/24 hr transdermal system
            estradiol transdermal
            -
            0.05 mg/24 hr transdermal system
            estradiol transdermal
            -
            0.0375 mg/24 hr transdermal system
            estradiol transdermal
            -
            0.075 mg/24 hr transdermal system
            estradiol transdermal
            -
            0.025 mg/24 hr transdermal system
            estradiol transdermal
            -
            0.0375 mg/24 hr transdermal system
            estradiol transdermal
            -
            0.025 mg/24 hr transdermal system
            estradiol transdermal
            -
            0.05 mg/24 hr transdermal system
            estradiol transdermal
            -
            0.075 mg/24 hr transdermal system
            estradiol transdermal
            -
            0.075 mg/24 hr transdermal system
            estradiol transdermal
            -
            0.05 mg/24 hr transdermal system
            estradiol transdermal
            -
            0.05 mg/24 hr transdermal system
            estradiol transdermal
            -
            0.075 mg/24 hr transdermal system
            estradiol transdermal
            -
            0.1 mg/24 hr transdermal system
            estradiol transdermal
            -
            0.1 mg/24 hr transdermal system
            estradiol transdermal
            -
            0.075 mg/24 hr transdermal system
            estradiol transdermal
            -
            0.075 mg/24 hr transdermal system
            estradiol transdermal
            -
            0.05 mg/24 hr transdermal system
            estradiol transdermal
            -
            0.05 mg/24 hr transdermal system
            estradiol transdermal
            -
            0.0375 mg/24 hr transdermal system
            estradiol transdermal
            -
            0.025 mg/24 hr transdermal system
            estradiol transdermal
            -
            0.025 mg/24 hr transdermal system
            estradiol transdermal
            -
            0.0375 mg/24 hr transdermal system
            estradiol transdermal
            -
            0.075 mg/24 hr transdermal system
            estradiol transdermal
            -
            0.075 mg/24 hr transdermal system
            estradiol transdermal
            -
            0.05 mg/24 hr transdermal system
            Estrace vaginal
            -
            0.01 % (0.1 mg/gram) cream
            Dotti transdermal
            -
            0.05 mg/24 hr transdermal system
            Dotti transdermal
            -
            0.025 mg/24 hr transdermal system
            Dotti transdermal
            -
            0.1 mg/24 hr transdermal system
            Dotti transdermal
            -
            0.0375 mg/24 hr transdermal system
            Dotti transdermal
            -
            0.075 mg/24 hr transdermal system
            Climara transdermal
            -
            0.06 mg/24 hr transdermal system
            Climara transdermal
            -
            0.0375 mg/24 hr transdermal system
            Climara transdermal
            -
            0.1 mg/24 hr transdermal system
            Climara transdermal
            -
            0.075 mg/24 hr transdermal system
            Climara transdermal
            -
            0.05 mg/24 hr transdermal system
            Climara transdermal
            -
            0.025 mg/24 hr transdermal system
            Imvexxy Starter Pack vaginal
            -
            10 mcg insert
            Imvexxy Starter Pack vaginal
            -
            4 mcg insert
            Imvexxy Maintenance Pack vaginal
            -
            10 mcg insert
            Imvexxy Maintenance Pack vaginal
            -
            4 mcg insert
            Menostar transdermal
            -
            14 mcg/24 hr transdermal system
            Vivelle-Dot transdermal
            -
            0.025 mg/24 hr transdermal system
            Vivelle-Dot transdermal
            -
            0.1 mg/24 hr transdermal system
            Vivelle-Dot transdermal
            -
            0.05 mg/24 hr transdermal system
            Vivelle-Dot transdermal
            -
            0.0375 mg/24 hr transdermal system
            Vivelle-Dot transdermal
            -
            0.075 mg/24 hr transdermal system
            Vivelle-Dot transdermal
            -
            0.05 mg/24 hr transdermal system
            Vivelle-Dot transdermal
            -
            0.0375 mg/24 hr transdermal system
            Vivelle-Dot transdermal
            -
            0.025 mg/24 hr transdermal system
            Vivelle-Dot transdermal
            -
            0.1 mg/24 hr transdermal system
            Vivelle-Dot transdermal
            -
            0.075 mg/24 hr transdermal system
            estradiol vaginal
            -
            0.01 % (0.1 mg/gram) cream
            estradiol vaginal
            -
            10 mcg tablet
            estradiol vaginal
            -
            0.01 % (0.1 mg/gram) cream
            estradiol vaginal
            -
            0.01 % (0.1 mg/gram) cream
            estradiol vaginal
            -
            10 mcg tablet
            estradiol vaginal
            -
            10 mcg tablet
            estradiol vaginal
            -
            0.01 % (0.1 mg/gram) cream
            estradiol vaginal
            -
            0.01 % (0.1 mg/gram) cream
            estradiol vaginal
            -
            0.01 % (0.1 mg/gram) cream
            estradiol vaginal
            -
            10 mcg tablet
            estradiol vaginal
            -
            10 mcg tablet
            estradiol vaginal
            -
            10 mcg tablet
            estradiol vaginal
            -
            10 mcg tablet
            Estrace oral
            -
            1 mg tablet
            Estrace oral
            -
            2 mg tablet
            Estrace oral
            -
            0.5 mg tablet
            EstroGel transdermal
            -
            1.25 gram/actuation gel
            Elestrin transdermal
            -
            0.87 gram/actuation gel
            Elestrin transdermal
            -
            0.87 gram/actuation gel
            Divigel transdermal
            -
            0.5 mg/0.5 gram (0.1 %) gel
            Divigel transdermal
            -
            0.25 mg/0.25 gram (0.1 %) gel
            Divigel transdermal
            -
            1 mg/gram (0.1 %) gel
            Divigel transdermal
            -
            0.5 mg/0.5 gram (0.1 %) gel
            Divigel transdermal
            -
            0.25 mg/0.25 gram (0.1 %) gel
            Divigel transdermal
            -
            1 mg/gram (0.1 %) gel
            Evamist transdermal
            -
            1.53 mg/spray (1.7%) liquid
            Minivelle transdermal
            -
            0.025 mg/24 hr transdermal system
            Minivelle transdermal
            -
            0.0375 mg/24 hr transdermal system
            Minivelle transdermal
            -
            0.1 mg/24 hr transdermal system
            Minivelle transdermal
            -
            0.075 mg/24 hr transdermal system
            Minivelle transdermal
            -
            0.05 mg/24 hr transdermal system
            Yuvafem vaginal
            -
            10 mcg tablet
            Yuvafem vaginal
            -
            10 mcg tablet
            estradiol oral
            -
            1 mg tablet
            estradiol oral
            -
            2 mg tablet
            estradiol oral
            -
            0.5 mg tablet
            estradiol oral
            -
            1 mg tablet
            estradiol oral
            -
            1 mg tablet
            estradiol oral
            -
            0.5 mg tablet
            estradiol oral
            -
            2 mg tablet
            estradiol oral
            -
            2 mg tablet
            estradiol oral
            -
            0.5 mg tablet

            Copyright © 2010 First DataBank, Inc.

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            Patient Handout

            Select a drug:
            Patient Education
            estradiol transdermal

            ESTRADIOL WEEKLY - TRANSDERMAL (14 MCG/24 HR)

            (ES-tra-DYE-ol)

            COMMON BRAND NAME(S): Menostar

            WARNING: Estrogens, either used alone or with another hormone (progestin), have rarely caused very serious side effects. Discuss the risks and benefits of hormone treatment with your doctor. Estrogens should not be used to prevent heart disease or dementia.Estrogens can increase the risk of cancer of the uterus (endometrial cancer). Taking a progestin as directed by your doctor can help decrease this risk. Tell your doctor right away if you have any unusual vaginal bleeding.In postmenopausal women, estrogens, taken with or without a progestin, increase the risk of cancer of the breast/ovaries, stroke, dementia, and serious blood clots. When used along with a progestin, estrogens also increase the risk of heart disease (such as heart attacks).The risk for serious side effects may depend on the dose of estrogen and the length of time it is used. This medication should be used at the lowest effective dose and for the shortest amount of time. Discuss the use of this medication with your doctor regularly (for example, every 3 to 6 months) to see if you still need to use it. If you will be using this medication long-term, you should have regular complete physical exams (for example, once a year) as directed by your doctor. See also Notes section.

            USES: This medication is a hormone (estrogen). It is used by women after menopause to prevent bone loss (osteoporosis). However, there are other medications (such as raloxifene, bisphosphonates including alendronate) that are also effective in preventing bone loss and may be safer. These medications should be considered for use before estrogen treatment.

            HOW TO USE: Read the Patient Information Leaflet if available from your pharmacist before you start using this medication and each time you get a refill. If you have any questions, ask your doctor or pharmacist.Peel off the backing from the patch and apply the patch to a clean, dry area of the lower stomach. Press the patch firmly in place for about 10 seconds to make sure it stays on. Do not apply the patch on the breast or on oily, broken, or irritated skin. Avoid applying the patch to areas of the skin where it might be easily rubbed off (such as the waistline). Use this medication as directed by your doctor. The patch is usually worn for 1 week and then replaced. Follow the dosing schedule carefully.When replacing your patch, make sure to apply the new patch to a different area. Wait at least 1 week before applying a patch to the same area. Fold the old patch in half with the sticky side together and throw away in the trash away from children and pets. Do not flush the patch down the toilet.If a patch falls off, reapply it to a different area. If the patch does not stick completely, then apply a new patch and wear it for the rest of the 7-day period. Do not wear 2 patches at the same time.Use this medication regularly to get the most benefit from it. To help you remember, change the patch on the same day each week. It may help to mark your calendar with a reminder.

            SIDE EFFECTS: See also Warning section.Skin redness/irritation at the application site, nausea/vomiting, bloating, breast tenderness, headache, or weight changes may occur. If any of these effects last or get worse, tell your doctor or pharmacist promptly.Remember that this medication has been prescribed because your doctor has judged that the benefit to you is greater than the risk of side effects. Many people using this medication do not have serious side effects.Tell your doctor right away if you have any serious side effects, including: nausea/vomiting that doesn't stop, mental/mood changes (such as depression, memory loss), breast lumps, unusual vaginal bleeding (such as spotting, breakthrough bleeding, prolonged/recurrent bleeding), increased or new vaginal irritation/itching/odor/discharge, severe stomach/abdominal pain, yellowing eyes/skin, dark urine, swelling hands/ankles/feet, increased thirst/urination.This medication may rarely cause serious problems from blood clots (such as heart attacks, strokes, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism). Get medical help right away if you have any serious side effects, including: chest/jaw/left arm pain, unusual sweating, sudden/severe headache, weakness on one side of the body, confusion, trouble speaking, sudden vision changes (such as partial/complete blindness), pain/redness/swelling of legs, tingling/weakness/numbness in the arms/legs, trouble breathing, coughing up blood, sudden dizziness/fainting.A very serious allergic reaction to this product is rare. However, get medical help right away if you notice any symptoms of a serious allergic reaction, including: rash, itching/swelling (especially of the face/tongue/throat), severe dizziness, trouble breathing.This is not a complete list of possible side effects. If you notice other effects not listed above, contact your doctor or pharmacist.In the US -Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or at www.fda.gov/medwatch.In Canada - Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to Health Canada at 1-866-234-2345.

            PRECAUTIONS: Before using estradiol, tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are allergic to it; or if you have any other allergies. This product may contain inactive ingredients, which can cause allergic reactions or other problems. Talk to your pharmacist for more details.Before using this medication, tell your doctor or pharmacist your medical history, especially of: vaginal bleeding of unknown cause, certain cancers (such as breast cancer, cancer of the uterus/ovaries), blood clots, stroke, heart disease (such as heart attack), liver disease, kidney disease, family medical history (especially breast lumps, cancer, blood clots), family or personal history of a certain swelling disorder (angioedema), blood clotting disorders (such as protein C or protein S deficiency), high blood pressure, diabetes, high cholesterol/triglyceride levels, obesity, lupus, underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism), mineral imbalance (low or high level of calcium in the blood), a certain hormone problem (hypoparathyroidism), uterus problems (such as fibroids, endometriosis), gallbladder disease, asthma, seizures, migraine headaches, a certain blood disorder (porphyria), mental/mood disorders (such as dementia, depression).Do not smoke or use tobacco. Estrogens combined with smoking further increases your risk of stroke, blood clots, high blood pressure, and heart attack, especially in women older than 35.Tell your doctor if you just had or will be having surgery, or if you will be confined to a chair or bed for a long time (such as a long plane flight). These conditions increase your risk of getting blood clots, especially if you are using an estrogen product. You may need to stop this medication for a time or take special precautions.This medication may cause blotchy, dark areas on your face and skin (melasma). Sunlight may worsen this effect. Limit your time in the sun. Avoid tanning booths and sunlamps. Use sunscreen and wear protective clothing when outdoors.If you are nearsighted or wear contact lenses, you may develop vision problems or trouble wearing your contact lenses. Contact your eye doctor if these problems occur.If you are going to have an MRI test, tell testing personnel that you are using this patch. Some patches may contain metals that can cause serious burns during an MRI. Ask your doctor whether you will need to remove your patch before the test and apply a new patch afterward, and how to do so properly.Children may be more sensitive to the side effects of this drug. It may affect their growth/development. Discuss the possible effects of this medication with the doctor, and monitor your child's growth periodically.This medication should not be used during pregnancy. If you become pregnant or think you may be pregnant, tell your doctor right away.This medication passes into breast milk. It may reduce the quality and amount of breast milk produced. Consult your doctor before breast-feeding.

            DRUG INTERACTIONS: Drug interactions may change how your medications work or increase your risk for serious side effects. This document does not contain all possible drug interactions. Keep a list of all the products you use (including prescription/nonprescription drugs and herbal products) and share it with your doctor and pharmacist. Do not start, stop, or change the dosage of any medicines without your doctor's approval.Some products that may interact with this drug include: aromatase inhibitors (such as anastrozole, exemestane, letrozole), fezolinetant, fulvestrant, ospemifene, raloxifene, tamoxifen, toremifene, tranexamic acid.This medication may interfere with certain lab tests (such as metyrapone test), possibly causing false test results. Make sure lab personnel and all your doctors know you use this drug.

            OVERDOSE: This medication patch may be harmful if chewed or swallowed. If someone has overdosed, remove the patch if possible. For serious symptoms such as passing out or trouble breathing, call 911. Otherwise, call a poison control center right away. US residents can call their local poison control center at 1-800-222-1222. Canada residents can call a provincial poison control center.

            NOTES: Do not share this medication with others.Regular complete physical exams which include lab and/or medical tests (such as blood pressure, breast exam/mammogram, pelvic exam, Pap smear) should be done while you are using this medication. Follow your doctor's instructions for examining your breasts, and report any lumps right away. Keep all medical and lab appointments. Consult your doctor for more details.Lifestyle changes that help promote healthy bones include increasing weight-bearing exercise, stopping smoking, limiting alcohol, and eating well-balanced meals that contain adequate calcium and vitamin D. Since you may also need to take calcium and vitamin D supplements and make lifestyle changes, consult your doctor for specific advice.Preventing or controlling high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and diabetes can help to reduce your chances of heart disease and stroke. Lifestyle changes that can help to control or prevent these diseases include reducing stress, eating a low fat/salt diet, losing weight if overweight, exercising regularly, and stopping smoking. Keep your mind active with mental exercises (such as reading, solving crossword puzzles) to help prevent dementia. Talk to your doctor about lifestyle changes that might benefit you.

            MISSED DOSE: If you forget to replace a patch at the scheduled time, replace it as soon as you remember. Do not use more than one patch at a time.

            STORAGE: Store at room temperature. Do not remove the patch from the pouch until ready for use. Keep all medications away from children and pets.Do not flush medications down the toilet or pour them into a drain unless instructed to do so. Properly discard this product when it is expired or no longer needed (See How to Use section).

            Information last revised July 2023. Copyright(c) 2023 First Databank, Inc.

            IMPORTANT: HOW TO USE THIS INFORMATION: This is a summary and does NOT have all possible information about this product. This information does not assure that this product is safe, effective, or appropriate for you. This information is not individual medical advice and does not substitute for the advice of your health care professional. Always ask your health care professional for complete information about this product and your specific health needs.

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            Formulary

            FormularyPatient Discounts

            Adding plans allows you to compare formulary status to other drugs in the same class.

            To view formulary information first create a list of plans. Your list will be saved and can be edited at any time.

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            • View the formulary and any restrictions for each plan.
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            The above information is provided for general informational and educational purposes only. Individual plans may vary and formulary information changes. Contact the applicable plan provider for the most current information.

            Tier Description
            1 This drug is available at the lowest co-pay. Most commonly, these are generic drugs.
            2 This drug is available at a middle level co-pay. Most commonly, these are "preferred" (on formulary) brand drugs.
            3 This drug is available at a higher level co-pay. Most commonly, these are "non-preferred" brand drugs.
            4 This drug is available at a higher level co-pay. Most commonly, these are "non-preferred" brand drugs or specialty prescription products.
            5 This drug is available at a higher level co-pay. Most commonly, these are "non-preferred" brand drugs or specialty prescription products.
            6 This drug is available at a higher level co-pay. Most commonly, these are "non-preferred" brand drugs or specialty prescription products.
            NC NOT COVERED – Drugs that are not covered by the plan.
            Code Definition
            PA Prior Authorization
            Drugs that require prior authorization. This restriction requires that specific clinical criteria be met prior to the approval of the prescription.
            QL Quantity Limits
            Drugs that have quantity limits associated with each prescription. This restriction typically limits the quantity of the drug that will be covered.
            ST Step Therapy
            Drugs that have step therapy associated with each prescription. This restriction typically requires that certain criteria be met prior to approval for the prescription.
            OR Other Restrictions
            Drugs that have restrictions other than prior authorization, quantity limits, and step therapy associated with each prescription.
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            Medscape prescription drug monographs are based on FDA-approved labeling information, unless otherwise noted, combined with additional data derived from primary medical literature.