Indication-specific dosing for Eun-haeng, fossil tree, ginko biloba ginkgo biloba in combination, frequency-based adverse effects, comprehensive interactions, contraindications, pregnancy & lactation schedules, and cost information.

Sections

Sections Ginkgo Biloba
Suggested Dosing
Suggested Uses
Interactions
Adverse Effects
Warnings
Pregnancy
Pharmacology

Suggested Dosing

Altitude Sickness, Prevention

Leaf extract: 80 mg PO BID

Cognitive Function

Leaf extract: 120-600 mg/d PO BID

Dementia

Leaf extract: 120-240 mg/d PO div BID-TID

Intermittent Claudication

Leaf extract: 120-240 mg/d PO div BID-TID

Premenstrual Syndrome

Leaf extract: 80 mg PO BID; start on day 16 and continue until day 5 of next cycle

SSRI-induced Sexual Dysfunction

Leaf extract: 60-240 mg PO BID

Vertigo/tinnitus

Leaf extract: 120-160 mg/d PO div BID-TID

Raynaud's Disease

Leaf extract: 360 mg/d PO div TID

Normal Tension Glaucoma

Leaf extract: 40 mg PO TID x 4 weeks

Other Information

Standardized to 24% flavonoids, 6% terpenes

Suggested Uses

Altitude sickness (prevention), cerebral vascular insufficiency, cognitive disorders, dementia, dizziness/vertigo, intermittent claudication, macular degeneration/glaucoma, memory loss, premenstrual syndrome, SSRI-induced sexual dysfunction, vasodilator

Efficacy

Documented incr in cerbral blood flow (greater effect in patients >50 years old)

Documented increase in peripheral blood flow in diabetes, intermittent claudication, hearing loss

Studies underway for SSRI-induced erectile dysfunction; initial results positive

Interaction Checker

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Serious - Use Alternative (0)

Monitor Closely (71)

aceclofenac
aceclofenac and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
acemetacin
acemetacin and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
agrimony
agrimony and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
alfalfa
alfalfa and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
alteplase
alteplase and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.
American ginseng
American ginseng and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
antithrombin alfa
antithrombin alfa and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.
antithrombin III
antithrombin III and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.
argatroban
argatroban and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.
aspirin
aspirin and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
aspirin rectal
aspirin rectal and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
aspirin/citric acid/sodium bicarbonate
aspirin/citric acid/sodium bicarbonate and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
bemiparin
bemiparin and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.
bivalirudin
bivalirudin and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.
celecoxib
celecoxib and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
choline magnesium trisalicylate
choline magnesium trisalicylate and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
cinnamon
cinnamon and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
cordyceps
cordyceps and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
dabigatran
dabigatran and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.
dalteparin
dalteparin and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.
diclofenac
diclofenac and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
diflunisal
diflunisal and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
dong quai
dong quai and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
enoxaparin
enoxaparin and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.
epoprostenol
epoprostenol and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
etodolac
etodolac and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
fennel
fennel and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
fenoprofen
fenoprofen and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
feverfew
feverfew and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
flibanserin
ginkgo biloba will increase the level or effect of flibanserin by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Increased flibanserin adverse effects may occur if coadministered with multiple weak CYP3A4 inhibitors.
flurbiprofen
flurbiprofen and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
fondaparinux
fondaparinux and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.
forskolin
forskolin and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
garlic
garlic and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
ginger
ginger and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
heparin
heparin and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.
horse chestnut seed
ginkgo biloba and horse chestnut seed both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
ibuprofen
ibuprofen and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
ibuprofen IV
ibuprofen IV and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
indomethacin
indomethacin and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
ketoprofen
ketoprofen and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
ketorolac
ketorolac and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
ketorolac intranasal
ketorolac intranasal and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
lomitapide
ginkgo biloba increases levels of lomitapide by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Lomitapide dose should not exceed 30 mg/day.
lornoxicam
lornoxicam and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
meclofenamate
meclofenamate and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
mefenamic acid
mefenamic acid and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
meloxicam
meloxicam and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
mistletoe
ginkgo biloba increases and mistletoe decreases anticoagulation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.
nabumetone
nabumetone and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
naproxen
naproxen and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
nettle
ginkgo biloba increases and nettle decreases anticoagulation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.
oxaprozin
oxaprozin and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
panax ginseng
ginkgo biloba and panax ginseng both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
parecoxib
parecoxib and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
pau d'arco
ginkgo biloba and pau d'arco both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
phenindione
phenindione and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.
phytoestrogens
ginkgo biloba and phytoestrogens both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
piroxicam
piroxicam and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
protamine
protamine and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.
reishi
ginkgo biloba and reishi both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
reteplase
reteplase and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.
salicylates (non-asa)
salicylates (non-asa) and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
salsalate
salsalate and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
Siberian ginseng
ginkgo biloba and Siberian ginseng both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
sulfasalazine
sulfasalazine and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
sulindac
sulindac and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
tenecteplase
tenecteplase and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.
tolfenamic acid
tolfenamic acid and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
tolmetin
tolmetin and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
vitamin K1 (phytonadione)
ginkgo biloba increases and vitamin K1 (phytonadione) decreases anticoagulation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

Minor (13)

abciximab
ginkgo biloba, abciximab. pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. May prolong bleeding time. Conflicting evidence.ÿ Use with caution.
anagrelide
ginkgo biloba, anagrelide. pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. May prolong bleeding time. Conflicting evidence.ÿ Use with caution.
anamu
anamu and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Minor/Significance Unknown.
cilostazol
ginkgo biloba, cilostazol. pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. May prolong bleeding time. Conflicting evidence.ÿ Use with caution.
clopidogrel
ginkgo biloba, clopidogrel. pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. May prolong bleeding time. Conflicting evidence. Use with caution.
danshen
danshen and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Minor/Significance Unknown.
devil's claw
devil's claw and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Minor/Significance Unknown.
dipyridamole
ginkgo biloba, dipyridamole. pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. May prolong bleeding time. Conflicting evidence.ÿ Use with caution.
eptifibatide
ginkgo biloba, eptifibatide. pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. May prolong bleeding time. Conflicting evidence. Use with caution.
green tea
green tea, ginkgo biloba. Other (see comment). Minor/Significance Unknown. Comment: Use caution when combining green tea with herbs that exhibit antiplatelet effects or anticoagulant activity.
prasugrel
ginkgo biloba, prasugrel. pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. May prolong bleeding time. Conflicting evidence.ÿ Use with caution.
ticlopidine
ginkgo biloba, ticlopidine. pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. May prolong bleeding time. Conflicting evidence. Use with caution.
tirofiban
ginkgo biloba, tirofiban. pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. May prolong bleeding time. Conflicting evidence. Use with caution.

abciximab
Minor (1)ginkgo biloba, abciximab. pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. May prolong bleeding time. Conflicting evidence.ÿ Use with caution.
aceclofenac
Monitor Closely (1)aceclofenac and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
acemetacin
Monitor Closely (1)acemetacin and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
agrimony
Monitor Closely (1)agrimony and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
alfalfa
Monitor Closely (1)alfalfa and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
alteplase
Monitor Closely (1)alteplase and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.
American ginseng
Monitor Closely (1)American ginseng and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
anagrelide
Minor (1)ginkgo biloba, anagrelide. pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. May prolong bleeding time. Conflicting evidence.ÿ Use with caution.
anamu
Minor (1)anamu and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Minor/Significance Unknown.
antithrombin alfa
Monitor Closely (1)antithrombin alfa and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.
antithrombin III
Monitor Closely (1)antithrombin III and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.
argatroban
Monitor Closely (1)argatroban and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.
aspirin
Monitor Closely (1)aspirin and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
aspirin rectal
Monitor Closely (1)aspirin rectal and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
aspirin/citric acid/sodium bicarbonate
Monitor Closely (1)aspirin/citric acid/sodium bicarbonate and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
bemiparin
Monitor Closely (1)bemiparin and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.
bivalirudin
Monitor Closely (1)bivalirudin and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.
celecoxib
Monitor Closely (1)celecoxib and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
choline magnesium trisalicylate
Monitor Closely (1)choline magnesium trisalicylate and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
cilostazol
Minor (1)ginkgo biloba, cilostazol. pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. May prolong bleeding time. Conflicting evidence.ÿ Use with caution.
cinnamon
Monitor Closely (1)cinnamon and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
clopidogrel
Minor (1)ginkgo biloba, clopidogrel. pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. May prolong bleeding time. Conflicting evidence. Use with caution.
cordyceps
Monitor Closely (1)cordyceps and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
dabigatran
Monitor Closely (1)dabigatran and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.
dalteparin
Monitor Closely (1)dalteparin and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.
danshen
Minor (1)danshen and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Minor/Significance Unknown.
devil's claw
Minor (1)devil's claw and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Minor/Significance Unknown.
diclofenac
Monitor Closely (1)diclofenac and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
diflunisal
Monitor Closely (1)diflunisal and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
dipyridamole
Minor (1)ginkgo biloba, dipyridamole. pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. May prolong bleeding time. Conflicting evidence.ÿ Use with caution.
dong quai
Monitor Closely (1)dong quai and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
enoxaparin
Monitor Closely (1)enoxaparin and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.
epoprostenol
Monitor Closely (1)epoprostenol and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
eptifibatide
Minor (1)ginkgo biloba, eptifibatide. pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. May prolong bleeding time. Conflicting evidence. Use with caution.
etodolac
Monitor Closely (1)etodolac and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
fennel
Monitor Closely (1)fennel and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
fenoprofen
Monitor Closely (1)fenoprofen and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
feverfew
Monitor Closely (1)feverfew and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
flibanserin
Monitor Closely (1)ginkgo biloba will increase the level or effect of flibanserin by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Increased flibanserin adverse effects may occur if coadministered with multiple weak CYP3A4 inhibitors.
flurbiprofen
Monitor Closely (1)flurbiprofen and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
fondaparinux
Monitor Closely (1)fondaparinux and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.
forskolin
Monitor Closely (1)forskolin and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
garlic
Monitor Closely (1)garlic and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
ginger
Monitor Closely (1)ginger and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
green tea
Minor (1)green tea, ginkgo biloba. Other (see comment). Minor/Significance Unknown. Comment: Use caution when combining green tea with herbs that exhibit antiplatelet effects or anticoagulant activity.
heparin
Monitor Closely (1)heparin and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.
horse chestnut seed
Monitor Closely (1)ginkgo biloba and horse chestnut seed both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
ibuprofen
Monitor Closely (1)ibuprofen and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
ibuprofen IV
Monitor Closely (1)ibuprofen IV and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
indomethacin
Monitor Closely (1)indomethacin and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
ketoprofen
Monitor Closely (1)ketoprofen and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
ketorolac
Monitor Closely (1)ketorolac and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
ketorolac intranasal
Monitor Closely (1)ketorolac intranasal and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
lomitapide
Monitor Closely (1)ginkgo biloba increases levels of lomitapide by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Lomitapide dose should not exceed 30 mg/day.
lornoxicam
Monitor Closely (1)lornoxicam and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
meclofenamate
Monitor Closely (1)meclofenamate and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
mefenamic acid
Monitor Closely (1)mefenamic acid and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
meloxicam
Monitor Closely (1)meloxicam and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
mistletoe
Monitor Closely (1)ginkgo biloba increases and mistletoe decreases anticoagulation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.
nabumetone
Monitor Closely (1)nabumetone and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
naproxen
Monitor Closely (1)naproxen and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
nettle
Monitor Closely (1)ginkgo biloba increases and nettle decreases anticoagulation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.
oxaprozin
Monitor Closely (1)oxaprozin and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
panax ginseng
Monitor Closely (1)ginkgo biloba and panax ginseng both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
parecoxib
Monitor Closely (1)parecoxib and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
pau d'arco
Monitor Closely (1)ginkgo biloba and pau d'arco both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
phenindione
Monitor Closely (1)phenindione and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.
phytoestrogens
Monitor Closely (1)ginkgo biloba and phytoestrogens both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
piroxicam
Monitor Closely (1)piroxicam and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
prasugrel
Minor (1)ginkgo biloba, prasugrel. pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. May prolong bleeding time. Conflicting evidence.ÿ Use with caution.
protamine
Monitor Closely (1)protamine and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.
reishi
Monitor Closely (1)ginkgo biloba and reishi both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
reteplase
Monitor Closely (1)reteplase and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.
salicylates (non-asa)
Monitor Closely (1)salicylates (non-asa) and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
salsalate
Monitor Closely (1)salsalate and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
Siberian ginseng
Monitor Closely (1)ginkgo biloba and Siberian ginseng both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
sulfasalazine
Monitor Closely (1)sulfasalazine and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
sulindac
Monitor Closely (1)sulindac and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
tenecteplase
Monitor Closely (1)tenecteplase and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.
ticlopidine
Minor (1)ginkgo biloba, ticlopidine. pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. May prolong bleeding time. Conflicting evidence. Use with caution.
tirofiban
Minor (1)ginkgo biloba, tirofiban. pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. May prolong bleeding time. Conflicting evidence. Use with caution.
tolfenamic acid
Monitor Closely (1)tolfenamic acid and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
tolmetin
Monitor Closely (1)tolmetin and ginkgo biloba both increase anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.
vitamin K1 (phytonadione)
Monitor Closely (1)ginkgo biloba increases and vitamin K1 (phytonadione) decreases anticoagulation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

Frequency Not Defined

Allergic skin reactions

Bleeding disorders

Constipation

Contact dermatitis (topical use)

Diarrhea

Dizziness

Impaired fertility

GI upset

Headache

Nausea/vomiting

Palpitations

Restlessness

Seizures

Subdural hematoma

Weakness

Vertigo (rare)

Case reports of sponataneous bleeding from iris when used with aspirin

Contraindications

Hypersensitivity

Avoid prior to surgery: may cause bleeding

Attempting conception

Cautions

Bleeding disorders, concurrent seizure threshold lowering drugs, diabetes mellitus, seizure disorder

WARNING: seeds & fruit pulp are toxic

May modulate some CYP 450 enzymes but clinical significance unknown, monitor when using concomitant substrates (eg, CYP3A4)

Pregnancy & Lactation

Pregnancy Category: N/A

Lactation: N/A

Pregnancy Categories

A: Generally acceptable. Controlled studies in pregnant women show no evidence of fetal risk.

B: May be acceptable. Either animal studies show no risk but human studies not available or animal studies showed minor risks and human studies done and showed no risk.

C: Use with caution if benefits outweigh risks. Animal studies show risk and human studies not available or neither animal nor human studies done.

D: Use in LIFE-THREATENING emergencies when no safer drug available. Positive evidence of human fetal risk.

X: Do not use in pregnancy. Risks involved outweigh potential benefits. Safer alternatives exist.

NA: Information not available.

Pharmacology

Metabolism: N/A

Excretion: N/A

Mechanism of Action

Ginkgoflavone glycosides: reduce capillary fragility, act as antioxidants

Ginkgolides: inhib. platelet activating factor

Medscape prescription drug monographs are based on FDA-approved labeling information, unless otherwise noted, combined with additional data derived from primary medical literature.

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