Dosing & Uses
Dosing Forms & Strengths
empagliflozin/linagliptin
tablet
- 10mg/5mg
- 25mg/5mg
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes when both empagliflozin and linagliptin are appropriate treatments
10 mg/5 mg PO qDay in morning, taken with or without food
Dose may be increased to 25 mg/5mg once daily if needed and tolerated
Dosage Modifications
Hepatic impairment: No dose adjustment required
Renal impairment
- eGFR ≥45 mL/min/1.73 m2: No dose adjustment required
- eGFR 30-45 mL/min/1.73 m2: Do not initiate drug
- eGFR < 30 mL/min/1.73 m2, end-stage renal disease (ESRD), or dialysis: Contraindicated
- Discontinued if eGFR is persistently drops to <45 mL/min/1.73 m2
Dosing Considerations
Empagliflozin is also indicated to reduce the risk of cardiovascular death in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus and established cardiovascular disease; however, the effectiveness of empagliflozin/linagliptin on reducing the risk of cardiovascular death in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease has not been established
Correct volume depletion before initiating
Assess renal function before initiating and periodically thereafter
Limitations of use
- Not for treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus or diabetic ketoacidosis
- Has not been studied in patients with a history of pancreatitis
Safety and efficacy not established
See Adult Dosing
Higher incidence of adverse reactions related to volume depletion and reduced renal function
Empagliflozin is associated with osmotic diuresis, which could affect hydration status of patients age ≥75 years
Interactions
Interaction Checker
No Results
Contraindicated
Serious - Use Alternative
Significant - Monitor Closely
Minor
Contraindicated (0)
Serious - Use Alternative (16)
- abametapir
abametapir will increase the level or effect of linagliptin by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. For 2 weeks after abametapir application, avoid taking drugs that are CYP3A4 substrates. If not feasible, avoid use of abametapir.
- amobarbital
amobarbital will decrease the level or effect of linagliptin by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.
- apalutamide
apalutamide will decrease the level or effect of linagliptin by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Coadministration of apalutamide, a strong CYP3A4 inducer, with drugs that are CYP3A4 substrates can result in lower exposure to these medications. Avoid or substitute another drug for these medications when possible. Evaluate for loss of therapeutic effect if medication must be coadministered. Adjust dose according to prescribing information if needed.
- benazepril
linagliptin increases toxicity of benazepril by Mechanism: unspecified interaction mechanism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Increased risk for adverse/toxic effects, specifically, increased risk of angioedema.
- dabrafenib
dabrafenib will decrease the level or effect of linagliptin by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.
- fexinidazole
fexinidazole will increase the level or effect of linagliptin by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Fexinidazole inhibits CYP3A4. Coadministration may increase risk for adverse effects of CYP3A4 substrates.
- idelalisib
idelalisib will increase the level or effect of linagliptin by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Idelalisib is a strong CYP3A inhibitor; avoid coadministration with sensitive CYP3A substrates
- ivosidenib
ivosidenib will decrease the level or effect of linagliptin by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Avoid coadministration of sensitive CYP3A4 substrates with ivosidenib or replace with alternative therapies. If coadministration is unavoidable, monitor patients for loss of therapeutic effect of these drugs.
- lasmiditan
lasmiditan increases levels of linagliptin by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.
- lorlatinib
lorlatinib will decrease the level or effect of linagliptin by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.
- secobarbital
secobarbital will decrease the level or effect of linagliptin by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.
- sotorasib
sotorasib will decrease the level or effect of linagliptin by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. If use is unavoidable, refer to the prescribing information of the P-gp substrate for dosage modifications.
- tepotinib
tepotinib will increase the level or effect of linagliptin by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. If concomitant use unavoidable, reduce the P-gp substrate dosage if recommended in its approved product labeling.
- tipranavir
tipranavir will increase the level or effect of linagliptin by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.
- tucatinib
tucatinib will increase the level or effect of linagliptin by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Avoid concomitant use of tucatinib with CYP3A substrates, where minimal concentration changes may lead to serious or life-threatening toxicities. If unavoidable, reduce CYP3A substrate dose according to product labeling.
- voxelotor
voxelotor will increase the level or effect of linagliptin by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Voxelotor increases systemic exposure of sensitive CYP3A4 substrates. Avoid coadministration with sensitive CYP3A4 substrates with a narrow therapeutic index. Consider dose reduction of the sensitive CYP3A4 substrate(s) if unable to avoid.
Monitor Closely (104)
- amiloride
empagliflozin, amiloride. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Coadministration of empagliflozin with diuretics results in increased urine volume and frequency of voids, which might enhance the potential for volume depletion.
- aprepitant
aprepitant will increase the level or effect of linagliptin by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Use of alternative treatments is strongly recommended when linagliptin is to be administered with a CYP3A4 inducer
- armodafinil
armodafinil will increase the level or effect of linagliptin by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Use of alternative treatments is strongly recommended when linagliptin is to be administered with a CYP3A4 inducer
- atazanavir
atazanavir decreases effects of linagliptin by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Reports of hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance with protease inhibitors. .
atazanavir will increase the level or effect of linagliptin by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. - bendroflumethiazide
empagliflozin, bendroflumethiazide. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Coadministration of empagliflozin with diuretics results in increased urine volume and frequency of voids, which might enhance the potential for volume depletion.
- berotralstat
berotralstat will increase the level or effect of linagliptin by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor. Monitor or titrate P-gp substrate dose if coadministered.
- bexarotene
bexarotene will increase the level or effect of linagliptin by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Use of alternative treatments is strongly recommended when linagliptin is to be administered with a CYP3A4 inducer
- bosentan
bosentan will decrease the level or effect of linagliptin by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Use of alternative treatments is strongly recommended when linagliptin is to be administered with a CYP3A4 inducer.
- bumetanide
empagliflozin, bumetanide. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Coadministration of empagliflozin with diuretics results in increased urine volume and frequency of voids, which might enhance the potential for volume depletion.
- calcitriol
calcitriol will increase the level or effect of linagliptin by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Use of alternative treatments is strongly recommended when linagliptin is to be administered with a CYP3A4 inducer
- captopril
linagliptin increases toxicity of captopril by Mechanism: unspecified interaction mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor. Increased adverse/toxic effects, specifically, increased risk of angioedema.
- carbamazepine
carbamazepine will decrease the level or effect of linagliptin by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Use of alternative treatments is strongly recommended when linagliptin is to be administered with a CYP3A4 inducer.
carbamazepine will decrease the level or effect of linagliptin by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor. Use of alternative treatments is strongly recommended when linagliptin is to be administered with a P-gp inducer. - cenobamate
cenobamate will decrease the level or effect of linagliptin by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Increase dose of CYP3A4 substrate, as needed, when coadministered with cenobamate.
- chlorothiazide
empagliflozin, chlorothiazide. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Coadministration of empagliflozin with diuretics results in increased urine volume and frequency of voids, which might enhance the potential for volume depletion.
- chlorpropamide
chlorpropamide, linagliptin. Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: When linagliptin is used in combination with sulfonylureas, a lower dose of the sulfonylurea may be required to reduce risk of hypoglycemia.
empagliflozin, chlorpropamide. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Consider a lower dose of insulin or insulin secretagogue to avoid hypoglycemia when coadministered with SGLT2 inhibitors. - chlorthalidone
empagliflozin, chlorthalidone. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Coadministration of empagliflozin with diuretics results in increased urine volume and frequency of voids, which might enhance the potential for volume depletion.
- clobazam
clobazam will increase the level or effect of linagliptin by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Use of alternative treatments is strongly recommended when linagliptin is to be administered with a CYP3A4 inducer
- colchicine
colchicine will increase the level or effect of linagliptin by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Use of alternative treatments is strongly recommended when linagliptin is to be administered with a CYP3A4 inducer
- darunavir
darunavir decreases effects of linagliptin by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Reports of hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance with protease inhibitors. .
darunavir will increase the level or effect of linagliptin by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. - deferasirox
deferasirox will increase the level or effect of linagliptin by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Use of alternative treatments is strongly recommended when linagliptin is to be administered with a CYP3A4 inducer
- dulaglutide
dulaglutide, linagliptin. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Antidiabetic agents are often used in combination; dosage adjustments may be required when initiating or discontinuing antidiabetic agents.
dulaglutide, empagliflozin. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Antidiabetic agents are often used in combination; dosage adjustments may be required when initiating or discontinuing antidiabetic agents. - efavirenz
efavirenz will decrease the level or effect of linagliptin by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Use of alternative treatments is strongly recommended when linagliptin is to be administered with a CYP3A4 inducer.
efavirenz will decrease the level or effect of linagliptin by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Reports of hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance with protease inhibitors. - ethacrynic acid
empagliflozin, ethacrynic acid. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Coadministration of empagliflozin with diuretics results in increased urine volume and frequency of voids, which might enhance the potential for volume depletion.
- elagolix
elagolix will increase the level or effect of linagliptin by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor.
elagolix decreases levels of linagliptin by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Elagolix is a weak-to-moderate CYP3A4 inducer. Monitor CYP3A substrates if coadministered. Consider increasing CYP3A substrate dose if needed. - eliglustat
eliglustat increases levels of linagliptin by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Monitor therapeutic drug concentrations, as indicated, or consider reducing the dosage of the P-gp substrate and titrate to clinical effect.
- encorafenib
encorafenib, linagliptin. affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Encorafenib both inhibits and induces CYP3A4 at clinically relevant plasma concentrations. Coadministration of encorafenib with sensitive CYP3A4 substrates may result in increased toxicity or decreased efficacy of these agents.
- enzalutamide
enzalutamide will increase the level or effect of linagliptin by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Use of alternative treatments is strongly recommended when linagliptin is to be administered with a CYP3A4 inducer
- eslicarbazepine acetate
eslicarbazepine acetate will decrease the level or effect of linagliptin by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Use of alternative treatments is strongly recommended when linagliptin is to be administered with a CYP3A4 inducer.
- estrogens conjugated synthetic
estrogens conjugated synthetic will increase the level or effect of linagliptin by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Use of alternative treatments is strongly recommended when linagliptin is to be administered with a CYP3A4 inducer
- etravirine
etravirine will decrease the level or effect of linagliptin by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.
- fedratinib
fedratinib will increase the level or effect of linagliptin by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Adjust dose of drugs that are CYP3A4 substrates as necessary.
- felbamate
felbamate will increase the level or effect of linagliptin by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Use of alternative treatments is strongly recommended when linagliptin is to be administered with a CYP3A4 inducer
- fosamprenavir
fosamprenavir decreases effects of linagliptin by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Reports of hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance with protease inhibitors. .
- fosphenytoin
fosphenytoin will decrease the level or effect of linagliptin by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Use of alternative treatments is strongly recommended when linagliptin is to be administered with a CYP3A4 inducer.
- furosemide
empagliflozin, furosemide. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Coadministration of empagliflozin with diuretics results in increased urine volume and frequency of voids, which might enhance the potential for volume depletion.
- glecaprevir/pibrentasvir
glecaprevir/pibrentasvir will increase the level or effect of linagliptin by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor.
- glimepiride
empagliflozin, glimepiride. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Consider a lower dose of insulin or insulin secretagogue to avoid hypoglycemia when coadministered with SGLT2 inhibitors.
glimepiride, linagliptin. Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: When linagliptin is used in combination with sulfonylureas, a lower dose of the sulfonylurea may be required to reduce risk of hypoglycemia. - glipizide
empagliflozin, glipizide. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Consider a lower dose of insulin or insulin secretagogue to avoid hypoglycemia when coadministered with SGLT2 inhibitors.
glipizide, linagliptin. Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: When linagliptin is used in combination with sulfonylureas, a lower dose of the sulfonylurea may be required to reduce risk of hypoglycemia. - glyburide
empagliflozin, glyburide. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Consider a lower dose of insulin or insulin secretagogue to avoid hypoglycemia when coadministered with SGLT2 inhibitors.
glyburide, linagliptin. Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: When linagliptin is used in combination with sulfonylureas, a lower dose of the sulfonylurea may be required to reduce risk of hypoglycemia. - griseofulvin
griseofulvin will increase the level or effect of linagliptin by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Use of alternative treatments is strongly recommended when linagliptin is to be administered with a CYP3A4 inducer
- hydrochlorothiazide
empagliflozin, hydrochlorothiazide. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Coadministration of empagliflozin with diuretics results in increased urine volume and frequency of voids, which might enhance the potential for volume depletion.
- hydrocortisone
hydrocortisone will increase the level or effect of linagliptin by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Use of alternative treatments is strongly recommended when linagliptin is to be administered with a CYP3A4 inducer
- indapamide
empagliflozin, indapamide. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Coadministration of empagliflozin with diuretics results in increased urine volume and frequency of voids, which might enhance the potential for volume depletion.
- indinavir
indinavir decreases effects of linagliptin by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Reports of hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance with protease inhibitors. .
indinavir will increase the level or effect of linagliptin by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. - insulin aspart
empagliflozin, insulin aspart. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Consider a lower dose of insulin or insulin secretagogue to avoid hypoglycemia when coadministered with SGLT2 inhibitors.
linagliptin, insulin aspart. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Antidiabetic agents are often used in combination; dosage adjustments may be required when initiating or discontinuing antidiabetic agents. - insulin aspart protamine/insulin aspart
empagliflozin, insulin aspart protamine/insulin aspart. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Antidiabetic agents are often used in combination; dosage adjustments may be required when initiating or discontinuing antidiabetic agents.
linagliptin, insulin aspart protamine/insulin aspart. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Antidiabetic agents are often used in combination; dosage adjustments may be required when initiating or discontinuing antidiabetic agents. - insulin degludec
linagliptin, insulin degludec. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Antidiabetic agents are often used in combination; dosage adjustments may be required when initiating or discontinuing antidiabetic agents.
empagliflozin, insulin degludec. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Consider a lower dose of insulin or insulin secretagogue to avoid hypoglycemia when coadministered with SGLT2 inhibitors. - insulin degludec/insulin aspart
linagliptin, insulin degludec/insulin aspart. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Antidiabetic agents are often used in combination; dosage adjustments may be required when initiating or discontinuing antidiabetic agents.
empagliflozin, insulin degludec/insulin aspart. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Consider a lower dose of insulin or insulin secretagogue to avoid hypoglycemia when coadministered with SGLT2 inhibitors. - insulin detemir
empagliflozin, insulin detemir. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Consider a lower dose of insulin or insulin secretagogue to avoid hypoglycemia when coadministered with SGLT2 inhibitors.
linagliptin, insulin detemir. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Antidiabetic agents are often used in combination; dosage adjustments may be required when initiating or discontinuing antidiabetic agents. - insulin glargine
linagliptin, insulin glargine. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Antidiabetic agents are often used in combination; dosage adjustments may be required when initiating or discontinuing antidiabetic agents.
empagliflozin, insulin glargine. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Consider a lower dose of insulin or insulin secretagogue to avoid hypoglycemia when coadministered with SGLT2 inhibitors. - insulin glulisine
linagliptin, insulin glulisine. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Antidiabetic agents are often used in combination; dosage adjustments may be required when initiating or discontinuing antidiabetic agents.
empagliflozin, insulin glulisine. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Consider a lower dose of insulin or insulin secretagogue to avoid hypoglycemia when coadministered with SGLT2 inhibitors. - insulin inhaled
empagliflozin, insulin inhaled. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Consider a lower dose of insulin or insulin secretagogue to avoid hypoglycemia when coadministered with SGLT2 inhibitors.
linagliptin, insulin inhaled. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Antidiabetic agents are often used in combination; dosage adjustments may be required when initiating or discontinuing antidiabetic agents. - insulin isophane human/insulin regular human
empagliflozin, insulin isophane human/insulin regular human. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Antidiabetic agents are often used in combination; dosage adjustments may be required when initiating or discontinuing antidiabetic agents.
linagliptin, insulin isophane human/insulin regular human. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Antidiabetic agents are often used in combination; dosage adjustments may be required when initiating or discontinuing antidiabetic agents. - insulin lispro
empagliflozin, insulin lispro. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Consider a lower dose of insulin or insulin secretagogue to avoid hypoglycemia when coadministered with SGLT2 inhibitors.
linagliptin, insulin lispro. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Antidiabetic agents are often used in combination; dosage adjustments may be required when initiating or discontinuing antidiabetic agents. - insulin lispro protamine/insulin lispro
empagliflozin, insulin lispro protamine/insulin lispro. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Antidiabetic agents are often used in combination; dosage adjustments may be required when initiating or discontinuing antidiabetic agents.
linagliptin, insulin lispro protamine/insulin lispro. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Antidiabetic agents are often used in combination; dosage adjustments may be required when initiating or discontinuing antidiabetic agents. - insulin NPH
empagliflozin, insulin NPH. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Consider a lower dose of insulin or insulin secretagogue to avoid hypoglycemia when coadministered with SGLT2 inhibitors.
linagliptin, insulin NPH. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Antidiabetic agents are often used in combination; dosage adjustments may be required when initiating or discontinuing antidiabetic agents. - insulin regular human
empagliflozin, insulin regular human. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Consider a lower dose of insulin or insulin secretagogue to avoid hypoglycemia when coadministered with SGLT2 inhibitors.
linagliptin, insulin regular human. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Antidiabetic agents are often used in combination; dosage adjustments may be required when initiating or discontinuing antidiabetic agents. - istradefylline
istradefylline will increase the level or effect of linagliptin by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Istradefylline 40 mg/day increased peak levels and AUC of CYP3A4 substrates in clinical trials. This effect was not observed with istradefylline 20 mg/day. Consider dose reduction of sensitive CYP3A4 substrates.
istradefylline will increase the level or effect of linagliptin by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor. Istradefylline 40 mg/day increased peak levels and AUC of P-gp substrates in clinical trials. Consider dose reduction of sensitive P-gp substrates. - letermovir
letermovir will increase the level or effect of empagliflozin by unspecified interaction mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor. Monitor glucose concentrations.
- itraconazole
itraconazole will increase the level or effect of linagliptin by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.
- ketoconazole
ketoconazole will increase the level or effect of linagliptin by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.
- levoketoconazole
levoketoconazole will increase the level or effect of linagliptin by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.
- lonafarnib
lonafarnib will increase the level or effect of linagliptin by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Lonafarnib is a weak P-gp inhibitor. Monitor for adverse reactions if coadministered with P-gp substrates where minimal concentration changes may lead to serious or life-threatening toxicities. Reduce P-gp substrate dose if needed.
- lonapegsomatropin
lonapegsomatropin decreases effects of linagliptin by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Closely monitor blood glucose when treated with antidiabetic agents. Lonapegsomatropin may decrease insulin sensitivity, particularly at higher doses. Patients with diabetes mellitus may require adjustment of their doses of insulin and/or other antihyperglycemic agents.
lonapegsomatropin decreases effects of empagliflozin by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Closely monitor blood glucose when treated with antidiabetic agents. Lonapegsomatropin may decrease insulin sensitivity, particularly at higher doses. Patients with diabetes mellitus may require adjustment of their doses of insulin and/or other antihyperglycemic agents. - lopinavir
lopinavir decreases effects of linagliptin by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Reports of hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance with protease inhibitors. .
lopinavir will increase the level or effect of linagliptin by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. - methyclothiazide
empagliflozin, methyclothiazide. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Coadministration of empagliflozin with diuretics results in increased urine volume and frequency of voids, which might enhance the potential for volume depletion.
- metolazone
empagliflozin, metolazone. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Coadministration of empagliflozin with diuretics results in increased urine volume and frequency of voids, which might enhance the potential for volume depletion.
- mifepristone
mifepristone will increase the level or effect of linagliptin by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.
- mitotane
mitotane decreases levels of linagliptin by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Mitotane is a strong inducer of cytochrome P-4503A4; monitor when coadministered with CYP3A4 substrates for possible dosage adjustments.
- nafcillin
nafcillin will decrease the level or effect of linagliptin by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Use of alternative treatments is strongly recommended when linagliptin is to be administered with a CYP3A4 inducer.
- nateglinide
empagliflozin, nateglinide. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Consider a lower dose of insulin or insulin secretagogue to avoid hypoglycemia when coadministered with SGLT2 inhibitors.
- nefazodone
nefazodone will increase the level or effect of linagliptin by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor.
- nelfinavir
nelfinavir decreases effects of linagliptin by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Reports of hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance with protease inhibitors. .
nelfinavir will increase the level or effect of linagliptin by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. - nevirapine
nevirapine will decrease the level or effect of linagliptin by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Use of alternative treatments is strongly recommended when linagliptin is to be administered with a CYP3A4 inducer.
nevirapine will decrease the level or effect of linagliptin by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Reports of hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance with protease inhibitors. - oxcarbazepine
oxcarbazepine decreases levels of linagliptin by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Use of alternative treatments is strongly recommended when linagliptin is to be administered with a CYP3A4 inducer.
- paclitaxel protein bound
paclitaxel protein bound will increase the level or effect of linagliptin by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Use of alternative treatments is strongly recommended when linagliptin is to be administered with a CYP3A4 inducer
- pentobarbital
pentobarbital will decrease the level or effect of linagliptin by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Use of alternative treatments is strongly recommended when linagliptin is to be administered with a CYP3A4 inducer
- phenobarbital
phenobarbital will decrease the level or effect of linagliptin by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Use of alternative treatments is strongly recommended when linagliptin is to be administered with a CYP3A4 inducer.
- phenytoin
phenytoin will decrease the level or effect of linagliptin by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Use of alternative treatments is strongly recommended when linagliptin is to be administered with a CYP3A4 inducer.
- pioglitazone
pioglitazone will increase the level or effect of linagliptin by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Use of alternative treatments is strongly recommended when linagliptin is to be administered with a CYP3A4 inducer
- prednisone
prednisone will increase the level or effect of linagliptin by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Use of alternative treatments is strongly recommended when linagliptin is to be administered with a CYP3A4 inducer
- primidone
primidone will increase the level or effect of linagliptin by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Use of alternative treatments is strongly recommended when linagliptin is to be administered with a CYP3A4 inducer
- repaglinide
empagliflozin, repaglinide. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Consider a lower dose of insulin or insulin secretagogue to avoid hypoglycemia when coadministered with SGLT2 inhibitors.
- rifabutin
rifabutin will decrease the level or effect of linagliptin by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Use of alternative treatments is strongly recommended when linagliptin is to be administered with a CYP3A4 inducer.
- rifampin
rifampin will decrease the level or effect of linagliptin by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Use of alternative treatments is strongly recommended when linagliptin is to be administered with a CYP3A4 inducer.
rifampin will decrease the level or effect of linagliptin by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor. Use of alternative treatments is strongly recommended when linagliptin is to be administered with a P-gp inducer. - rifapentine
rifapentine will decrease the level or effect of linagliptin by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Use of alternative treatments is strongly recommended when linagliptin is to be administered with a CYP3A4 inducer.
- ritonavir
ritonavir increases levels of linagliptin by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Potential for increased toxicity. .
ritonavir decreases effects of linagliptin by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Reports of hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance with protease inhibitors. . - rucaparib
rucaparib will increase the level or effect of linagliptin by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Adjust dosage of CYP3A4 substrates, if clinically indicated.
- saquinavir
saquinavir decreases effects of linagliptin by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Reports of hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance with protease inhibitors. .
saquinavir will increase the level or effect of linagliptin by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. - sarecycline
sarecycline will increase the level or effect of linagliptin by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor. Monitor for toxicities of P-gp substrates that may require dosage reduction when coadministered with P-gp inhibitors.
- somapacitan
somapacitan decreases effects of empagliflozin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Growth hormone products may decrease insulin sensitivity, particularly at higher doses. Antidiabetic agents may require dose adjustment after initiating somapacitan. .
somapacitan decreases effects of linagliptin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Growth hormone products may decrease insulin sensitivity, particularly at higher doses. Antidiabetic agents may require dose adjustment after initiating somapacitan. . - St John's Wort
St John's Wort will increase the level or effect of linagliptin by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Use of alternative treatments is strongly recommended when linagliptin is to be administered with a CYP3A4 inducer
St John's Wort will decrease the level or effect of linagliptin by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor. Use of alternative treatments is strongly recommended when linagliptin is to be administered with a P-gp inducer. - spironolactone
empagliflozin, spironolactone. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Coadministration of empagliflozin with diuretics results in increased urine volume and frequency of voids, which might enhance the potential for volume depletion.
- stiripentol
stiripentol, linagliptin. affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Stiripentol is a CYP3A4 inhibitor and inducer. Monitor CYP3A4 substrates coadministered with stiripentol for increased or decreased effects. CYP3A4 substrates may require dosage adjustment.
stiripentol will increase the level or effect of linagliptin by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Consider reducing the dose of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrates, if adverse reactions are experienced when administered concomitantly with stiripentol. - tazemetostat
tazemetostat will decrease the level or effect of linagliptin by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.
- tecovirimat
tecovirimat will decrease the level or effect of linagliptin by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Tecovirimat is a weak CYP3A4 inducer. Monitor sensitive CYP3A4 substrates for effectiveness if coadministered.
- tipranavir
tipranavir will decrease the level or effect of linagliptin by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor. Use of alternative treatments is strongly recommended when linagliptin is to be administered with a P-gp inducer.
tipranavir decreases effects of linagliptin by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Reports of hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance with protease inhibitors. . - tolazamide
empagliflozin, tolazamide. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Consider a lower dose of insulin or insulin secretagogue to avoid hypoglycemia when coadministered with SGLT2 inhibitors.
tolazamide, linagliptin. Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: When linagliptin is used in combination with sulfonylureas, a lower dose of the sulfonylurea may be required to reduce risk of hypoglycemia. - tolbutamide
empagliflozin, tolbutamide. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Consider a lower dose of insulin or insulin secretagogue to avoid hypoglycemia when coadministered with SGLT2 inhibitors.
tolbutamide, linagliptin. Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: When linagliptin is used in combination with sulfonylureas, a lower dose of the sulfonylurea may be required to reduce risk of hypoglycemia. - topiramate
topiramate will increase the level or effect of linagliptin by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Use of alternative treatments is strongly recommended when linagliptin is to be administered with a CYP3A4 inducer
- torsemide
empagliflozin, torsemide. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Coadministration of empagliflozin with diuretics results in increased urine volume and frequency of voids, which might enhance the potential for volume depletion.
- trazodone
trazodone will decrease the level or effect of linagliptin by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor. Use of alternative treatments is strongly recommended when linagliptin is to be administered with a P-gp inducer.
- triamterene
empagliflozin, triamterene. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Coadministration of empagliflozin with diuretics results in increased urine volume and frequency of voids, which might enhance the potential for volume depletion.
- tucatinib
tucatinib will increase the level or effect of linagliptin by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor. Consider reducing the dosage of P-gp substrates, where minimal concentration changes may lead to serious or life-threatening toxicities.
Minor (1)
- ribociclib
ribociclib will increase the level or effect of linagliptin by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.
Adverse Effects
Also see individual drugs
>10%
Urinary tract infection (11.4-12.5%)
1-10%
Upper respiratory tract infection (7%)
Nasopharyngitis (5.9-6.6%)
Increased LDL-C (4.6-6.5%)
Hypoglycemia (2.2-3.6%)
Increased hematocrit (2.8%)
Postmarketing Reports
Acute pancreatitis, including fatal pancreatitis
Ketoacidosis
Urosepsis and pyelonephritis
Necrotizing fasciitis of the perineum (Fournier gangrene)
Hypersensitivity reactions including anaphylaxis, angioedema, and exfoliative skin conditions
Severe and disabling arthralgia
Bullous pemphigoid
Skin reactions (eg, rash, urticaria)
Mouth ulceration, stomatitis
Rhabdomyolysis
Acute kidney injury
Constipation
Warnings
Contraindications
Severe renal impairment, end-stage renal disease, or dialysis
Hypersensitivity to empagliflozin, linagliptin, or excipients (eg, anaphylaxis, angioedema, exfoliative skin conditions, urticaria, bronchial hyperreactivity)
Cautions
Acute pancreatitis, including fatal pancreatitis, reported; if pancreatitis is suspected, promptly discontinue and initiate appropriate management; unknown whether patients with history of pancreatitis are at risk for development of the disease while receiving therapy
Serious hypersensitivity reactions, (eg, angioedema) in patients treated with empagliflozin reported postmarketing; onset of these reactions occurred predominantly within first 3 months after initiation of treatment with this drug, with some reports occurring after first dose; angioedema reported with other dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors; use caution in patient with history of angioedema to another DPP-4 inhibitor; unknown whether such patients will be predisposed to angioedema with this drug; discontinue therapy and treat promptly if it occurs per standard of care
Heart failure has been observed with two other members of the DPP-4 inhibitor class; consider risks and benefits of empagliflozin in patients with risk factors for heart failure; monitor for signs and symptoms; if heart failure develops, advise patients of characteristic symptoms of heart failure and to immediately report such symptoms; manage accordingly to standard of care and consider interrupting treatment
Bullous pemphigoid reported with DPP-4 inhibitor use, which required hospitalization; in reported cases, patients recovered with topical or systemic immunosuppressive treatment and discontinuation of DPP-4 inhibitor; patients should report development blisters/erosions; discontinue DPP-4 therapy and consult a dermatologist if bullous pemphigoid suspected
Hypoglycemia risk increased with insulin and insulin secretagogues (eg, sulfonylureas); a lower dose of insulin or the insulin secretagogue may be required
Genital mycotic infections may occur; patients with history of genital mycotic infections and uncircumcised males are more susceptible; monitor and treat as appropriate
Empagliflozin increases risk for urinary tract infections (UTIs), including life-threatening urosepsis and pyelonephritis that started as UTIs; evaluate patients for signs and symptoms of urinary tract infections and treat promptly, if indicated
Necrotizing fasciitis of the perineum (Fournier gangrene) reported with SGLT2 inhibitors; signs and symptoms include tenderness, redness, or swelling of the genitals or the area from the genitals back to the rectum, and have a fever above 100.4ºF or a general feeling of being unwell; if suspected, discontinue SGLT2 inhibitor and start treatment immediately with broad-spectrum antibiotics and surgical debridement if necessary
Reports of serious hypersensitivity reactions in patients treated with linagliptin, including anaphylaxis, angioedema, and exfoliative skin conditions; if signs and symptoms occur, promptly institute appropriate monitoring and treatment and initiate alternative treatment for diabetes
Dose-related increases in LDL-C reported
No conclusive evidence of macrovascular risk reduction with empagliflozin or any other antidiabetic agent
Severe and disabling arthralgia reported in patients taking DPP-4 inhibitors; time to onset of symptoms following initiation of drug therapy varied from one day to years; patients experienced relief of symptoms upon discontinuation of medication; a subset of patients experienced a recurrence of symptoms when restarting same drug or a different DPP-4 inhibitor; consider as possible cause for severe joint pain and discontinue drug if appropriate
Volume depletion
- Empagliflozin can cause intravascular volume depletion which may sometimes manifest as symptomatic hypotension or acute transient changes in creatinine; acute kidney injury, some requiring hospitalization and dialysis, in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus receiving SGLT2 inhibitors, including empagliflozin reported postmarketing
- Patients with impaired renal function (eGFR less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2), elderly patients, or patients on loop diuretics may be at increased risk for volume depletion or hypotension
- Before initiating therapy in patients with one or more of these characteristics, assess volume status and renal function; in patients with volume depletion, correct this condition before initiating treatment; monitor for signs and symptoms of volume depletion, and renal function after initiating therapy
Ketoacidosis
- Ketoacidosis reported in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus receiving sodium glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors
- Drug combination not indicated for treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus
- Patients receiving therapy who present with signs and symptoms consistent with severe metabolic acidosis should be assessed for ketoacidosis regardless of presenting blood glucose levels; ketoacidosis may be present even if blood glucose levels are less than 250 mg/dL; if ketoacidosis suspected, discontinue therapy, evaluate patient, and institute treatment promptly; treatment of ketoacidosis may require insulin, fluid and carbohydrate replacement
- Fatal cases of ketoacidosis reported in patients taking empagliflozin (SGLT2 inhibitors) reported; monitor for signs of ketoacidosis and advise patients to seek immediate medical attention for symptoms (eg, difficulty breathing, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, confusion, unusual fatigue or sleepiness)
- In some but not all cases, factors predisposing to ketoacidosis such as insulin dose reduction, acute febrile illness, reduced caloric intake, surgery, pancreatic disorders suggesting insulin deficiency (eg, type 1 diabetes, history of pancreatitis or pancreatic surgery), and alcohol abuse were identified
- Before initiating therapy, consider factors in patient history that may predispose to ketoacidosis, including pancreatic insulin deficiency from any cause, caloric restriction, and alcohol abuse
- Consider temporarily discontinuing therapy for at least 3 days for patients who undergo scheduled surgery
- Restart once the patient’s oral intake is back to baseline and any other risk factors for ketoacidosis (blood acid buildup) are resolved
- Consider monitoring for ketoacidosis and temporarily discontinuing therapy in other clinical situations known to predispose to ketoacidosis (eg, prolonged fasting due to acute illness or post-surgery); ensure risk factors for ketoacidosis are resolved prior to restarting therapy
- Educate patients on signs and symptoms of ketoacidosis and instruct patients to discontinue drug and seek medical attention immediately if signs and symptoms occur
Acute kidney injury and renal impairment
- Empagliflozin causes intravascular volume contraction and can cause renal impairment; before initiating therapy, consider factors that may predispose patients to acute kidney injury including hypovolemia, chronic renal insufficiency, congestive heart failure and concomitant medications (diuretics, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, NSAIDs); consider temporarily discontinuing therapy in setting of reduced oral intake (such as acute illness or fasting) or fluid losses (such as gastrointestinal illness or excessive heat exposure); monitor for signs and symptoms of acute kidney injury
- If acute kidney injury occurs, discontinue therapy promptly and institute treatment; renal function abnormalities can occur after initiating therapy; evaluate and monitor renal function periodically thereafter; more frequent renal function monitoring is recommended in patients with an eGFR >60 mL/min/1.73 m2 therapy is not recommended when eGFR is persistently < 45 mL/min/1.73 m2 and is contraindicated in patients with an eGFR <30 mL/min/1.73 m2
Pregnancy & Lactation
Pregnancy
Based on animal data showing adverse renal effects from empagliflozin, it is not recommended during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy
There are risks to the mother and fetus associated with poorly controlled diabetes in pregnancy; an alternate diabetic therapy appropriate for pregnant women should be initiated
Animal data
- In animal studies, empagliflozin, a component of the drug combination, resulted in adverse renal changes in rats when administered during a period of renal development corresponding to the late second and third trimesters of human pregnancy
- Doses approximately 13-times maximum clinical dose caused renal pelvic and tubule dilatations that were reversible
- No adverse developmental effects were observed when the combination of linagliptin and empagliflozin was administered to pregnant rats
Lactation
There is no information regarding presence in human milk, effects on breastfed infant, or effects on milk production; since potential for serious adverse reactions, including potential for empagliflozin to affect postnatal renal development, in a breastfed infant, advise patients that therapy is not recommended while breastfeeding; a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother should be initiated
Pregnancy Categories
A: Generally acceptable. Controlled studies in pregnant women show no evidence of fetal risk.
B: May be acceptable. Either animal studies show no risk but human studies not available or animal studies showed minor risks and human studies done and showed no risk. C: Use with caution if benefits outweigh risks. Animal studies show risk and human studies not available or neither animal nor human studies done. D: Use in LIFE-THREATENING emergencies when no safer drug available. Positive evidence of human fetal risk. X: Do not use in pregnancy. Risks involved outweigh potential benefits. Safer alternatives exist. NA: Information not available.Pharmacology
Mechanism of Action
First combination approved by the FDA of a sodium glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitor and a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor
Empagliflozin: SGLT2 inhibitor; SGLT2 is expressed in the proximal renal tubules and is responsible for the majority of the reabsorption of filtered glucose from the tubular lumen; SGLT2 inhibitors reduce glucose reabsorption and lower the renal threshold for glucose, thereby increasing urinary glucose excretion
Linagliptin: DPP-4 inhibitor; increases and prolongs incretin hormone activity, which is inactivated by DPP-4 enzyme; incretins regulate glucose homeostasis by increasing insulin synthesis and release from pancreatic beta cells and reducing glucagon secretion from pancreatic alpha cells
Absorption
Bioavailability: 30% (linagliptin)
Empagliflozin
- Peak plasma time: 1.5 hr
- Peak plasma concentration: 259-687 nmol/L
- AUC: 1870-4740 nmol•hr/L
Distribution
Protein bound: 36.8% (empagliflozin); 75-99% (linagliptin; concentration dependent)
Vd: 73.8 L (empagliflozin); 1110 L (linagliptin)
Metabolism
Empagliflozin: Primary route of metabolism is glucuronidation by the uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferases UGT2B7, UGT1A3, UGT1A8, and UGT1A9
Linagliptin: Majority (~90%) is excreted unchanged, indicating that metabolism represents a minor elimination pathway
Elimination
Half-life: 12.4 hr (empagliflozin)
Oral clearance: 10.6 L/hr (empagliflozin)
Renal clearance: 70 mL/min (linagliptin)
Excretion
- Feces: 41.2% (empagliflozin)
- Urine: 54.4% (empagliflozin); 5% (linagliptin)
- Enterohepatic: 80% (linagliptin)
Administration
Instructions
May take with or without food
Take once daily in the morning
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Formulary
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