metformin/sitagliptin (Rx)

Brand and Other Names:Janumet, Janumet XR

Dosing & Uses

AdultPediatricGeriatric

Dosage Forms & Strengths

metformin/sitagliptin

tablet

  • 500mg/50mg
  • 1,000mg/50mg

tablet, extended-release

  • 500mg/50mg
  • 1,000mg/50mg
  • 1,000mg/100mg

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)

Adjust dose gradually considering effectiveness and tolerability

Not currently treated with metformin

  • Immediate-release: 50 mg sitagliptin/500 mg metformin PO BID
  • Extended-release: 100 mg sitagliptin/1000 mg metformin PO qDay
  • Gradually escalate dose to reduce gastrointestinal side effects associated with metformin
  • Not to exceed daily dose of 2,000 mg of metformin or 100 mg of sitagliptin

Currently treated with metformin

  • Immediate-release
    • Sitagliptin 50 mg PO BID (100 mg/day) and current daily dose of metformin
    • For patients taking metformin HCl 850 mg BID, recommended starting dose is 50 mg sitagliptin/1000 mg metformin HCl PO BID
  • Extended-release
    • Sitagliptin 100 mg and current daily dose of metformin
    • For patients taking metformin HCl immediate-release 850 mg or 1000 mg PO BID, recommended starting dose 100 mg sitagliptin/1000 mg metformin
    • Not to exceed daily dose of 2,000 mg of metformin or 100 mg of sitagliptin

Dosage Modifications

Hepatic impairment: Not recommended

Renal impairment

  • eGFR 30-45 mL/min/1.73 m2: Not recommended
  • eGFR <30 mL/min/1.73 m2: Contraindicated
  • Extended-release only
    • If eGFR falls 30-45 mL/min/1.73 m2 during treatment, evaluate risks and benefits of continuing therapy, limit dose of sitagliptin component to 50 mg/day
    • If eGFR falls <30 mL/min/1.73 m2 during treatment, discontinue drug

Iodinated contrast imaging procedures

  • Discontinue at time of, or before, an iodinated contrast imaging procedure in patients with an eGFR 30-60 mL/min/1.73 m2; in patients with a history of liver disease, alcoholism, or heart failure; or in patients who will be administered intra-arterial iodinated contrast
  • Reevaluate eGFR 48 hr after imaging procedure; restart if renal function is stable

<18 years: Safety and efficacy not established

Three double-blind, placebo-controlled studies evaluated the efficacy and safety of sitagliptin in patients (n=410) aged 10-17 years with uncontrolled T2DM, with or without insulin therapy; results showed effects of patients treated with sitagliptin were not significantly different from placebo

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)

Initial and maintenance dosing should be conservative due to possibility of decreased renal function

Adjust dose gradually and conservatively considering effectiveness and tolerability

Not currently treated with metformin

  • Immediate-release: 50 mg sitagliptin/500 mg metformin PO BID
  • Extended-release: 100 mg sitagliptin/1000 mg metformin PO qDay
  • Gradually escalate dose to reduce gastrointestinal side effects associated with metformin
  • Not to exceed daily dose of 2,000 mg of metformin or 100 mg of sitagliptin

Currently treated with metformin

  • Immediate-release
    • Sitagliptin 50 mg PO BID (100 mg/day) and current daily dose of metformin
    • For patients taking metformin HCl 850 mg BID, recommended starting dose is 50 mg sitagliptin/1000 mg metformin HCl PO BID
  • Extended-release
    • Sitagliptin 100 mg and current daily dose of metformin
    • For patients taking metformin HCl immediate-release 850 mg or 1000 mg PO BID, recommended starting dose 100 mg sitagliptin/1000 mg metformin
    • Not to exceed daily dose of 2,000 mg of metformin or 100 mg of sitagliptin

Dosage Modifications

Hepatic impairment: Not recommended

Renal impairment

  • eGFR 30-45 mL/min/1.73 m2: Not recommended
  • eGFR <30 mL/min/1.73 m2: Contraindicated
  • Extended-release only
    • If eGFR falls 30-45 mL/min/1.73 m2 during treatment, evaluate risks and benefits of continuing therapy, limit dose of sitagliptin component to 50 mg/day
    • If eGFR falls <30 mL/min/1.73 m2 during treatment, discontinue drug

Iodinated contrast imaging procedures

  • Discontinue at time of, or before, an iodinated contrast imaging procedure in patients with an eGFR 30-60 mL/min/1.73 m2; in patients with a history of liver disease, alcoholism, or heart failure; or in patients who will be administered intra-arterial iodinated contrast
  • Reevaluate eGFR 48 hr after imaging procedure; restart if renal function is stable
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Interactions

Interaction Checker

and metformin/sitagliptin

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              Serious - Use Alternative (16)

              • contrast media (iodinated)

                contrast media (iodinated) increases levels of metformin by decreasing renal clearance. Contraindicated. Acute renal failure or lactic acidosis may result. D/c metformin 48 hr before and after imaging study.

              • erdafitinib

                erdafitinib will increase the level or effect of sitagliptin by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. If coadministration unavoidable, separate administration by at least 6 hr before or after administration of P-gp substrates with narrow therapeutic index.

              • ethanol

                ethanol, sitagliptin. Other (see comment). Contraindicated. Comment: Excessive EtOH consumption may alter glycemic control. Some sulfonylureas may produce a disulfiram like rxn.

                ethanol increases toxicity of metformin by Other (see comment). Contraindicated. Comment: Excessive EtOH consumption may alter glycemic control. Some sulfonylureas may produce a disulfiram like rxn; alcohol may potentiate the risk of lactic acidosis.

              • ioversol

                ioversol increases levels of metformin by decreasing renal clearance. Contraindicated. Acute renal failure or lactic acidosis may result. D/c metformin 48 hr before and after imaging study.

              • lasmiditan

                lasmiditan increases levels of sitagliptin by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

              • methylene blue

                methylene blue will increase the level or effect of metformin by unspecified interaction mechanism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

              • pacritinib

                pacritinib will increase the level or effect of metformin by Other (see comment). Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Concomitant administration of pacritinib (OCT1 inhibitor) with OCT1 substrates may increase the plasma concentrations of these substrates.

              • ranolazine

                ranolazine will increase the level or effect of metformin by decreasing elimination. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Limit metformin dose to 1700 mg/day when used together with ranolazine 1000 mg twice daily; monitor closelly for signs or symptoms of metformin toxicity

              • risdiplam

                risdiplam will increase the level or effect of metformin by decreasing elimination. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Risdiplam inhibits MATE1 and MATE2-K. If unable to avoid coadministration with MATE substrates, consider dosage reduction of MATE substrate.

              • selegiline

                selegiline will increase the level or effect of metformin by unspecified interaction mechanism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

              • selegiline transdermal

                selegiline transdermal will increase the level or effect of metformin by unspecified interaction mechanism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

              • sotorasib

                sotorasib will decrease the level or effect of sitagliptin by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. If use is unavoidable, refer to the prescribing information of the P-gp substrate for dosage modifications.

              • tafenoquine

                tafenoquine will increase the level or effect of metformin by Other (see comment). Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Tafenoquine inhibits organic cation transporter-2 (OCT2) and multidrug and toxin extrusion (MATE) transporters in vitro. Avoid coadministration with OCT2 or MATE substrates. If coadministration cannot be avoided, monitor for substrate-related toxicities and consider dosage reduction if needed based on product labeling of the coadministered drug.

              • tedizolid

                tedizolid will increase the level or effect of metformin by unspecified interaction mechanism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

              • tepotinib

                tepotinib will increase the level or effect of sitagliptin by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. If concomitant use unavoidable, reduce the P-gp substrate dosage if recommended in its approved product labeling.

              • tranylcypromine

                tranylcypromine will increase the level or effect of metformin by unspecified interaction mechanism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

              Monitor Closely (227)

              • acetazolamide

                acetazolamide increases toxicity of metformin by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Decreases serum bicarbonate and induce non-anion gap, hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis.

              • albiglutide

                albiglutide, metformin. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Concurrent use may increase risk of hypoglycemia; monitor glucose levels.

                albiglutide, sitagliptin. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Concurrent use may increase risk of hypoglycemia; monitor glucose levels.

              • amiodarone

                amiodarone will increase the level or effect of metformin by basic (cationic) drug competition for renal tubular clearance. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • aripiprazole

                aripiprazole, sitagliptin. Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with hyperglycemia that may alter blood glucose control; monitor glucose levels closely.

              • amlodipine

                amlodipine decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Patient should be closely observed for loss of blood glucose control; when drugs are withdrawn from a patient receiving metformin, patient should be observed closely for hypoglycemia.

              • aripiprazole

                aripiprazole, metformin. Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with hyperglycemia that may alter blood glucose control; monitor glucose levels closely.

              • asenapine

                asenapine, sitagliptin. Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with hyperglycemia that may alter blood glucose control; monitor glucose levels closely.

                asenapine, metformin. Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with hyperglycemia that may alter blood glucose control; monitor glucose levels closely.

              • atazanavir

                atazanavir decreases effects of sitagliptin by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Reports of hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance with protease inhibitors. .

                atazanavir decreases effects of metformin by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Reports of hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance with protease inhibitors. .

              • benazepril

                sitagliptin increases toxicity of benazepril by Mechanism: unspecified interaction mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor. Increased risk of adverse/toxic effects, specifically, increased risk of angioedema.

                benazepril increases toxicity of metformin by unspecified interaction mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor. Increases risk for hypoglycemia and lactic acidosis.

              • benzphetamine

                benzphetamine decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Patient should be closely observed for loss of blood glucose control; when drugs are withdrawn from a patient receiving metformin, patient should be observed closely for hypoglycemia.

              • berotralstat

                berotralstat will increase the level or effect of sitagliptin by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor. Monitor or titrate P-gp substrate dose if coadministered.

              • betamethasone

                betamethasone decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • bexarotene

                bexarotene increases effects of sitagliptin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Based on the mechanism of action, bexarotene capsules may increase the action of insulin enhancing agents, resulting in hypoglycemia. Hypoglycemia has not been associated with bexarotene monotherapy.

              • bictegravir

                bictegravir will increase the level or effect of metformin by decreasing renal clearance. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Bictegravir inhibits organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2) and multidrug and toxin extrusion transporter 1 (MATE1) in vitro. Coadministration with OCT2 and MATE1 substrates may increase their plasma concentrations. Metformin dose reduction may be required.

              • bitter melon

                bitter melon increases effects of sitagliptin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Risk of hypoglycemia.

                bitter melon increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Risk of hypoglycemia.

              • bosutinib

                bosutinib increases levels of sitagliptin by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • brexpiprazole

                brexpiprazole decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • bumetanide

                bumetanide decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • bupropion

                bupropion increases levels of metformin by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Bupropion may inhibit OCT2 mediated renal excretion of metformin.

              • captopril

                captopril increases toxicity of metformin by unspecified interaction mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor. Increases risk for hypoglycemia and lactic acidosis.

                sitagliptin, captopril. Either increases effects of the other by Mechanism: unspecified interaction mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor. Increased risk of adverse/toxic effects, specifically increased risk of angioedema.

              • cariprazine

                cariprazine decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • cinnamon

                cinnamon increases effects of sitagliptin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Potential for hypoglycemia.

              • cephalexin

                cephalexin increases toxicity of metformin by decreasing renal clearance. Use Caution/Monitor. particularly in patients who may have other risk factors for metformin toxicity. .

              • ceritinib

                ceritinib decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • chlorpromazine

                chlorpromazine decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Patient should be closely observed for loss of blood glucose control; when drugs are withdrawn from a patient receiving metformin, patient should be observed closely for hypoglycemia.

              • cimetidine

                cimetidine will increase the level or effect of metformin by basic (cationic) drug competition for renal tubular clearance. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • cinnamon

                cinnamon increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Potential for hypoglycemia.

              • ciprofloxacin

                ciprofloxacin increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Hyper and hypoglycemia have been reported in patients treated concomitantly with quinolones and antidiabetic agents. Careful monitoring of blood glucose is recommended.

                ciprofloxacin increases effects of sitagliptin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Hyper and hypoglycemia have been reported in patients treated concomitantly with quinolones and antidiabetic agents. Careful monitoring of blood glucose is recommended.

              • citalopram

                citalopram increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • clozapine

                clozapine, sitagliptin. Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with hyperglycemia that may alter blood glucose control; monitor glucose levels closely.

              • clevidipine

                clevidipine decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Patient should be closely observed for loss of blood glucose control; when drugs are withdrawn from a patient receiving metformin, patient should be observed closely for hypoglycemia.

              • clozapine

                clozapine, metformin. Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with hyperglycemia that may alter blood glucose control; monitor glucose levels closely.

              • colesevelam

                colesevelam increases levels of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • conjugated estrogens

                conjugated estrogens decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • corticotropin

                corticotropin decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • crizotinib

                crizotinib increases levels of sitagliptin by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • dabrafenib

                dabrafenib decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • dalfampridine

                metformin, dalfampridine. Either increases levels of the other by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Metformin and dalfampridine are organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2) substrates; both drugs may compete for renal tubular uptake and could potentially increase systemic exposure of either drug when administered concomitantly.

              • darunavir

                darunavir decreases effects of sitagliptin by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Reports of hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance with protease inhibitors. .

                darunavir decreases effects of metformin by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Reports of hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance with protease inhibitors. .

              • desogestrel

                desogestrel decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • dulaglutide

                dulaglutide, sitagliptin. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Antidiabetic agents are often used in combination; dosage adjustments may be required when initiating or discontinuing antidiabetic agents.

              • diatrizoate

                diatrizoate increases toxicity of metformin by unspecified interaction mechanism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Administration of intravascular iodinated contrast agents in metformin-treated patients has led to rare cases of acute decrease in renal function and the occurrence of lactic acidosis. The American College of Radiology Guidelines (2018) recommend temporarily stopping metformin in patients with eGFR is <30 mL/min/1.73 m2 or who are undergoing arterial catheter studies that might result in emboli to the renal arteries. Continue to withhold metformin for 48 hr subsequent to the procedure and reinstituted only after renal function has been reevaluated and found to be normal. .

              • diatrizoate meglumine/diatrizoate sodium

                diatrizoate meglumine/diatrizoate sodium increases toxicity of metformin by unspecified interaction mechanism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Administration of intravascular iodinated contrast agents in metformin-treated patients has led to rare cases of acute decrease in renal function and the occurrence of lactic acidosis. The American College of Radiology Guidelines (2018) recommend temporarily stopping metformin in patients with eGFR is <30 mL/min/1.73 m2 or who are undergoing arterial catheter studies that might result in emboli to the renal arteries. Continue to withhold metformin for 48 hr subsequent to the procedure and reinstituted only after renal function has been reevaluated and found to be normal. .

              • diazoxide

                diazoxide decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • dichlorphenamide

                dichlorphenamide, metformin. Either increases toxicity of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Both drugs can cause metabolic acidosis.

              • dienogest/estradiol valerate

                dienogest/estradiol valerate decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • diethylpropion

                diethylpropion decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Patient should be closely observed for loss of blood glucose control; when drugs are withdrawn from a patient receiving metformin, patient should be observed closely for hypoglycemia.

              • digoxin

                digoxin, metformin. Either increases levels of the other by basic (cationic) drug competition for renal tubular clearance. Use Caution/Monitor. Measure serum digoxin concentrations before initiating metformin. Monitor patients who take both metformin and digoxin for possible digoxin toxicity and lactic acidosis. Reduce the digoxin and/or metformin dose as necessary.

              • diltiazem

                diltiazem decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Patient should be closely observed for loss of blood glucose control; when drugs are withdrawn from a patient receiving metformin, patient should be observed closely for hypoglycemia.

              • dofetilide

                dofetilide will increase the level or effect of metformin by basic (cationic) drug competition for renal tubular clearance. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • dolutegravir

                dolutegravir will increase the level or effect of metformin by decreasing renal clearance. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Dolutegravir inhibits the renal organic cation transporter, OCT2; when used with metformin, limit total daily dose of metformin to 1,000 mg either when starting metformin or dolutegravir; when stopping dolutegravir, adjustment of metformin dose may be necessary; monitor blood glucose when initiating concomitant use and after withdrawal of dolutegravir

              • drospirenone

                drospirenone decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • dulaglutide

                dulaglutide, metformin. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Antidiabetic agents are often used in combination; dosage adjustments may be required when initiating or discontinuing antidiabetic agents.

              • elagolix

                elagolix will increase the level or effect of sitagliptin by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • eliglustat

                eliglustat increases levels of sitagliptin by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Monitor therapeutic drug concentrations, as indicated, or consider reducing the dosage of the P-gp substrate and titrate to clinical effect.

              • enalapril

                enalapril increases toxicity of metformin by unspecified interaction mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor. Increases risk for hypoglycemia and lactic acidosis.

              • entecavir

                entecavir, metformin. Either increases levels of the other by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Coadministration of entecavir with metformin may increase the risk of lactic acidosis.

              • erdafitinib

                metformin increases levels of erdafitinib by decreasing renal clearance. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Consider alternatives that are not OCT2 substrates or consider reducing the dose of OCT2 substrates based on tolerability.

              • escitalopram

                escitalopram increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • estradiol

                estradiol decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • estrogens conjugated synthetic

                estrogens conjugated synthetic decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • estropipate

                estropipate decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • ethacrynic acid

                ethacrynic acid decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • ethinylestradiol

                ethinylestradiol decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • ethiodized oil

                ethiodized oil increases toxicity of metformin by unspecified interaction mechanism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Administration of intravascular iodinated contrast agents in metformin-treated patients has led to rare cases of acute decrease in renal function and the occurrence of lactic acidosis. The American College of Radiology Guidelines (2018) recommend temporarily stopping metformin in patients with eGFR is <30 mL/min/1.73 m2 or who are undergoing arterial catheter studies that might result in emboli to the renal arteries. Continue to withhold metformin for 48 hr subsequent to the procedure and reinstituted only after renal function has been reevaluated and found to be normal. .

              • etonogestrel

                etonogestrel decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • everolimus

                everolimus decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • exenatide injectable solution

                exenatide injectable solution, sitagliptin. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Concurrent use may increase risk of hypoglycemia; monitor glucose levels.

                exenatide injectable solution, metformin. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Concurrent use may increase risk of hypoglycemia; monitor glucose levels.

              • exenatide injectable suspension

                exenatide injectable suspension, metformin. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Concurrent use may increase risk of hypoglycemia; monitor glucose levels.

                exenatide injectable suspension, sitagliptin. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Concurrent use may increase risk of hypoglycemia; monitor glucose levels.

              • felodipine

                felodipine decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Patient should be closely observed for loss of blood glucose control; when drugs are withdrawn from a patient receiving metformin, patient should be observed closely for hypoglycemia.

              • fleroxacin

                fleroxacin increases effects of sitagliptin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Quinolone antibiotic administration may result in hyper- or hypoglycemia. Gatifloxacin is most likely to produce dysglycemia; moxifloxacin is least likely.

              • fleroxacin

                fleroxacin increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Quinolone antibiotic administration may result in hyper- or hypoglycemia. Gatifloxacin is most likely to produce dysglycemia; moxifloxacin is least likely.

              • fluoxetine

                fluoxetine increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • fluphenazine

                fluphenazine decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Patient should be closely observed for loss of blood glucose control; when drugs are withdrawn from a patient receiving metformin, patient should be observed closely for hypoglycemia.

              • fluvoxamine

                fluvoxamine increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • fosamprenavir

                fosamprenavir decreases effects of sitagliptin by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Reports of hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance with protease inhibitors. .

                fosamprenavir decreases effects of metformin by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Reports of hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance with protease inhibitors. .

              • fosinopril

                fosinopril increases toxicity of metformin by unspecified interaction mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor. Increases risk for hypoglycemia and lactic acidosis.

              • fostamatinib

                fostamatinib will increase the level or effect of sitagliptin by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor. Concomitant use of fostamatinib may increase concentrations of P-gp substrates. Monitor for toxicities of the P-gp substrate drug that may require dosage reduction when given concurrently with fostamatinib.

              • fosphenytoin

                fosphenytoin decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Patient should be closely observed for loss of blood glucose control; when drugs are withdrawn from a patient receiving metformin, patient should be observed closely for hypoglycemia.

              • gemifloxacin

                gemifloxacin increases effects of sitagliptin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Quinolone antibiotic administration may result in hyper- or hypoglycemia. Gatifloxacin is most likely to produce dysglycemia; moxifloxacin is least likely.

                gemifloxacin increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Quinolone antibiotic administration may result in hyper- or hypoglycemia. Gatifloxacin is most likely to produce dysglycemia; moxifloxacin is least likely.

              • glecaprevir/pibrentasvir

                glecaprevir/pibrentasvir will increase the level or effect of sitagliptin by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • glucagon intranasal

                glucagon intranasal decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • glycopyrrolate

                glycopyrrolate increases toxicity of metformin by unspecified interaction mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor. May require a dose reduction.

              • goserelin

                goserelin decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • histrelin

                histrelin decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • hydroxyprogesterone caproate (DSC)

                hydroxyprogesterone caproate (DSC) decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • iloperidone

                iloperidone, metformin. Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with hyperglycemia that may alter blood glucose control; monitor glucose levels closely.

                iloperidone, sitagliptin. Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with hyperglycemia that may alter blood glucose control; monitor glucose levels closely.

              • imidapril

                imidapril increases toxicity of metformin by unspecified interaction mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor. Increases risk for hypoglycemia and lactic acidosis.

              • indinavir

                indinavir decreases effects of sitagliptin by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Reports of hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance with protease inhibitors. .

              • indinavir

                indinavir decreases effects of metformin by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Reports of hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance with protease inhibitors. .

              • insulin aspart

                metformin, insulin aspart. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Antidiabetic agents are often used in combination; dosage adjustments may be required when initiating or discontinuing antidiabetic agents.

                sitagliptin, insulin aspart. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Antidiabetic agents are often used in combination; dosage adjustments may be required when initiating or discontinuing antidiabetic agents.

              • insulin aspart protamine/insulin aspart

                metformin, insulin aspart protamine/insulin aspart. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Antidiabetic agents are often used in combination; dosage adjustments may be required when initiating or discontinuing antidiabetic agents.

                sitagliptin, insulin aspart protamine/insulin aspart. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Antidiabetic agents are often used in combination; dosage adjustments may be required when initiating or discontinuing antidiabetic agents.

              • insulin degludec

                metformin, insulin degludec. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Antidiabetic agents are often used in combination; dosage adjustments may be required when initiating or discontinuing antidiabetic agents.

                sitagliptin, insulin degludec. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Antidiabetic agents are often used in combination; dosage adjustments may be required when initiating or discontinuing antidiabetic agents.

              • insulin degludec/insulin aspart

                metformin, insulin degludec/insulin aspart. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Antidiabetic agents are often used in combination; dosage adjustments may be required when initiating or discontinuing antidiabetic agents.

                sitagliptin, insulin degludec/insulin aspart. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Antidiabetic agents are often used in combination; dosage adjustments may be required when initiating or discontinuing antidiabetic agents.

              • insulin detemir

                metformin, insulin detemir. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Antidiabetic agents are often used in combination; dosage adjustments may be required when initiating or discontinuing antidiabetic agents.

                sitagliptin, insulin detemir. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Antidiabetic agents are often used in combination; dosage adjustments may be required when initiating or discontinuing antidiabetic agents.

              • insulin glargine

                metformin, insulin glargine. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Antidiabetic agents are often used in combination; dosage adjustments may be required when initiating or discontinuing antidiabetic agents.

                sitagliptin, insulin glargine. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Antidiabetic agents are often used in combination; dosage adjustments may be required when initiating or discontinuing antidiabetic agents.

              • insulin glulisine

                metformin, insulin glulisine. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Antidiabetic agents are often used in combination; dosage adjustments may be required when initiating or discontinuing antidiabetic agents.

                sitagliptin, insulin glulisine. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Antidiabetic agents are often used in combination; dosage adjustments may be required when initiating or discontinuing antidiabetic agents.

              • insulin inhaled

                sitagliptin, insulin inhaled. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Antidiabetic agents are often used in combination; dosage adjustments may be required when initiating or discontinuing antidiabetic agents.

                metformin, insulin inhaled. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Antidiabetic agents are often used in combination; dosage adjustments may be required when initiating or discontinuing antidiabetic agents.

              • insulin isophane human/insulin regular human

                sitagliptin, insulin isophane human/insulin regular human. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Antidiabetic agents are often used in combination; dosage adjustments may be required when initiating or discontinuing antidiabetic agents.

                metformin, insulin isophane human/insulin regular human. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Antidiabetic agents are often used in combination; dosage adjustments may be required when initiating or discontinuing antidiabetic agents.

              • insulin lispro

                sitagliptin, insulin lispro. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Antidiabetic agents are often used in combination; dosage adjustments may be required when initiating or discontinuing antidiabetic agents.

                metformin, insulin lispro. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Antidiabetic agents are often used in combination; dosage adjustments may be required when initiating or discontinuing antidiabetic agents.

              • insulin lispro protamine/insulin lispro

                sitagliptin, insulin lispro protamine/insulin lispro. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Antidiabetic agents are often used in combination; dosage adjustments may be required when initiating or discontinuing antidiabetic agents.

                metformin, insulin lispro protamine/insulin lispro. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Antidiabetic agents are often used in combination; dosage adjustments may be required when initiating or discontinuing antidiabetic agents.

              • insulin NPH

                sitagliptin, insulin NPH. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Antidiabetic agents are often used in combination; dosage adjustments may be required when initiating or discontinuing antidiabetic agents.

                metformin, insulin NPH. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Antidiabetic agents are often used in combination; dosage adjustments may be required when initiating or discontinuing antidiabetic agents.

              • insulin regular human

                sitagliptin, insulin regular human. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Antidiabetic agents are often used in combination; dosage adjustments may be required when initiating or discontinuing antidiabetic agents.

                metformin, insulin regular human. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Antidiabetic agents are often used in combination; dosage adjustments may be required when initiating or discontinuing antidiabetic agents.

              • iodixanol

                iodixanol increases toxicity of metformin by unspecified interaction mechanism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Administration of intravascular iodinated contrast agents in metformin-treated patients has led to rare cases of acute decrease in renal function and the occurrence of lactic acidosis. The American College of Radiology Guidelines (2018) recommend temporarily stopping metformin in patients with eGFR is <30 mL/min/1.73 m2 or who are undergoing arterial catheter studies that might result in emboli to the renal arteries. Continue to withhold metformin for 48 hr subsequent to the procedure and reinstituted only after renal function has been reevaluated and found to be normal. .

              • istradefylline

                istradefylline will increase the level or effect of sitagliptin by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor. Istradefylline 40 mg/day increased peak levels and AUC of P-gp substrates in clinical trials. Consider dose reduction of sensitive P-gp substrates.

              • ioflupane I 123

                ioflupane I 123 increases toxicity of metformin by unspecified interaction mechanism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Administration of intravascular iodinated contrast agents in metformin-treated patients has led to rare cases of acute decrease in renal function and the occurrence of lactic acidosis. The American College of Radiology Guidelines (2018) recommend temporarily stopping metformin in patients with eGFR is <30 mL/min/1.73 m2 or who are undergoing arterial catheter studies that might result in emboli to the renal arteries. Continue to withhold metformin for 48 hr subsequent to the procedure and reinstituted only after renal function has been reevaluated and found to be normal. .

              • iohexol

                iohexol increases toxicity of metformin by unspecified interaction mechanism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Administration of intravascular iodinated contrast agents in metformin-treated patients has led to rare cases of acute decrease in renal function and the occurrence of lactic acidosis. The American College of Radiology Guidelines (2018) recommend temporarily stopping metformin in patients with eGFR is <30 mL/min/1.73 m2 or who are undergoing arterial catheter studies that might result in emboli to the renal arteries. Continue to withhold metformin for 48 hr subsequent to the procedure and reinstituted only after renal function has been reevaluated and found to be normal. .

              • iopamidol

                iopamidol increases toxicity of metformin by unspecified interaction mechanism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Administration of intravascular iodinated contrast agents in metformin-treated patients has led to rare cases of acute decrease in renal function and the occurrence of lactic acidosis. The American College of Radiology Guidelines (2018) recommend temporarily stopping metformin in patients with eGFR is <30 mL/min/1.73 m2 or who are undergoing arterial catheter studies that might result in emboli to the renal arteries. Continue to withhold metformin for 48 hr subsequent to the procedure and reinstituted only after renal function has been reevaluated and found to be normal. .

              • iopromide

                iopromide increases toxicity of metformin by unspecified interaction mechanism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Administration of intravascular iodinated contrast agents in metformin-treated patients has led to rare cases of acute decrease in renal function and the occurrence of lactic acidosis. The American College of Radiology Guidelines (2018) recommend temporarily stopping metformin in patients with eGFR is <30 mL/min/1.73 m2 or who are undergoing arterial catheter studies that might result in emboli to the renal arteries. Continue to withhold metformin for 48 hr subsequent to the procedure and reinstituted only after renal function has been reevaluated and found to be normal. .

              • ioversol

                ioversol increases toxicity of metformin by unspecified interaction mechanism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Administration of intravascular iodinated contrast agents in metformin-treated patients has led to rare cases of acute decrease in renal function and the occurrence of lactic acidosis. The American College of Radiology Guidelines (2018) recommend temporarily stopping metformin in patients with eGFR is <30 mL/min/1.73 m2 or who are undergoing arterial catheter studies that might result in emboli to the renal arteries. Continue to withhold metformin for 48 hr subsequent to the procedure and reinstituted only after renal function has been reevaluated and found to be normal. .

              • ioxilan

                ioxilan increases toxicity of metformin by unspecified interaction mechanism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Administration of intravascular iodinated contrast agents in metformin-treated patients has led to rare cases of acute decrease in renal function and the occurrence of lactic acidosis. The American College of Radiology Guidelines (2018) recommend temporarily stopping metformin in patients with eGFR is <30 mL/min/1.73 m2 or who are undergoing arterial catheter studies that might result in emboli to the renal arteries. Continue to withhold metformin for 48 hr subsequent to the procedure and reinstituted only after renal function has been reevaluated and found to be normal. .

              • isocarboxazid

                isocarboxazid will increase the level or effect of metformin by unspecified interaction mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • isoniazid

                isoniazid decreases effects of metformin by unspecified interaction mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor. Patient should be closely observed for loss of blood glucose control; when drugs are withdrawn from a patient receiving metformin, patient should be observed closely for hypoglycemia.

              • isradipine

                isradipine decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Patient should be closely observed for loss of blood glucose control; when drugs are withdrawn from a patient receiving metformin, patient should be observed closely for hypoglycemia.

              • ivacaftor

                ivacaftor increases levels of sitagliptin by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor. Ivacaftor and its M1 metabolite has the potential to inhibit P-gp; may significantly increase systemic exposure to sensitive P-gp substrates with a narrow therapeutic index.

              • ketotifen, ophthalmic

                ketotifen, ophthalmic, sitagliptin. Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Combination may result in thrombocytopenia (rare). Monitor CBC.

                ketotifen, ophthalmic, metformin. Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Combination may result in thrombocytopenia (rare). Monitor CBC.

              • lanreotide

                lanreotide decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • levofloxacin

                levofloxacin increases effects of sitagliptin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Quinolone antibiotic administration may result in hyper- or hypoglycemia. Gatifloxacin is most likely to produce dysglycemia; moxifloxacin is least likely.

              • leuprolide

                leuprolide decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • levofloxacin

                levofloxacin increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Quinolone antibiotic administration may result in hyper- or hypoglycemia. Gatifloxacin is most likely to produce dysglycemia; moxifloxacin is least likely.

              • levonorgestrel intrauterine

                levonorgestrel intrauterine decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • levonorgestrel oral

                levonorgestrel oral decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • levothyroxine

                levothyroxine decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Patient should be closely observed for loss of blood glucose control; when drugs are withdrawn from a patient receiving metformin, patient should be observed closely for hypoglycemia.

              • linezolid

                linezolid will increase the level or effect of metformin by unspecified interaction mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • liothyronine

                liothyronine decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Patient should be closely observed for loss of blood glucose control; when drugs are withdrawn from a patient receiving metformin, patient should be observed closely for hypoglycemia.

              • liotrix

                liotrix decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Patient should be closely observed for loss of blood glucose control; when drugs are withdrawn from a patient receiving metformin, patient should be observed closely for hypoglycemia.

              • liraglutide

                liraglutide, metformin. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Concurrent use may increase risk of hypoglycemia; monitor glucose levels.

                liraglutide, sitagliptin. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Concurrent use may increase risk of hypoglycemia; monitor glucose levels.

              • lisinopril

                lisinopril increases toxicity of metformin by unspecified interaction mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor. Increases risk for hypoglycemia and lactic acidosis.

              • lomitapide

                lomitapide increases levels of sitagliptin by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Consider reducing dose when used concomitantly with lomitapide.

              • lithium

                metformin decreases levels of lithium by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: SGLT2 inhibitors with lithium may decrease serum lithium concentrations; monitor serum lithium concentration more frequently during therapy initiation and dosage changes.

              • lonafarnib

                lonafarnib will increase the level or effect of sitagliptin by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Lonafarnib is a weak P-gp inhibitor. Monitor for adverse reactions if coadministered with P-gp substrates where minimal concentration changes may lead to serious or life-threatening toxicities. Reduce P-gp substrate dose if needed.

              • lonapegsomatropin

                lonapegsomatropin decreases effects of sitagliptin by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Closely monitor blood glucose when treated with antidiabetic agents. Lonapegsomatropin may decrease insulin sensitivity, particularly at higher doses. Patients with diabetes mellitus may require adjustment of their doses of insulin and/or other antihyperglycemic agents.

                lonapegsomatropin decreases effects of metformin by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Closely monitor blood glucose when treated with antidiabetic agents. Lonapegsomatropin may decrease insulin sensitivity, particularly at higher doses. Patients with diabetes mellitus may require adjustment of their doses of insulin and/or other antihyperglycemic agents.

              • lopinavir

                lopinavir decreases effects of metformin by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Reports of hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance with protease inhibitors. .

                lopinavir decreases effects of sitagliptin by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Reports of hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance with protease inhibitors. .

              • lurasidone

                lurasidone, metformin. Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with hyperglycemia that may alter blood glucose control; monitor glucose levels closely.

                lurasidone, sitagliptin. Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with hyperglycemia that may alter blood glucose control; monitor glucose levels closely.

              • marijuana

                marijuana decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

                marijuana decreases effects of sitagliptin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • mecasermin

                mecasermin increases effects of sitagliptin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Additive hypoglycemic effects.

                mecasermin increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Additive hypoglycemic effects.

              • medroxyprogesterone

                medroxyprogesterone decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • mifepristone

                mifepristone will increase the level or effect of sitagliptin by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Inhibits CYP2C8/2C9; use smallest recommended doses for substrates and monitor

              • methamphetamine

                methamphetamine decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Patient should be closely observed for loss of blood glucose control; when drugs are withdrawn from a patient receiving metformin, patient should be observed closely for hypoglycemia.

              • methazolamide

                methazolamide increases toxicity of metformin by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Decreases serum bicarbonate and induce non-anion gap, hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis.

              • moexipril

                moexipril increases toxicity of metformin by unspecified interaction mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor. Increases risk for hypoglycemia and lactic acidosis.

              • moxifloxacin

                moxifloxacin increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Quinolone antibiotic administration may result in hyper- or hypoglycemia. Gatifloxacin is most likely to produce dysglycemia; moxifloxacin is least likely.

                moxifloxacin increases effects of sitagliptin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Quinolone antibiotic administration may result in hyper- or hypoglycemia. Gatifloxacin is most likely to produce dysglycemia; moxifloxacin is least likely.

              • nelfinavir

                nelfinavir decreases effects of sitagliptin by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Reports of hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance with protease inhibitors. .

                nelfinavir decreases effects of metformin by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Reports of hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance with protease inhibitors. .

              • niacin

                niacin decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Patient should be closely observed for loss of blood glucose control; when drugs are withdrawn from a patient receiving metformin, patient should be observed closely for hypoglycemia.

              • ofloxacin

                ofloxacin increases effects of sitagliptin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Quinolone antibiotic administration may result in hyper- or hypoglycemia. Gatifloxacin is most likely to produce dysglycemia; moxifloxacin is least likely.

              • nicardipine

                nicardipine decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Patient should be closely observed for loss of blood glucose control; when drugs are withdrawn from a patient receiving metformin, patient should be observed closely for hypoglycemia.

              • nifedipine

                nifedipine decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Patient should be closely observed for loss of blood glucose control; when drugs are withdrawn from a patient receiving metformin, patient should be observed closely for hypoglycemia.

              • nilotinib

                nilotinib decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • nimodipine

                nimodipine decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Patient should be closely observed for loss of blood glucose control; when drugs are withdrawn from a patient receiving metformin, patient should be observed closely for hypoglycemia.

              • nisoldipine

                nisoldipine decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Patient should be closely observed for loss of blood glucose control; when drugs are withdrawn from a patient receiving metformin, patient should be observed closely for hypoglycemia.

              • nizatidine

                nizatidine will increase the level or effect of metformin by decreasing renal clearance. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

              • norelgestromin

                norelgestromin decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • norethindrone

                norethindrone decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • norgestimate

                norgestimate decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • octreotide

                octreotide decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • ofloxacin

                ofloxacin increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Quinolone antibiotic administration may result in hyper- or hypoglycemia. Gatifloxacin is most likely to produce dysglycemia; moxifloxacin is least likely.

              • olanzapine

                olanzapine, sitagliptin. Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with hyperglycemia that may alter blood glucose control; monitor glucose levels closely.

                olanzapine, metformin. Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with hyperglycemia that may alter blood glucose control; monitor glucose levels closely.

              • omacetaxine

                omacetaxine decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • opuntia ficus indica

                opuntia ficus indica increases effects of sitagliptin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir & dasabuvir (DSC)

                ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir & dasabuvir (DSC) increases toxicity of metformin by unspecified interaction mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor. Monitor for signs of onset of lactic acidosis such as respiratory distress, somnolence, and non-specific abdominal distress or worsening renal function; concomitant metformin use in patients with renal insufficiency or hepatic impairment not recommended.

              • ondansetron

                ondansetron increases levels of metformin by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Ondansetron inhibition of transporters (MATE or OCTs), which are responsible for active renal secretion of metformin may play a role.

              • opuntia ficus indica

                opuntia ficus indica increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • paliperidone

                paliperidone, sitagliptin. Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with hyperglycemia that may alter blood glucose control; monitor glucose levels closely.

                paliperidone, metformin. Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with hyperglycemia that may alter blood glucose control; monitor glucose levels closely.

              • paroxetine

                paroxetine increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • ponatinib

                ponatinib increases levels of sitagliptin by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • pasireotide

                pasireotide decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • patiromer

                patiromer will decrease the level or effect of metformin by drug binding in GI tract. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Separate administration by at least 3 hr from patiromer

              • pentamidine

                pentamidine decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • perindopril

                perindopril increases toxicity of metformin by unspecified interaction mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor. Increases risk for hypoglycemia and lactic acidosis.

              • perphenazine

                perphenazine decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Patient should be closely observed for loss of blood glucose control; when drugs are withdrawn from a patient receiving metformin, patient should be observed closely for hypoglycemia.

              • phendimetrazine

                phendimetrazine decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Patient should be closely observed for loss of blood glucose control; when drugs are withdrawn from a patient receiving metformin, patient should be observed closely for hypoglycemia.

              • phenelzine

                phenelzine will increase the level or effect of metformin by unspecified interaction mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • phentermine

                phentermine decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Patient should be closely observed for loss of blood glucose control; when drugs are withdrawn from a patient receiving metformin, patient should be observed closely for hypoglycemia.

              • phenytoin

                phenytoin decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Patient should be closely observed for loss of blood glucose control; when drugs are withdrawn from a patient receiving metformin, patient should be observed closely for hypoglycemia.

              • procainamide

                metformin will increase the level or effect of procainamide by basic (cationic) drug competition for renal tubular clearance. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • procarbazine

                procarbazine will increase the level or effect of metformin by unspecified interaction mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • prochlorperazine

                prochlorperazine decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Patient should be closely observed for loss of blood glucose control; when drugs are withdrawn from a patient receiving metformin, patient should be observed closely for hypoglycemia.

              • progesterone intravaginal gel

                progesterone intravaginal gel decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • progesterone micronized

                progesterone micronized decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • progesterone, natural

                progesterone, natural decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • promethazine

                promethazine decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Patient should be closely observed for loss of blood glucose control; when drugs are withdrawn from a patient receiving metformin, patient should be observed closely for hypoglycemia.

              • quetiapine

                quetiapine, sitagliptin. Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with hyperglycemia that may alter blood glucose control; monitor glucose levels closely.

                quetiapine, metformin. Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with hyperglycemia that may alter blood glucose control; monitor glucose levels closely.

              • quinapril

                quinapril increases toxicity of metformin by unspecified interaction mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor. Increases risk for hypoglycemia and lactic acidosis.

              • risperidone

                risperidone, sitagliptin. Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with hyperglycemia that may alter blood glucose control; monitor glucose levels closely.

              • quinidine

                quinidine will increase the level or effect of metformin by basic (cationic) drug competition for renal tubular clearance. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • ramipril

                ramipril increases toxicity of metformin by unspecified interaction mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor. Increases risk for hypoglycemia and lactic acidosis.

              • rasagiline

                rasagiline will increase the level or effect of metformin by unspecified interaction mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • risperidone

                risperidone, metformin. Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with hyperglycemia that may alter blood glucose control; monitor glucose levels closely.

              • ritonavir

                ritonavir decreases effects of metformin by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Reports of hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance with protease inhibitors. .

                ritonavir decreases effects of sitagliptin by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Reports of hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance with protease inhibitors. .

              • saquinavir

                saquinavir decreases effects of sitagliptin by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Reports of hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance with protease inhibitors. .

                saquinavir decreases effects of metformin by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Reports of hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance with protease inhibitors. .

              • sarecycline

                sarecycline will increase the level or effect of sitagliptin by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor. Monitor for toxicities of P-gp substrates that may require dosage reduction when coadministered with P-gp inhibitors.

              • sertraline

                sertraline increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • shark cartilage

                shark cartilage increases effects of sitagliptin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Theoretical interaction.

                shark cartilage increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Theoretical interaction.

              • sirolimus

                sirolimus decreases levels of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • somapacitan

                somapacitan decreases effects of sitagliptin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Growth hormone products may decrease insulin sensitivity, particularly at higher doses. Antidiabetic agents may require dose adjustment after initiating somapacitan. .

              • somapacitan

                somapacitan decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Growth hormone products may decrease insulin sensitivity, particularly at higher doses. Antidiabetic agents may require dose adjustment after initiating somapacitan. .

              • somatropin

                somatropin decreases levels of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • stiripentol

                stiripentol will increase the level or effect of sitagliptin by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Consider reducing the dose of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrates, if adverse reactions are experienced when administered concomitantly with stiripentol.

              • sulfamethoxypyridazine

                sulfamethoxypyridazine increases effects of sitagliptin by unspecified interaction mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor. Risk of hypoglycemia.

                sulfamethoxypyridazine increases effects of metformin by unspecified interaction mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor. Risk of hypoglycemia.

              • tacrolimus

                tacrolimus decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • tenofovir DF

                tenofovir DF, sitagliptin. Either increases levels of the other by decreasing renal clearance. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • temsirolimus

                temsirolimus decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • tenofovir DF

                tenofovir DF increases levels of metformin by decreasing renal clearance. Use Caution/Monitor. Increased risk of lactic acidosis.

              • teriflunomide

                teriflunomide increases levels of sitagliptin by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Teriflunomide inhibits CYP2C8; caution when coadministered with CYP2C8 substrates.

              • thioridazine

                thioridazine decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Patient should be closely observed for loss of blood glucose control; when drugs are withdrawn from a patient receiving metformin, patient should be observed closely for hypoglycemia.

              • thyroid desiccated

                thyroid desiccated decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Patient should be closely observed for loss of blood glucose control; when drugs are withdrawn from a patient receiving metformin, patient should be observed closely for hypoglycemia.

              • tibolone

                tibolone decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • tipranavir

                tipranavir decreases effects of metformin by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Reports of hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance with protease inhibitors. .

                tipranavir decreases effects of sitagliptin by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Reports of hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance with protease inhibitors. .

              • topiramate

                topiramate increases toxicity of metformin by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Decreases serum bicarbonate and induce non-anion gap, hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis.

              • triamcinolone acetonide injectable suspension

                triamcinolone acetonide injectable suspension decreases effects of sitagliptin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Corticosteroids may diminish hypoglycemic effect of antidiabetic agents. Monitor blood glucose levels carefully.

              • torsemide

                torsemide decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • trandolapril

                trandolapril increases toxicity of metformin by unspecified interaction mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor. Increases risk for hypoglycemia and lactic acidosis.

              • triamcinolone acetonide injectable suspension

                triamcinolone acetonide injectable suspension decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Corticosteroids may diminish hypoglycemic effect of antidiabetic agents. Monitor blood glucose levels carefully.

              • trifluoperazine

                trifluoperazine decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Patient should be closely observed for loss of blood glucose control; when drugs are withdrawn from a patient receiving metformin, patient should be observed closely for hypoglycemia.

              • trimethoprim

                trimethoprim increases levels of metformin by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Trimethoprim may inhibit active renal tubular secretion of metformin (eg, via OCT2, MATE1); dose adjustments may be necessary.

              • triptorelin

                triptorelin decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • trospium chloride

                metformin will decrease the level or effect of trospium chloride by increasing renal clearance. Use Caution/Monitor. Coadministration reduced steady state trospium systemic exposure (decreased AUC and Cmax) by competing for renal tubular secretion

              • tucatinib

                tucatinib will increase the level or effect of sitagliptin by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor. Consider reducing the dosage of P-gp substrates, where minimal concentration changes may lead to serious or life-threatening toxicities.

              • vandetanib

                vandetanib increases levels of metformin by Other (see comment). Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Comment: Vandetanib inhibits the uptake of substrates of organic cation transporter type 2 (OCT2).

              • vemurafenib

                vemurafenib increases levels of sitagliptin by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • verapamil

                verapamil decreases effects of metformin by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Verapamil may inhibit hepatic uptake of metformin by OCT1 and/or other transporters.

              • vilazodone

                vilazodone increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • vorinostat

                vorinostat decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • vortioxetine

                vortioxetine increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • xipamide

                xipamide decreases levels of sitagliptin by increasing renal clearance. Use Caution/Monitor.

                xipamide decreases levels of metformin by increasing renal clearance. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • ziprasidone

                ziprasidone, sitagliptin. Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with hyperglycemia that may alter blood glucose control; monitor glucose levels closely.

                ziprasidone, metformin. Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with hyperglycemia that may alter blood glucose control; monitor glucose levels closely.

              • zonisamide

                zonisamide increases toxicity of metformin by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Decreases serum bicarbonate and induce non-anion gap, hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis.

              Minor (102)

              • agrimony

                agrimony increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

                agrimony increases effects of sitagliptin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • American ginseng

                American ginseng increases effects of sitagliptin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

                American ginseng increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • amitriptyline

                amitriptyline increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

                amitriptyline increases effects of sitagliptin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • amoxapine

                amoxapine increases effects of sitagliptin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

                amoxapine increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • anamu

                anamu increases effects of sitagliptin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Theoretical interaction.

                anamu increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Theoretical interaction.

              • bendroflumethiazide

                bendroflumethiazide decreases effects of sitagliptin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Thiazide dosage >50 mg/day may increase blood glucose.

                bendroflumethiazide decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Thiazide dosage >50 mg/day may increase blood glucose.

              • budesonide

                budesonide decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

                budesonide decreases effects of sitagliptin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • chlorothiazide

                chlorothiazide decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Thiazide dosage >50 mg/day may increase blood glucose.

                chlorothiazide decreases effects of sitagliptin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Thiazide dosage >50 mg/day may increase blood glucose.

              • chlorpropamide

                sitagliptin, chlorpropamide. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Risk of hypoglycemia with combination is unknown.

              • chlorthalidone

                chlorthalidone decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Thiazide dosage >50 mg/day may increase blood glucose.

              • chlorthalidone

                chlorthalidone decreases effects of sitagliptin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Thiazide dosage >50 mg/day may increase blood glucose.

              • chromium

                chromium increases effects of sitagliptin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

                chromium increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • clomipramine

                clomipramine increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

                clomipramine increases effects of sitagliptin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • clonidine

                clonidine, sitagliptin. Other (see comment). Minor/Significance Unknown. Comment: Decreased symptoms of hypoglycemia. Mechanism: decreased hypoglycemia induced catecholamine production.

                clonidine decreases effects of sitagliptin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Diminished symptoms of hypoglycemia.

                clonidine decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Diminished symptoms of hypoglycemia.

                clonidine, metformin. Other (see comment). Minor/Significance Unknown. Comment: Decreased symptoms of hypoglycemia. Mechanism: decreased hypoglycemia induced catecholamine production.

              • cornsilk

                cornsilk increases effects of sitagliptin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Increased risk of hypoglycemia (theoretical interaction).

                cornsilk increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Increased risk of hypoglycemia (theoretical interaction).

              • cortisone

                cortisone decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

                cortisone decreases effects of sitagliptin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • cyanocobalamin

                metformin decreases levels of cyanocobalamin by unspecified interaction mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown. It may take several years of metformin therapy to develop vitamin B12 deficiency.

              • cyclopenthiazide

                cyclopenthiazide decreases effects of sitagliptin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Thiazide dosage >50 mg/day may increase blood glucose.

              • cyclopenthiazide

                cyclopenthiazide decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Thiazide dosage >50 mg/day may increase blood glucose.

              • damiana

                damiana decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Theoretical interaction.

                damiana decreases effects of sitagliptin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Theoretical interaction.

              • danazol

                danazol increases effects of sitagliptin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

                danazol increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • deflazacort

                deflazacort decreases effects of sitagliptin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

                deflazacort decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • desipramine

                desipramine increases effects of sitagliptin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

                desipramine increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • devil's claw

                devil's claw increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

                devil's claw increases effects of sitagliptin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • dexamethasone

                dexamethasone decreases effects of sitagliptin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

                dexamethasone decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • digoxin

                sitagliptin increases levels of digoxin by unspecified interaction mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • diltiazem

                diltiazem will increase the level or effect of metformin by basic (cationic) drug competition for renal tubular clearance. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • doxepin

                doxepin increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

                doxepin increases effects of sitagliptin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • elderberry

                elderberry increases effects of sitagliptin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Increased risk of hypoglycemia (in vitro research).

                elderberry increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Increased risk of hypoglycemia (in vitro research).

              • eucalyptus

                eucalyptus increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Theoretical interaction.

                eucalyptus increases effects of sitagliptin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Theoretical interaction.

              • famotidine

                famotidine increases levels of metformin by decreasing renal clearance. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • fludrocortisone

                fludrocortisone decreases effects of sitagliptin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • fludrocortisone

                fludrocortisone decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • fluoxymesterone

                fluoxymesterone increases effects of sitagliptin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

                fluoxymesterone increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • fo-ti

                fo-ti increases effects of sitagliptin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

                fo-ti increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • folic acid

                metformin decreases levels of folic acid by unspecified interaction mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • forskolin

                forskolin increases effects of sitagliptin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Colenol, a compound found in Coleus root, may stimulate insulin release.

              • forskolin

                forskolin increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Colenol, a compound found in Coleus root, may stimulate insulin release.

              • furosemide

                metformin decreases levels of furosemide by unspecified interaction mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

                furosemide increases levels of metformin by unspecified interaction mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Patient should be closely observed for loss of blood glucose control; when drugs are withdrawn from a patient receiving metformin, patient should be observed closely for hypoglycemia.

              • glimepiride

                sitagliptin, glimepiride. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Risk of hypoglycemia with combination is unknown.

              • glipizide

                sitagliptin, glipizide. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Risk of hypoglycemia with combination is unknown.

              • glyburide

                sitagliptin, glyburide. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Risk of hypoglycemia with combination is unknown.

              • gotu kola

                gotu kola increases effects of sitagliptin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. (Theoretical interaction).

                gotu kola increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. (Theoretical interaction).

              • guanfacine

                guanfacine, metformin. Other (see comment). Minor/Significance Unknown. Comment: Decreased symptoms of hypoglycemia. Mechanism: decreased hypoglycemia induced catecholamine production.

                guanfacine decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Diminished symptoms of hypoglycemia.

                guanfacine, sitagliptin. Other (see comment). Minor/Significance Unknown. Comment: Decreased symptoms of hypoglycemia. Mechanism: decreased hypoglycemia induced catecholamine production.

                guanfacine decreases effects of sitagliptin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Diminished symptoms of hypoglycemia.

              • gymnema

                gymnema increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

                gymnema increases effects of sitagliptin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • horse chestnut seed

                horse chestnut seed increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

                horse chestnut seed increases effects of sitagliptin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • hydrochlorothiazide

                hydrochlorothiazide will increase the level or effect of metformin by basic (cationic) drug competition for renal tubular clearance. Minor/Significance Unknown.

                hydrochlorothiazide decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Thiazide dosage >50 mg/day may increase blood glucose.

                hydrochlorothiazide decreases effects of sitagliptin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Thiazide dosage >50 mg/day may increase blood glucose.

              • hydrocortisone

                hydrocortisone decreases effects of sitagliptin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

                hydrocortisone decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • ibuprofen/famotidine

                ibuprofen/famotidine increases levels of metformin by decreasing renal clearance. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • imipramine

                imipramine increases effects of sitagliptin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • imipramine

                imipramine increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • indapamide

                indapamide decreases effects of sitagliptin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Thiazide dosage >50 mg/day may increase blood glucose.

                indapamide decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Thiazide dosage >50 mg/day may increase blood glucose.

              • isoniazid

                isoniazid decreases effects of sitagliptin by unspecified interaction mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • L-methylfolate

                metformin decreases levels of L-methylfolate by unspecified interaction mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • juniper

                juniper increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Increased risk of hypoglycemia (theoretical interaction).

              • juniper

                juniper increases effects of sitagliptin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Increased risk of hypoglycemia (theoretical interaction).

              • lofepramine

                lofepramine increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

                lofepramine increases effects of sitagliptin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • lycopus

                lycopus increases effects of sitagliptin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Increased risk of hypoglycemia (theoretical interaction).

                lycopus increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Increased risk of hypoglycemia (theoretical interaction).

              • maitake

                maitake increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Increased risk of hypoglycemia (animal research).

                maitake increases effects of sitagliptin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Increased risk of hypoglycemia (animal research).

              • maprotiline

                maprotiline increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

                maprotiline increases effects of sitagliptin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • memantine

                memantine will increase the level or effect of metformin by basic (cationic) drug competition for renal tubular clearance. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • mesterolone

                mesterolone increases effects of sitagliptin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • mesterolone

                mesterolone increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • methyclothiazide

                methyclothiazide decreases effects of sitagliptin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Thiazide dosage >50 mg/day may increase blood glucose.

                methyclothiazide decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Thiazide dosage >50 mg/day may increase blood glucose.

                methyclothiazide will increase the level or effect of metformin by basic (cationic) drug competition for renal tubular clearance. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • methylprednisolone

                methylprednisolone decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

                methylprednisolone decreases effects of sitagliptin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • methyltestosterone

                methyltestosterone increases effects of sitagliptin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

                methyltestosterone increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • metolazone

                metolazone decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Thiazide dosage >50 mg/day may increase blood glucose.

                metolazone decreases effects of sitagliptin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Thiazide dosage >50 mg/day may increase blood glucose.

              • midodrine

                metformin will increase the level or effect of midodrine by basic (cationic) drug competition for renal tubular clearance. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • nettle

                nettle increases effects of sitagliptin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. (Theoretical interaction).

              • nettle

                nettle increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. (Theoretical interaction).

              • nifedipine

                nifedipine increases levels of metformin by enhancing GI absorption. Applies only to oral form of both agents. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • nortriptyline

                nortriptyline increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

                nortriptyline increases effects of sitagliptin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • ofloxacin

                metformin will increase the level or effect of ofloxacin by basic (cationic) drug competition for renal tubular clearance. Minor/Significance Unknown.

                ofloxacin, sitagliptin. Mechanism: unspecified interaction mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Potential dysglycemia.

                ofloxacin, metformin. Mechanism: unspecified interaction mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Potential dysglycemia.

              • oxandrolone

                oxandrolone increases effects of sitagliptin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

                oxandrolone increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • oxymetholone

                oxymetholone increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

                oxymetholone increases effects of sitagliptin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • pegvisomant

                pegvisomant increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

                pegvisomant increases effects of sitagliptin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • potassium acid phosphate

                potassium acid phosphate increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Interaction especially seen in the treatment of hypokalemia.

                potassium acid phosphate increases effects of sitagliptin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Interaction especially seen in the treatment of hypokalemia.

              • potassium chloride

                potassium chloride increases effects of sitagliptin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Interaction especially seen in the treatment of hypokalemia.

                potassium chloride increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Interaction especially seen in the treatment of hypokalemia.

              • potassium citrate

                potassium citrate increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Interaction especially seen in the treatment of hypokalemia.

                potassium citrate increases effects of sitagliptin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Interaction especially seen in the treatment of hypokalemia.

              • prednisolone

                prednisolone decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

                prednisolone decreases effects of sitagliptin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • prednisone

                prednisone decreases effects of sitagliptin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

                prednisone decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • protriptyline

                protriptyline increases effects of sitagliptin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

                protriptyline increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • quinine

                metformin will increase the level or effect of quinine by basic (cationic) drug competition for renal tubular clearance. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • sage

                sage increases effects of sitagliptin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • sage

                sage increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • stevia

                stevia increases effects of sitagliptin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

                stevia increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • sulfamethoxazole

                sulfamethoxazole will increase the level or effect of metformin by basic (cationic) drug competition for renal tubular clearance. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • testosterone

                testosterone increases effects of sitagliptin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • testosterone

                testosterone increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • testosterone buccal system

                testosterone buccal system increases effects of sitagliptin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

                testosterone buccal system increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • testosterone topical

                testosterone topical increases effects of sitagliptin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

                testosterone topical increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • tolazamide

                sitagliptin, tolazamide. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Risk of hypoglycemia with combination is unknown.

              • tongkat ali

                tongkat ali increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Risk of hypoglycemia.

              • tolbutamide

                sitagliptin, tolbutamide. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Risk of hypoglycemia with combination is unknown.

              • tongkat ali

                tongkat ali increases effects of sitagliptin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Risk of hypoglycemia.

              • trazodone

                trazodone increases effects of sitagliptin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

                trazodone increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • triamterene

                metformin will increase the level or effect of triamterene by basic (cationic) drug competition for renal tubular clearance. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • trimipramine

                trimipramine increases effects of sitagliptin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • trimethoprim

                metformin will increase the level or effect of trimethoprim by basic (cationic) drug competition for renal tubular clearance. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • trimipramine

                trimipramine increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • vanadium

                vanadium increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

                vanadium increases effects of sitagliptin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • verapamil

                metformin will increase the level or effect of verapamil by basic (cationic) drug competition for renal tubular clearance. Minor/Significance Unknown.

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              Adverse Effects

              1-10%

              Abdominal pain (2.2%)

              Diarrhea (2.4%)

              Hypoglycemia (2.1%)

              Nausea (1.3%)

              Vomiting (1.1%)

              Frequency Not Defined

              Exfoliative disorder of skin of scalp

              Lactic acidosis (rare)

              Postmarketing Reports

              Hypersensitivity reactions including anaphylaxis, angioedema, rash, urticaria, cutaneous vasculitis, and exfoliative skin conditions including Stevens-Johnson syndrome

              Upper respiratory tract infection

              Hepatic enzyme elevations

              Acute pancreatitis including fatal and nonfatal hemorrhagic and necrotizing pancreatitis

              Gastrointestinal: Constipation, vomiting

              Neurologic: Headache

              Rhabdomyolysis

              Worsening renal function, including acute renal failure (sometimes requiring dialysis)

              Myalgia, pain in extremity, and back pain

              Severe disabling arthralgia

              Pruritus

              Bullous pemphigoid

              Mouth ulceration; stomatitis

              Tubulointerstitial nephritis

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              Warnings

              Black Box Warnings

              Lactic acidosis

              • Postmarketing cases of metformin-associated lactic acidosis have resulted in death, hypothermia, hypotension, and resistant bradyarrhythmias
              • Onset is often subtle, accompanied only by nonspecific symptoms (eg, malaise, myalgias, respiratory distress, somnolence, abdominal pain)
              • Characterized by elevated blood lactate levels (>5 mmol/L), anion gap acidosis (without evidence of ketonuria or ketonemia), an increased lactate/pyruvate ratio, and metformin plasma levels generally >5 mcg/mL
              • Risk factors include renal impairment, concomitant use of certain drugs (eg, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors such as topiramate), age ≥65 years old, having a radiological study with contrast, surgery and other procedures, hypoxic states (eg, acute congestive heart failure), excessive alcohol intake, and hepatic impairment
              • Steps to reduce risk and manage in these high risk groups are provided in the full prescribing information
              • If metformin-associated lactic acidosis is suspected, immediately discontinue treatment and institute general supportive measures in a hospital setting; prompt hemodialysis is recommended

              Contraindications

              Serious hypersensitivity reaction (eg, anaphylaxis, angioedema) to sitagliptin/metformin, sitagliptin, or metformin

              Severe renal impairment (eGFR <30 ml/min/1.73 m2)

              Acute/chronic metabolic acidosis, including diabetic ketoacidosis

              Cautions

              Metformin-associated lactic acidosis have been reported; cases primarily occurred in patients with significant renal impairment; assess renal function before initiating, at least annually during treatment, and more frequently in high-risk patients (eg, elderly)

              Acute pancreatitis reported, including fatal and nonfatal hemorrhagic or necrotizing pancreatitis; if pancreatitis suspected, discontinue promptly

              Heart failure observed with other DPP-4 inhibitors; consider risks and benefits in patients with risk factors for heart failure; monitor for signs and symptoms; if heart failure develops, manage accordingly to standard of care and consider interrupting treatment

              Acute renal failure reported, sometimes requiring dialysis; assess renal function before initiation and periodically thereafter

              Metformin may lower vitamin B12 levels; monitor hematologic parameters annually and Serious allergic and hypersensitivity reactions (eg, anaphylaxis, angioedema, exfoliative skin conditions including Stevens-Johnson syndrome) reported; promptly stop treatment and assess for other potential causes; appropriately monitor and treat

              Severe and disabling arthralgia reported in patients taking DPP-4 inhibitors; consider as a possible cause for severe joint pain and discontinue drug if appropriate

              Bullous pemphigoid reported with DPP-4 inhibitor use, which required hospitalization; in reported cases, patients recovered with topical or systemic immunosuppressive treatment and discontinuation of DPP-4 inhibitor; advise to report any developing blisters/erosions; discontinue DPP-4 therapy and consult a dermatologist if bullous pemphigoid suspected

              Drug interaction overview

              • Sitagliptin is a P-gp and organic anion transporter-3 substrate; weak CYP3A4 and CYP2C8 substrates
              • Insulin or insulin secretagogues
                • Increased risk of hypoglycemia when concomitantly used with insulin and/or an insulin secretagogue; consider lowering dose of insulin or insulin secretagogue
              • Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
                • Consider more frequent monitoring
                • Coadministration of these drugs may increase the risk for lactic acidosis
              • Drugs that reduce metformin clearance
                • Consider benefits and risks of coadministration
                • Drugs that interfere with common renal tubular transport systems involved in the renal elimination of metformin (eg, organic cationic transporter-2 [OCT2] / multidrug and toxin extrusion [MATE] inhibitors) could increase systemic exposure to metformin and may increase the risk for lactic acidosis
              • Alcohol
                • Warn against alcohol intake during treatment
                • Alcohol potentiates the effect of metformin on lactate metabolism
              • Drugs affecting glycemic control
                • Closely monitor for loss of blood glucose control
                • When such drugs are discontinued, observe closely for hypoglycemia
                • Certain drugs (eg, thiazides, corticosteroids) tend to produce hyperglycemia and may lead to loss of glycemic control
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              Pregnancy & Lactation

              Pregnancy

              Limited available data in pregnant females are not sufficient to inform a drug-associated risk for major birth defects and miscarriage

              Metformin

              • Published studies with use during pregnancy have not reported a clear association with drug and major birth defects or miscarriage risks

              Pregnancy registry

              • Monitors pregnancy outcomes in females exposed to drug during pregnancy
              • Encourage patients to report any prenatal exposure to drug by calling 1-800-986-8999

              Animal data

              • Sitagliptin: No adverse developmental effects were observed when administered to pregnant rats and rabbits during organogenesis at oral doses up to 30x and 20x, respectively, the 100-mg clinical dose, based on AUC
              • Metformin: No adverse developmental effects were observed when administered to pregnant Sprague Dawley rats and rabbits during organogenesis at doses up to 2x and 6x, respectively, a 2000-mg clinical dose, based on BSA

              Clinical considerations

              • Poorly controlled diabetes in pregnancy increases maternal risk for diabetic ketoacidosis, preeclampsia, spontaneous abortions, preterm delivery, still birth, and delivery complications
              • Poorly controlled diabetes increases fetal risk for major birth defects, stillbirth, and macrosomia related morbidity

              Females and males of reproductive potential

              • Discuss potential for unintended pregnancy with premenopausal women as therapy with metformin may result in ovulation in some anovulatory women

              Lactation

              There is no information regarding presence of drug in human milk, its effects on breastfed infants, or on milk production

              Sitagliptin

              • Present in rat milk and therefore possibly present in human

              Metformin

              • Limited published studies report of drug presence in human milk
              • No adverse effects reported on breastfed infants exposed to metformin
              • No information available on effects of drug on milk production

              Pregnancy Categories

              A: Generally acceptable. Controlled studies in pregnant women show no evidence of fetal risk.

              B: May be acceptable. Either animal studies show no risk but human studies not available or animal studies showed minor risks and human studies done and showed no risk.

              C: Use with caution if benefits outweigh risks. Animal studies show risk and human studies not available or neither animal nor human studies done.

              D: Use in LIFE-THREATENING emergencies when no safer drug available. Positive evidence of human fetal risk.

              X: Do not use in pregnancy. Risks involved outweigh potential benefits. Safer alternatives exist.

              NA: Information not available.

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              Pharmacology

              Mechanism of Action

              Sitagliptin: Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitor, thereby increasing and prolonging incretin hormone activity which are inactivated by DPP-4 enzyme. Incretins increase insulin release and synthesis from pancreatic beta cells and reduce glucagon secretion pancreatic alpha cells

              Metformin: Biguanide; acts by decreasing endogenous hepatic glucose production, decreases intestinal absorption of glucose, and improves insulin sensitivity by increasing peripheral glucose uptake and utilization; improves glucose tolerance and lowers both basal and postprandial plasma glucose

              Absorption

              Sitagliptin

              • Mean AUC: 8.52 microM⋅hr (single oral 100-mg dose)
              • Peak plasma concentration: 950 nM (single oral 100-mg dose)
              • Peak plasma time: 1-4 hr
              • Bioavailability: ~87%

              Metformin

              • Bioavailability: ~50-60%
              • Steady-state is reached within 24-48 hr
              • Food decreases extent of and slightly delays absorption of metformin (~40% lower mean peak plasma concentration, a 25% lower AUC, and a 35-min delay in peak plasma time following a single 850-mg dose with food, compared to fasting; clinical relevance is unknown

              Distribution

              Sitagliptin

              • Vd= ~198L
              • Protein bound: 38%

              Metformin

              • Vd= ~654L
              • Protein bound: >90%

              Metabolism

              • Sitagliptin: Limited metabolism with CYP3A4 and CYP2C8
              • Metformin: No hepatic metabolism

              Elimination

              Sitagliptin

              • Renal clearance: 350 mL/min
              • Half-life, terminal: 12.4 hr
              • Excretion: Urine (87% [79% unchanged]), feces (13%)

              Metformin

              • Renal clearance: 350 mL/min
              • Half-life: ~6.2 hr (plasma); ~17.6 hr (blood)
              • Excretion: Urine (90%, by tubular secretion)
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              Administration

              Oral Administration

              Gradually escalate the dose to reduce the gastrointestinal side effects due to metformin

              Immediate-release: Administer with meals

              Extended-release: Administer with a meal preferably in the evening

              Maintain the same total daily dose of sitagliptin and metformin when changing between immediate-release and extended-release, without exceeding the maximum recommended daily dose

              Swallow whole tablet; do not split, crush, or chew

              Storage

              All formulations: Store at 20-25ºC (68-77ºF), excursions permitted to 15-30ºC (59-86ºF)

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              Images

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              Patient Handout

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              Formulary

              FormularyPatient Discounts

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              The above information is provided for general informational and educational purposes only. Individual plans may vary and formulary information changes. Contact the applicable plan provider for the most current information.

              Tier Description
              1 This drug is available at the lowest co-pay. Most commonly, these are generic drugs.
              2 This drug is available at a middle level co-pay. Most commonly, these are "preferred" (on formulary) brand drugs.
              3 This drug is available at a higher level co-pay. Most commonly, these are "non-preferred" brand drugs.
              4 This drug is available at a higher level co-pay. Most commonly, these are "non-preferred" brand drugs or specialty prescription products.
              5 This drug is available at a higher level co-pay. Most commonly, these are "non-preferred" brand drugs or specialty prescription products.
              6 This drug is available at a higher level co-pay. Most commonly, these are "non-preferred" brand drugs or specialty prescription products.
              NC NOT COVERED – Drugs that are not covered by the plan.
              Code Definition
              PA Prior Authorization
              Drugs that require prior authorization. This restriction requires that specific clinical criteria be met prior to the approval of the prescription.
              QL Quantity Limits
              Drugs that have quantity limits associated with each prescription. This restriction typically limits the quantity of the drug that will be covered.
              ST Step Therapy
              Drugs that have step therapy associated with each prescription. This restriction typically requires that certain criteria be met prior to approval for the prescription.
              OR Other Restrictions
              Drugs that have restrictions other than prior authorization, quantity limits, and step therapy associated with each prescription.
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              Medscape prescription drug monographs are based on FDA-approved labeling information, unless otherwise noted, combined with additional data derived from primary medical literature.