glipizide/metformin (Rx)

Brand and Other Names:Metaglip

Dosing & Uses

AdultPediatricGeriatric

Dosage Forms & Strengths

glipizide/metformin

tablet

  • 2.5mg/250mg
  • 2.5mg/500mg
  • 5mg/500mg

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Initial treatment: start at 2.5 mg/250 mg (glipizide/metformin) PO qDay with food

If fasting plasma glucose = 280-320 mg/dL: 2.5/500 mg PO q12hr

Titrate q2week to no more than 10/2000 mg per day in divided doses

Type 2 DM Inadequately Controlled on Sulfonylurea &/or Metformin

2nd-line treatment: Start at 2.5/500 mg or 5/500 mg PO q12hr with food

Titrate to no more than 20/2000 mg per day in divided doses

Dosage Modifications

Hepatic impairment: Avoid use

Renal impairment

  • Obtain eGFR before starting metformin
  • eGFR <30 mL/min/1.73 m²: Contraindicated
  • eGFR 30-45 mL/min/1.73 m²: Not recommended to initiate treatment
  • Monitor eGFR at least annually or more often for those at risk for renal impairment (eg, elderly)
  • If eGFR falls below 45mL/min/1.73 m² while taking metformin, risks and benefits of continuing therapy should be evaluated
  • If eGFR falls below 30 mL/min/1.73 m²: while taking metformin, discontinue the drug

Not recommended

Conservative doses reommended; do not titrate to maximum dose

Next:

Interactions

Interaction Checker

and glipizide/metformin

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              Serious - Use Alternative (9)

              • aminolevulinic acid oral

                aminolevulinic acid oral, glipizide. Either increases toxicity of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Avoid administering other phototoxic drugs with aminolevulinic acid oral for 24 hr during perioperative period.

              • aminolevulinic acid topical

                glipizide increases toxicity of aminolevulinic acid topical by pharmacodynamic synergism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Coadministration of photosensitizing drugs may enhance the phototoxic reaction to photodynamic therapy with aminolevulinic acid.

              • contrast media (iodinated)

                contrast media (iodinated) increases levels of metformin by decreasing renal clearance. Contraindicated. Acute renal failure or lactic acidosis may result. D/c metformin 48 hr before and after imaging study.

              • ethanol

                ethanol increases toxicity of metformin by Other (see comment). Contraindicated. Comment: Excessive EtOH consumption may alter glycemic control. Some sulfonylureas may produce a disulfiram like rxn; alcohol may potentiate the risk of lactic acidosis.

                ethanol, glipizide. Other (see comment). Contraindicated. Comment: Excessive EtOH consumption may alter glycemic control. Some sulfonylureas may produce a disulfiram like rxn.

              • ioversol

                ioversol increases levels of metformin by decreasing renal clearance. Contraindicated. Acute renal failure or lactic acidosis may result. D/c metformin 48 hr before and after imaging study.

              • ivosidenib

                ivosidenib will decrease the level or effect of glipizide by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2C9/10 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Avoid coadministration of sensitive CYP2C9 substrates with ivosidenib or replace with alternate therapies. If coadministration is unavoidable, monitor patients for loss of therapeutic effect of these drugs.

              • lumacaftor/ivacaftor

                lumacaftor/ivacaftor will decrease the level or effect of glipizide by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2C9/10 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Sulfonylureas are CYP2C9 substrates. Lumacaftor/ivacaftor has the potential to induce CYP2C9.

              • methyl aminolevulinate

                glipizide, methyl aminolevulinate. Either increases toxicity of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Each drug may increase the photosensitizing effect of the other.

              • methylene blue

                methylene blue will increase the level or effect of metformin by unspecified interaction mechanism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

              Monitor Closely (307)

              • aceclofenac

                aceclofenac increases effects of glipizide by unknown mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor. Risk of hypoglycemia.

              • acemetacin

                acemetacin increases effects of glipizide by unknown mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor. Risk of hypoglycemia.

              • acetazolamide

                acetazolamide increases toxicity of metformin by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Decreases serum bicarbonate and induce non-anion gap, hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis.

              • albiglutide

                albiglutide, metformin. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Concurrent use may increase risk of hypoglycemia; monitor glucose levels.

                albiglutide, glipizide. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Serious hypoglycemia may occur when insulin secretagogues and GLP-1 agonists are concurrently administered. Consider lowering the dose of insulin secretagogue to reduce the risk of hypoglycemia. .

              • alogliptin

                alogliptin, glipizide. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Coadministration of alogliptin with insulin and/or insulin secretagogues (eg, sulfonylureas, meglitinide derivatives) may increase risk for hypoglycemia; may require lower dose of insulin or insulin secretagogue .

              • amiodarone

                amiodarone will increase the level or effect of metformin by basic (cationic) drug competition for renal tubular clearance. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • alpelisib

                alpelisib will decrease the level or effect of glipizide by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2C9/10 metabolism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

              • aluminum hydroxide

                aluminum hydroxide will increase the level or effect of glipizide by increasing gastric pH. Applies only to oral form of both agents. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • amlodipine

                amlodipine decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Patient should be closely observed for loss of blood glucose control; when drugs are withdrawn from a patient receiving metformin, patient should be observed closely for hypoglycemia.

              • apalutamide

                apalutamide will decrease the level or effect of glipizide by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2C9/10 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Coadministration of apalutamide, a weak CYP2C9 inducer, with drugs that are CYP2C9 substrates can result in lower exposure to these medications. Evaluate for loss of therapeutic effect if medication must be coadministered.

              • aripiprazole

                aripiprazole, glipizide. Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with hyperglycemia that may alter blood glucose control; monitor glucose levels closely.

                aripiprazole, metformin. Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with hyperglycemia that may alter blood glucose control; monitor glucose levels closely.

              • asenapine

                asenapine, glipizide. Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with hyperglycemia that may alter blood glucose control; monitor glucose levels closely.

                asenapine, metformin. Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with hyperglycemia that may alter blood glucose control; monitor glucose levels closely.

              • aspirin

                aspirin increases effects of glipizide by unknown mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor. Risk of hypoglycemia.

              • atazanavir

                atazanavir decreases effects of metformin by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Reports of hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance with protease inhibitors. .

              • aspirin rectal

                aspirin rectal increases effects of glipizide by unknown mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor. Risk of hypoglycemia.

              • aspirin/citric acid/sodium bicarbonate

                aspirin/citric acid/sodium bicarbonate increases effects of glipizide by unknown mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor. Risk of hypoglycemia.

              • atazanavir

                atazanavir decreases effects of glipizide by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Reports of hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance with protease inhibitors. .

              • benazepril

                benazepril increases toxicity of metformin by unspecified interaction mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor. Increases risk for hypoglycemia and lactic acidosis.

                benazepril increases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Additive hypogylcemic effects.

              • benzphetamine

                benzphetamine decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Patient should be closely observed for loss of blood glucose control; when drugs are withdrawn from a patient receiving metformin, patient should be observed closely for hypoglycemia.

              • bexagliflozin

                bexagliflozin, glipizide. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Consider a lower dose of insulin secretagogue to avoid hypoglycemia when coadministered with bexagliflozin.

              • betamethasone

                betamethasone decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • bexarotene

                bexarotene increases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Based on the mechanism of action, bexarotene capsules may increase the action of insulin enhancing agents, resulting in hypoglycemia. Hypoglycemia has not been associated with bexarotene monotherapy.

              • bictegravir

                bictegravir will increase the level or effect of metformin by decreasing renal clearance. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Bictegravir inhibits organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2) and multidrug and toxin extrusion transporter 1 (MATE1) in vitro. Coadministration with OCT2 and MATE1 substrates may increase their plasma concentrations. Metformin dose reduction may be required.

              • bitter melon

                bitter melon increases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Risk of hypoglycemia.

                bitter melon increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Risk of hypoglycemia.

              • brexpiprazole

                brexpiprazole decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • calcium carbonate

                calcium carbonate will increase the level or effect of glipizide by increasing gastric pH. Applies only to oral form of both agents. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • bumetanide

                bumetanide decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • bupropion

                bupropion increases levels of metformin by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Bupropion may inhibit OCT2 mediated renal excretion of metformin.

              • canagliflozin

                glipizide, canagliflozin. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Consider a lower dose of insulin or insulin secretagogue to avoid hypoglycemia when coadministered with canagliflozin.

              • cannabidiol

                cannabidiol will increase the level or effect of glipizide by decreasing metabolism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Cannabidiol may potentially inhibit CYP2C9 activity. Consider reducing the dose when concomitantly using CYP2C9 substrates.

              • captopril

                captopril increases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Both drugs lower blood glucose. Monitor blood glucose.

                captopril increases toxicity of metformin by unspecified interaction mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor. Increases risk for hypoglycemia and lactic acidosis.

              • cariprazine

                cariprazine decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • celecoxib

                celecoxib increases effects of glipizide by unknown mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor. Risk of hypoglycemia.

              • cephalexin

                cephalexin increases toxicity of metformin by decreasing renal clearance. Use Caution/Monitor. particularly in patients who may have other risk factors for metformin toxicity. .

              • ceritinib

                ceritinib decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • chlorpromazine

                chlorpromazine decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Patient should be closely observed for loss of blood glucose control; when drugs are withdrawn from a patient receiving metformin, patient should be observed closely for hypoglycemia.

              • choline magnesium trisalicylate

                choline magnesium trisalicylate increases effects of glipizide by unknown mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor. Risk of hypoglycemia.

              • cimetidine

                cimetidine will increase the level or effect of glipizide by increasing gastric pH. Applies only to oral form of both agents. Use Caution/Monitor.

                cimetidine will increase the level or effect of metformin by basic (cationic) drug competition for renal tubular clearance. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • cinnamon

                cinnamon increases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Potential for hypoglycemia.

                cinnamon increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Potential for hypoglycemia.

              • ciprofibrate

                ciprofibrate increases effects of glipizide by plasma protein binding competition. Use Caution/Monitor. Hypoglycemia; increased risk in hypoalbuminemia.

              • ciprofloxacin

                ciprofloxacin increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Hyper and hypoglycemia have been reported in patients treated concomitantly with quinolones and antidiabetic agents. Careful monitoring of blood glucose is recommended.

              • ciprofloxacin

                ciprofloxacin increases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Hyper and hypoglycemia have been reported in patients treated concomitantly with quinolones and antidiabetic agents. Careful monitoring of blood glucose is recommended.

              • citalopram

                citalopram increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • clarithromycin

                clarithromycin increases levels of glipizide by plasma protein binding competition. Use Caution/Monitor. Risk of hypoglycemia.

              • clevidipine

                clevidipine decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Patient should be closely observed for loss of blood glucose control; when drugs are withdrawn from a patient receiving metformin, patient should be observed closely for hypoglycemia.

              • clotrimazole

                clotrimazole increases levels of glipizide by decreasing metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • clozapine

                clozapine, glipizide. Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with hyperglycemia that may alter blood glucose control; monitor glucose levels closely.

                clozapine, metformin. Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with hyperglycemia that may alter blood glucose control; monitor glucose levels closely.

              • colesevelam

                colesevelam decreases levels of glipizide by drug binding in GI tract. Use Caution/Monitor. Concomitant administration decreases glipizide absorption; however, absorption is not reduced when glipizide is administered 4 hr before colesevelam.

                colesevelam increases levels of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • conjugated estrogens

                conjugated estrogens decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • cyclosporine

                glipizide, cyclosporine. unknown mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor. Cyclosporine may decrease the effects of sulfonylureas. Sulfonylureas may increase the effects of cyclosporine.

              • corticotropin

                corticotropin decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • dabrafenib

                dabrafenib decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • dalfampridine

                metformin, dalfampridine. Either increases levels of the other by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Metformin and dalfampridine are organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2) substrates; both drugs may compete for renal tubular uptake and could potentially increase systemic exposure of either drug when administered concomitantly.

              • dapagliflozin

                glipizide, dapagliflozin. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Consider a lower dose of insulin or insulin secretagogue to avoid hypoglycemia when coadministered with dapagliflozin.

              • darunavir

                darunavir, glipizide. Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Darunavir may increase or decrease levels of glipizide. Use alternatives if available. Reports of hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance with protease inhibitors. .

                darunavir decreases effects of metformin by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Reports of hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance with protease inhibitors. .

              • desogestrel

                desogestrel decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • diclofenac

                diclofenac increases effects of glipizide by unknown mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor. Risk of hypoglycemia.

              • diatrizoate

                diatrizoate increases toxicity of metformin by unspecified interaction mechanism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Administration of intravascular iodinated contrast agents in metformin-treated patients has led to rare cases of acute decrease in renal function and the occurrence of lactic acidosis. The American College of Radiology Guidelines (2018) recommend temporarily stopping metformin in patients with eGFR is <30 mL/min/1.73 m2 or who are undergoing arterial catheter studies that might result in emboli to the renal arteries. Continue to withhold metformin for 48 hr subsequent to the procedure and reinstituted only after renal function has been reevaluated and found to be normal. .

              • diatrizoate meglumine/diatrizoate sodium

                diatrizoate meglumine/diatrizoate sodium increases toxicity of metformin by unspecified interaction mechanism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Administration of intravascular iodinated contrast agents in metformin-treated patients has led to rare cases of acute decrease in renal function and the occurrence of lactic acidosis. The American College of Radiology Guidelines (2018) recommend temporarily stopping metformin in patients with eGFR is <30 mL/min/1.73 m2 or who are undergoing arterial catheter studies that might result in emboli to the renal arteries. Continue to withhold metformin for 48 hr subsequent to the procedure and reinstituted only after renal function has been reevaluated and found to be normal. .

              • diazoxide

                diazoxide decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • dichlorphenamide

                dichlorphenamide, metformin. Either increases toxicity of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Both drugs can cause metabolic acidosis.

              • dienogest/estradiol valerate

                dienogest/estradiol valerate decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • diethylpropion

                diethylpropion decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Patient should be closely observed for loss of blood glucose control; when drugs are withdrawn from a patient receiving metformin, patient should be observed closely for hypoglycemia.

              • diflunisal

                diflunisal increases effects of glipizide by unknown mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor. Risk of hypoglycemia.

              • digoxin

                digoxin, metformin. Either increases levels of the other by basic (cationic) drug competition for renal tubular clearance. Use Caution/Monitor. Measure serum digoxin concentrations before initiating metformin. Monitor patients who take both metformin and digoxin for possible digoxin toxicity and lactic acidosis. Reduce the digoxin and/or metformin dose as necessary.

              • diltiazem

                diltiazem decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Patient should be closely observed for loss of blood glucose control; when drugs are withdrawn from a patient receiving metformin, patient should be observed closely for hypoglycemia.

              • disopyramide

                disopyramide increases effects of glipizide by unspecified interaction mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor. Risk of hypoglycemia.

              • dofetilide

                dofetilide will increase the level or effect of metformin by basic (cationic) drug competition for renal tubular clearance. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • dolutegravir

                dolutegravir will increase the level or effect of metformin by decreasing renal clearance. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Dolutegravir inhibits the renal organic cation transporter, OCT2; when used with metformin, limit total daily dose of metformin to 1,000 mg either when starting metformin or dolutegravir; when stopping dolutegravir, adjustment of metformin dose may be necessary; monitor blood glucose when initiating concomitant use and after withdrawal of dolutegravir

              • drospirenone

                drospirenone decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • dulaglutide

                dulaglutide, metformin. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Antidiabetic agents are often used in combination; dosage adjustments may be required when initiating or discontinuing antidiabetic agents.

                dulaglutide, glipizide. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Antidiabetic agents are often used in combination; dosage adjustments may be required when initiating or discontinuing antidiabetic agents.

              • elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir DF

                elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir DF decreases levels of glipizide by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2C9/10 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Elvitegravir is a moderate CYP2C9 inducer.

              • enalapril

                enalapril increases toxicity of metformin by unspecified interaction mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor. Increases risk for hypoglycemia and lactic acidosis.

              • empagliflozin

                empagliflozin, glipizide. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Consider a lower dose of insulin or insulin secretagogue to avoid hypoglycemia when coadministered with SGLT2 inhibitors.

              • enalapril

                enalapril increases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • entecavir

                entecavir, metformin. Either increases levels of the other by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Coadministration of entecavir with metformin may increase the risk of lactic acidosis.

              • erdafitinib

                metformin increases levels of erdafitinib by decreasing renal clearance. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Consider alternatives that are not OCT2 substrates or consider reducing the dose of OCT2 substrates based on tolerability.

              • ertugliflozin

                ertugliflozin, glipizide. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Consider a lower dose of insulin or insulin secretagogue to avoid hypoglycemia when coadministered with ertugliflozin.

              • escitalopram

                escitalopram increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • esomeprazole

                esomeprazole will increase the level or effect of glipizide by increasing gastric pH. Applies only to oral form of both agents. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • estradiol

                estradiol decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • estrogens conjugated synthetic

                estrogens conjugated synthetic decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • estropipate

                estropipate decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • ethacrynic acid

                ethacrynic acid decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • ethinylestradiol

                ethinylestradiol decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • ethiodized oil

                ethiodized oil increases toxicity of metformin by unspecified interaction mechanism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Administration of intravascular iodinated contrast agents in metformin-treated patients has led to rare cases of acute decrease in renal function and the occurrence of lactic acidosis. The American College of Radiology Guidelines (2018) recommend temporarily stopping metformin in patients with eGFR is <30 mL/min/1.73 m2 or who are undergoing arterial catheter studies that might result in emboli to the renal arteries. Continue to withhold metformin for 48 hr subsequent to the procedure and reinstituted only after renal function has been reevaluated and found to be normal. .

              • etodolac

                etodolac increases effects of glipizide by unknown mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor. Risk of hypoglycemia.

              • etonogestrel

                etonogestrel decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • everolimus

                everolimus decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • exenatide injectable solution

                exenatide injectable solution, glipizide. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Increased risk of hypoglycemia when exenatide is used in combination with agents that induce hypoglycemia. Consider lowering dose of sulfonylureas to reduce risk of hypoglycemia. .

                exenatide injectable solution, metformin. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Concurrent use may increase risk of hypoglycemia; monitor glucose levels.

              • exenatide injectable suspension

                exenatide injectable suspension, metformin. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Concurrent use may increase risk of hypoglycemia; monitor glucose levels.

                exenatide injectable suspension, glipizide. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Increased risk of hypoglycemia when exenatide is used in combination with agents that induce hypoglycemia. Consider lowering dose of sulfonylureas to reduce risk of hypoglycemia.

              • famotidine

                famotidine will increase the level or effect of glipizide by increasing gastric pH. Applies only to oral form of both agents. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • felodipine

                felodipine decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Patient should be closely observed for loss of blood glucose control; when drugs are withdrawn from a patient receiving metformin, patient should be observed closely for hypoglycemia.

              • fenofibrate

                fenofibrate increases effects of glipizide by plasma protein binding competition. Use Caution/Monitor. Hypoglycemia; increased risk in hypoalbuminemia.

              • fenofibrate micronized

                fenofibrate micronized increases effects of glipizide by plasma protein binding competition. Use Caution/Monitor. Hypoglycemia; increased risk in hypoalbuminemia.

              • fenofibric acid

                fenofibric acid increases effects of glipizide by plasma protein binding competition. Use Caution/Monitor. Hypoglycemia; increased risk in hypoalbuminemia.

              • fenoprofen

                fenoprofen increases effects of glipizide by unknown mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor. Risk of hypoglycemia.

              • fleroxacin

                fleroxacin increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Quinolone antibiotic administration may result in hyper- or hypoglycemia. Gatifloxacin is most likely to produce dysglycemia; moxifloxacin is least likely.

                fleroxacin increases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Quinolone antibiotic administration may result in hyper- or hypoglycemia. Gatifloxacin is most likely to produce dysglycemia; moxifloxacin is least likely.

              • fluconazole

                fluconazole increases levels of glipizide by decreasing metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • fluoxetine

                fluoxetine increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • fluoxetine

                fluoxetine increases effects of glipizide by unspecified interaction mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor. Risk of hypoglycemia.

              • fluphenazine

                fluphenazine decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Patient should be closely observed for loss of blood glucose control; when drugs are withdrawn from a patient receiving metformin, patient should be observed closely for hypoglycemia.

              • flurbiprofen

                flurbiprofen increases effects of glipizide by unknown mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor. Risk of hypoglycemia.

              • fluvoxamine

                fluvoxamine increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • fosamprenavir

                fosamprenavir, glipizide. Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Fosamprenavir may increase or decrease levels of glipizide. Use alternatives if available. Reports of hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance with protease inhibitors. .

                fosamprenavir decreases effects of metformin by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Reports of hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance with protease inhibitors. .

              • fosinopril

                fosinopril increases toxicity of metformin by unspecified interaction mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor. Increases risk for hypoglycemia and lactic acidosis.

                fosinopril increases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • fosphenytoin

                fosphenytoin decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Patient should be closely observed for loss of blood glucose control; when drugs are withdrawn from a patient receiving metformin, patient should be observed closely for hypoglycemia.

              • gemfibrozil

                gemfibrozil increases effects of glipizide by plasma protein binding competition. Use Caution/Monitor. Hypoglycemia; increased risk in hypoalbuminemia.

              • gemifloxacin

                gemifloxacin increases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Quinolone antibiotic administration may result in hyper- or hypoglycemia. Gatifloxacin is most likely to produce dysglycemia; moxifloxacin is least likely.

                gemifloxacin increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Quinolone antibiotic administration may result in hyper- or hypoglycemia. Gatifloxacin is most likely to produce dysglycemia; moxifloxacin is least likely.

              • glucagon intranasal

                glucagon intranasal decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • ibuprofen

                ibuprofen increases effects of glipizide by unknown mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor. Risk of hypoglycemia.

              • glycopyrrolate

                glycopyrrolate increases toxicity of metformin by unspecified interaction mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor. May require a dose reduction.

              • goserelin

                goserelin decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • histrelin

                histrelin decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • hydroxyprogesterone caproate (DSC)

                hydroxyprogesterone caproate (DSC) decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • ibuprofen IV

                ibuprofen IV increases effects of glipizide by unknown mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor. Risk of hypoglycemia.

              • ibuprofen/famotidine

                ibuprofen/famotidine will increase the level or effect of glipizide by increasing gastric pH. Applies only to oral form of both agents. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • iloperidone

                iloperidone, metformin. Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with hyperglycemia that may alter blood glucose control; monitor glucose levels closely.

                iloperidone, glipizide. Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with hyperglycemia that may alter blood glucose control; monitor glucose levels closely.

              • imidapril

                imidapril increases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor.

                imidapril increases toxicity of metformin by unspecified interaction mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor. Increases risk for hypoglycemia and lactic acidosis.

              • indinavir

                indinavir decreases effects of glipizide by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Reports of hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance with protease inhibitors. .

                indinavir decreases effects of metformin by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Reports of hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance with protease inhibitors. .

              • indomethacin

                indomethacin increases effects of glipizide by unknown mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor. Risk of hypoglycemia.

              • insulin aspart

                metformin, insulin aspart. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Antidiabetic agents are often used in combination; dosage adjustments may be required when initiating or discontinuing antidiabetic agents.

              • insulin aspart

                glipizide, insulin aspart. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Antidiabetic agents are often used in combination; dosage adjustments may be required when initiating or discontinuing antidiabetic agents.

              • insulin aspart protamine/insulin aspart

                glipizide, insulin aspart protamine/insulin aspart. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Antidiabetic agents are often used in combination; dosage adjustments may be required when initiating or discontinuing antidiabetic agents.

                metformin, insulin aspart protamine/insulin aspart. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Antidiabetic agents are often used in combination; dosage adjustments may be required when initiating or discontinuing antidiabetic agents.

              • insulin degludec

                metformin, insulin degludec. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Antidiabetic agents are often used in combination; dosage adjustments may be required when initiating or discontinuing antidiabetic agents.

                glipizide, insulin degludec. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Antidiabetic agents are often used in combination; dosage adjustments may be required when initiating or discontinuing antidiabetic agents.

              • insulin degludec/insulin aspart

                metformin, insulin degludec/insulin aspart. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Antidiabetic agents are often used in combination; dosage adjustments may be required when initiating or discontinuing antidiabetic agents.

                glipizide, insulin degludec/insulin aspart. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Antidiabetic agents are often used in combination; dosage adjustments may be required when initiating or discontinuing antidiabetic agents.

              • insulin detemir

                metformin, insulin detemir. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Antidiabetic agents are often used in combination; dosage adjustments may be required when initiating or discontinuing antidiabetic agents.

                glipizide, insulin detemir. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Antidiabetic agents are often used in combination; dosage adjustments may be required when initiating or discontinuing antidiabetic agents.

              • insulin glargine

                metformin, insulin glargine. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Antidiabetic agents are often used in combination; dosage adjustments may be required when initiating or discontinuing antidiabetic agents.

                glipizide, insulin glargine. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Antidiabetic agents are often used in combination; dosage adjustments may be required when initiating or discontinuing antidiabetic agents.

              • insulin glulisine

                metformin, insulin glulisine. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Antidiabetic agents are often used in combination; dosage adjustments may be required when initiating or discontinuing antidiabetic agents.

                glipizide, insulin glulisine. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Antidiabetic agents are often used in combination; dosage adjustments may be required when initiating or discontinuing antidiabetic agents.

              • insulin inhaled

                glipizide, insulin inhaled. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Antidiabetic agents are often used in combination; dosage adjustments may be required when initiating or discontinuing antidiabetic agents.

                metformin, insulin inhaled. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Antidiabetic agents are often used in combination; dosage adjustments may be required when initiating or discontinuing antidiabetic agents.

              • insulin isophane human/insulin regular human

                glipizide, insulin isophane human/insulin regular human. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Antidiabetic agents are often used in combination; dosage adjustments may be required when initiating or discontinuing antidiabetic agents.

                metformin, insulin isophane human/insulin regular human. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Antidiabetic agents are often used in combination; dosage adjustments may be required when initiating or discontinuing antidiabetic agents.

              • insulin lispro

                glipizide, insulin lispro. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Antidiabetic agents are often used in combination; dosage adjustments may be required when initiating or discontinuing antidiabetic agents.

                metformin, insulin lispro. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Antidiabetic agents are often used in combination; dosage adjustments may be required when initiating or discontinuing antidiabetic agents.

              • insulin lispro protamine/insulin lispro

                glipizide, insulin lispro protamine/insulin lispro. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Antidiabetic agents are often used in combination; dosage adjustments may be required when initiating or discontinuing antidiabetic agents.

                metformin, insulin lispro protamine/insulin lispro. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Antidiabetic agents are often used in combination; dosage adjustments may be required when initiating or discontinuing antidiabetic agents.

              • insulin NPH

                glipizide, insulin NPH. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Antidiabetic agents are often used in combination; dosage adjustments may be required when initiating or discontinuing antidiabetic agents.

                metformin, insulin NPH. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Antidiabetic agents are often used in combination; dosage adjustments may be required when initiating or discontinuing antidiabetic agents.

              • insulin regular human

                glipizide, insulin regular human. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Antidiabetic agents are often used in combination; dosage adjustments may be required when initiating or discontinuing antidiabetic agents.

                metformin, insulin regular human. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Antidiabetic agents are often used in combination; dosage adjustments may be required when initiating or discontinuing antidiabetic agents.

              • iodixanol

                iodixanol increases toxicity of metformin by unspecified interaction mechanism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Administration of intravascular iodinated contrast agents in metformin-treated patients has led to rare cases of acute decrease in renal function and the occurrence of lactic acidosis. The American College of Radiology Guidelines (2018) recommend temporarily stopping metformin in patients with eGFR is <30 mL/min/1.73 m2 or who are undergoing arterial catheter studies that might result in emboli to the renal arteries. Continue to withhold metformin for 48 hr subsequent to the procedure and reinstituted only after renal function has been reevaluated and found to be normal. .

              • isocarboxazid

                isocarboxazid increases effects of glipizide by unknown mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • ioflupane I 123

                ioflupane I 123 increases toxicity of metformin by unspecified interaction mechanism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Administration of intravascular iodinated contrast agents in metformin-treated patients has led to rare cases of acute decrease in renal function and the occurrence of lactic acidosis. The American College of Radiology Guidelines (2018) recommend temporarily stopping metformin in patients with eGFR is <30 mL/min/1.73 m2 or who are undergoing arterial catheter studies that might result in emboli to the renal arteries. Continue to withhold metformin for 48 hr subsequent to the procedure and reinstituted only after renal function has been reevaluated and found to be normal. .

              • iohexol

                iohexol increases toxicity of metformin by unspecified interaction mechanism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Administration of intravascular iodinated contrast agents in metformin-treated patients has led to rare cases of acute decrease in renal function and the occurrence of lactic acidosis. The American College of Radiology Guidelines (2018) recommend temporarily stopping metformin in patients with eGFR is <30 mL/min/1.73 m2 or who are undergoing arterial catheter studies that might result in emboli to the renal arteries. Continue to withhold metformin for 48 hr subsequent to the procedure and reinstituted only after renal function has been reevaluated and found to be normal. .

              • iopamidol

                iopamidol increases toxicity of metformin by unspecified interaction mechanism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Administration of intravascular iodinated contrast agents in metformin-treated patients has led to rare cases of acute decrease in renal function and the occurrence of lactic acidosis. The American College of Radiology Guidelines (2018) recommend temporarily stopping metformin in patients with eGFR is <30 mL/min/1.73 m2 or who are undergoing arterial catheter studies that might result in emboli to the renal arteries. Continue to withhold metformin for 48 hr subsequent to the procedure and reinstituted only after renal function has been reevaluated and found to be normal. .

              • iopromide

                iopromide increases toxicity of metformin by unspecified interaction mechanism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Administration of intravascular iodinated contrast agents in metformin-treated patients has led to rare cases of acute decrease in renal function and the occurrence of lactic acidosis. The American College of Radiology Guidelines (2018) recommend temporarily stopping metformin in patients with eGFR is <30 mL/min/1.73 m2 or who are undergoing arterial catheter studies that might result in emboli to the renal arteries. Continue to withhold metformin for 48 hr subsequent to the procedure and reinstituted only after renal function has been reevaluated and found to be normal. .

              • ioversol

                ioversol increases toxicity of metformin by unspecified interaction mechanism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Administration of intravascular iodinated contrast agents in metformin-treated patients has led to rare cases of acute decrease in renal function and the occurrence of lactic acidosis. The American College of Radiology Guidelines (2018) recommend temporarily stopping metformin in patients with eGFR is <30 mL/min/1.73 m2 or who are undergoing arterial catheter studies that might result in emboli to the renal arteries. Continue to withhold metformin for 48 hr subsequent to the procedure and reinstituted only after renal function has been reevaluated and found to be normal. .

              • ioxilan

                ioxilan increases toxicity of metformin by unspecified interaction mechanism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Administration of intravascular iodinated contrast agents in metformin-treated patients has led to rare cases of acute decrease in renal function and the occurrence of lactic acidosis. The American College of Radiology Guidelines (2018) recommend temporarily stopping metformin in patients with eGFR is <30 mL/min/1.73 m2 or who are undergoing arterial catheter studies that might result in emboli to the renal arteries. Continue to withhold metformin for 48 hr subsequent to the procedure and reinstituted only after renal function has been reevaluated and found to be normal. .

              • isocarboxazid

                isocarboxazid will increase the level or effect of metformin by unspecified interaction mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • isoniazid

                isoniazid decreases effects of metformin by unspecified interaction mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor. Patient should be closely observed for loss of blood glucose control; when drugs are withdrawn from a patient receiving metformin, patient should be observed closely for hypoglycemia.

              • isradipine

                isradipine decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Patient should be closely observed for loss of blood glucose control; when drugs are withdrawn from a patient receiving metformin, patient should be observed closely for hypoglycemia.

              • ketoconazole

                ketoconazole increases levels of glipizide by decreasing metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • ketoprofen

                ketoprofen increases effects of glipizide by unknown mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor. Risk of hypoglycemia.

              • ketorolac

                ketorolac increases effects of glipizide by unknown mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor. Risk of hypoglycemia.

              • ketorolac intranasal

                ketorolac intranasal increases effects of glipizide by unknown mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor. Risk of hypoglycemia.

              • ketotifen, ophthalmic

                ketotifen, ophthalmic, metformin. Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Combination may result in thrombocytopenia (rare). Monitor CBC.

                ketotifen, ophthalmic, glipizide. Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Combination may result in thrombocytopenia (rare). Monitor CBC.

              • lanreotide

                lanreotide decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • levofloxacin

                levofloxacin increases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Quinolone antibiotic administration may result in hyper- or hypoglycemia. Gatifloxacin is most likely to produce dysglycemia; moxifloxacin is least likely.

              • leuprolide

                leuprolide decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • levofloxacin

                levofloxacin increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Quinolone antibiotic administration may result in hyper- or hypoglycemia. Gatifloxacin is most likely to produce dysglycemia; moxifloxacin is least likely.

              • levoketoconazole

                levoketoconazole increases levels of glipizide by decreasing metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • levonorgestrel intrauterine

                levonorgestrel intrauterine decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • levonorgestrel oral

                levonorgestrel oral decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • levothyroxine

                levothyroxine decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Patient should be closely observed for loss of blood glucose control; when drugs are withdrawn from a patient receiving metformin, patient should be observed closely for hypoglycemia.

              • linagliptin

                glipizide, linagliptin. Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: When linagliptin is used in combination with sulfonylureas, a lower dose of the sulfonylurea may be required to reduce risk of hypoglycemia.

              • linezolid

                linezolid will increase the level or effect of metformin by unspecified interaction mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor.

                linezolid increases effects of glipizide by unknown mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • liothyronine

                liothyronine decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Patient should be closely observed for loss of blood glucose control; when drugs are withdrawn from a patient receiving metformin, patient should be observed closely for hypoglycemia.

              • liraglutide

                liraglutide, glipizide. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Serious hypoglycemia may occur when insulin secretagogues and GLP-1 agonists are concurrently administered. Consider lowering the dose of insulin secretagogue to reduce the risk of hypoglycemia. .

              • liotrix

                liotrix decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Patient should be closely observed for loss of blood glucose control; when drugs are withdrawn from a patient receiving metformin, patient should be observed closely for hypoglycemia.

              • liraglutide

                liraglutide, metformin. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Concurrent use may increase risk of hypoglycemia; monitor glucose levels.

              • lisinopril

                lisinopril increases toxicity of metformin by unspecified interaction mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor. Increases risk for hypoglycemia and lactic acidosis.

                lisinopril increases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • lithium

                metformin decreases levels of lithium by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: SGLT2 inhibitors with lithium may decrease serum lithium concentrations; monitor serum lithium concentration more frequently during therapy initiation and dosage changes.

              • lixisenatide (DSC)

                lixisenatide (DSC), glipizide. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Risk of hypoglycemia increased when coadministered with sulfonylureas. Sulfonylurea dosage reduction may be required.

              • lonapegsomatropin

                lonapegsomatropin decreases effects of glipizide by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Closely monitor blood glucose when treated with antidiabetic agents. Lonapegsomatropin may decrease insulin sensitivity, particularly at higher doses. Patients with diabetes mellitus may require adjustment of their doses of insulin and/or other antihyperglycemic agents.

                lonapegsomatropin decreases effects of metformin by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Closely monitor blood glucose when treated with antidiabetic agents. Lonapegsomatropin may decrease insulin sensitivity, particularly at higher doses. Patients with diabetes mellitus may require adjustment of their doses of insulin and/or other antihyperglycemic agents.

                lonapegsomatropin decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Growth hormone (GH) analogs may decrease insulin sensitivity, particularly at higher doses. Antidiabetic agents may require dose adjustment after initiating growth hormone.

                lonapegsomatropin decreases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Growth hormone (GH) analogs may decrease insulin sensitivity, particularly at higher doses. Antidiabetic agents may require dose adjustment after initiating growth hormone.

              • lopinavir

                lopinavir decreases effects of metformin by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Reports of hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance with protease inhibitors. .

                lopinavir, glipizide. Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Lopinavir may increase or decrease levels of glipizide. Reports of hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance with protease inhibitors. .

              • lornoxicam

                lornoxicam increases effects of glipizide by unknown mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor. Risk of hypoglycemia.

              • lurasidone

                lurasidone, metformin. Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with hyperglycemia that may alter blood glucose control; monitor glucose levels closely.

              • lurasidone

                lurasidone, glipizide. Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with hyperglycemia that may alter blood glucose control; monitor glucose levels closely.

              • marijuana

                marijuana decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

                marijuana decreases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • mecasermin

                mecasermin increases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Additive hypoglycemic effects.

                mecasermin increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Additive hypoglycemic effects.

              • meclofenamate

                meclofenamate increases effects of glipizide by unknown mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor. Risk of hypoglycemia.

              • medroxyprogesterone

                medroxyprogesterone decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • mefenamic acid

                mefenamic acid increases effects of glipizide by unknown mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor. Risk of hypoglycemia.

              • meloxicam

                meloxicam increases effects of glipizide by unknown mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor. Risk of hypoglycemia.

              • methamphetamine

                methamphetamine decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Patient should be closely observed for loss of blood glucose control; when drugs are withdrawn from a patient receiving metformin, patient should be observed closely for hypoglycemia.

              • methazolamide

                methazolamide increases toxicity of metformin by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Decreases serum bicarbonate and induce non-anion gap, hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis.

              • metreleptin

                glipizide, metreleptin. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Coadministration of metreleptin with insulin and/or insulin secretagogues (eg, sulfonylureas, meglitinide derivatives) may increase risk for hypoglycemia; may require lower dose of insulin or insulin secretagogue.

              • miconazole vaginal

                miconazole vaginal increases levels of glipizide by decreasing metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • mipomersen

                mipomersen, glipizide. Either increases toxicity of the other by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Both drugs have potential to increase hepatic enzymes; monitor LFTs.

              • moexipril

                moexipril increases toxicity of metformin by unspecified interaction mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor. Increases risk for hypoglycemia and lactic acidosis.

                moexipril increases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • moxifloxacin

                moxifloxacin increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Quinolone antibiotic administration may result in hyper- or hypoglycemia. Gatifloxacin is most likely to produce dysglycemia; moxifloxacin is least likely.

                moxifloxacin increases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Quinolone antibiotic administration may result in hyper- or hypoglycemia. Gatifloxacin is most likely to produce dysglycemia; moxifloxacin is least likely.

              • nabumetone

                nabumetone increases effects of glipizide by unknown mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor. Risk of hypoglycemia.

              • nelfinavir

                nelfinavir decreases effects of metformin by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Reports of hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance with protease inhibitors. .

              • nadolol

                nadolol decreases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Non selective beta blockers may also mask the symptoms of hypoglycemia.

              • naproxen

                naproxen increases effects of glipizide by unknown mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor. Risk of hypoglycemia.

              • nelfinavir

                nelfinavir decreases effects of glipizide by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Reports of hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance with protease inhibitors. .

              • niacin

                niacin decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Patient should be closely observed for loss of blood glucose control; when drugs are withdrawn from a patient receiving metformin, patient should be observed closely for hypoglycemia.

              • nicardipine

                nicardipine decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Patient should be closely observed for loss of blood glucose control; when drugs are withdrawn from a patient receiving metformin, patient should be observed closely for hypoglycemia.

              • nifedipine

                nifedipine decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Patient should be closely observed for loss of blood glucose control; when drugs are withdrawn from a patient receiving metformin, patient should be observed closely for hypoglycemia.

              • nilotinib

                nilotinib decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • nimodipine

                nimodipine decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Patient should be closely observed for loss of blood glucose control; when drugs are withdrawn from a patient receiving metformin, patient should be observed closely for hypoglycemia.

              • nisoldipine

                nisoldipine decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Patient should be closely observed for loss of blood glucose control; when drugs are withdrawn from a patient receiving metformin, patient should be observed closely for hypoglycemia.

              • nitazoxanide

                nitazoxanide, glipizide. Either increases levels of the other by Mechanism: plasma protein binding competition. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • nitisinone

                nitisinone will increase the level or effect of glipizide by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2C9/10 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Nitisinone inhibits CYP2C9. Caution if CYP2C9 substrate coadministered, particularly those with a narrow therapeutic index.

              • nizatidine

                nizatidine will increase the level or effect of metformin by decreasing renal clearance. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

              • norelgestromin

                norelgestromin decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • norethindrone

                norethindrone decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • norgestimate

                norgestimate decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • octreotide

                octreotide decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • ofloxacin

                ofloxacin increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Quinolone antibiotic administration may result in hyper- or hypoglycemia. Gatifloxacin is most likely to produce dysglycemia; moxifloxacin is least likely.

                ofloxacin increases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Quinolone antibiotic administration may result in hyper- or hypoglycemia. Gatifloxacin is most likely to produce dysglycemia; moxifloxacin is least likely.

              • olanzapine

                olanzapine, metformin. Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with hyperglycemia that may alter blood glucose control; monitor glucose levels closely.

                olanzapine, glipizide. Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with hyperglycemia that may alter blood glucose control; monitor glucose levels closely.

              • omacetaxine

                omacetaxine decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • opuntia ficus indica

                opuntia ficus indica increases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir & dasabuvir (DSC)

                ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir & dasabuvir (DSC) increases toxicity of metformin by unspecified interaction mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor. Monitor for signs of onset of lactic acidosis such as respiratory distress, somnolence, and non-specific abdominal distress or worsening renal function; concomitant metformin use in patients with renal insufficiency or hepatic impairment not recommended.

              • ondansetron

                ondansetron increases levels of metformin by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Ondansetron inhibition of transporters (MATE or OCTs), which are responsible for active renal secretion of metformin may play a role.

              • opuntia ficus indica

                opuntia ficus indica increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • ospemifene

                glipizide, ospemifene. Either increases levels of the other by plasma protein binding competition. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

              • oxaprozin

                oxaprozin increases effects of glipizide by unknown mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor. Risk of hypoglycemia.

              • paliperidone

                paliperidone, glipizide. Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with hyperglycemia that may alter blood glucose control; monitor glucose levels closely.

                paliperidone, metformin. Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with hyperglycemia that may alter blood glucose control; monitor glucose levels closely.

              • parecoxib

                parecoxib increases effects of glipizide by unknown mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor. Risk of hypoglycemia.

              • paroxetine

                paroxetine increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • pasireotide

                pasireotide decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • patiromer

                patiromer will decrease the level or effect of metformin by drug binding in GI tract. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Separate administration by at least 3 hr from patiromer

              • peginterferon alfa 2b

                peginterferon alfa 2b decreases levels of glipizide by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2C9/10 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. When patients are administered peginterferon alpha-2b with CYP2C9 substrates, the therapeutic effect of these drugs may be altered. .

              • pentamidine

                pentamidine decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • perindopril

                perindopril increases toxicity of metformin by unspecified interaction mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor. Increases risk for hypoglycemia and lactic acidosis.

                perindopril increases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • perphenazine

                perphenazine decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Patient should be closely observed for loss of blood glucose control; when drugs are withdrawn from a patient receiving metformin, patient should be observed closely for hypoglycemia.

              • phenelzine

                phenelzine increases effects of glipizide by unknown mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • phendimetrazine

                phendimetrazine decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Patient should be closely observed for loss of blood glucose control; when drugs are withdrawn from a patient receiving metformin, patient should be observed closely for hypoglycemia.

              • phenelzine

                phenelzine will increase the level or effect of metformin by unspecified interaction mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • phentermine

                phentermine decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Patient should be closely observed for loss of blood glucose control; when drugs are withdrawn from a patient receiving metformin, patient should be observed closely for hypoglycemia.

              • phenytoin

                phenytoin decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Patient should be closely observed for loss of blood glucose control; when drugs are withdrawn from a patient receiving metformin, patient should be observed closely for hypoglycemia.

              • pindolol

                pindolol decreases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Non selective beta blockers may also mask the symptoms of hypoglycemia.

              • piroxicam

                piroxicam increases effects of glipizide by unknown mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor. Risk of hypoglycemia.

              • posaconazole

                posaconazole increases levels of glipizide by decreasing metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • probenecid

                probenecid increases levels of glipizide by unspecified interaction mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor. Risk of hypoglycemia.

              • procainamide

                metformin will increase the level or effect of procainamide by basic (cationic) drug competition for renal tubular clearance. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • procarbazine

                procarbazine will increase the level or effect of metformin by unspecified interaction mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • prochlorperazine

                prochlorperazine decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Patient should be closely observed for loss of blood glucose control; when drugs are withdrawn from a patient receiving metformin, patient should be observed closely for hypoglycemia.

              • progesterone intravaginal gel

                progesterone intravaginal gel decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • progesterone micronized

                progesterone micronized decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • progesterone, natural

                progesterone, natural decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • promethazine

                promethazine decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Patient should be closely observed for loss of blood glucose control; when drugs are withdrawn from a patient receiving metformin, patient should be observed closely for hypoglycemia.

              • propranolol

                propranolol decreases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Non selective beta blockers may also mask the symptoms of hypoglycemia.

              • quetiapine

                quetiapine, metformin. Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with hyperglycemia that may alter blood glucose control; monitor glucose levels closely.

                quetiapine, glipizide. Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with hyperglycemia that may alter blood glucose control; monitor glucose levels closely.

              • quinapril

                quinapril increases toxicity of metformin by unspecified interaction mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor. Increases risk for hypoglycemia and lactic acidosis.

                quinapril increases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • quinidine

                quinidine will increase the level or effect of metformin by basic (cationic) drug competition for renal tubular clearance. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • ramipril

                ramipril increases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • ramipril

                ramipril increases toxicity of metformin by unspecified interaction mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor. Increases risk for hypoglycemia and lactic acidosis.

              • rasagiline

                rasagiline will increase the level or effect of metformin by unspecified interaction mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor.

                rasagiline increases effects of glipizide by unknown mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • rifabutin

                rifabutin decreases levels of glipizide by increasing metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • risperidone

                risperidone, metformin. Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with hyperglycemia that may alter blood glucose control; monitor glucose levels closely.

              • rifampin

                rifampin decreases levels of glipizide by increasing metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • rifapentine

                rifapentine decreases levels of glipizide by increasing metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • risperidone

                risperidone, glipizide. Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with hyperglycemia that may alter blood glucose control; monitor glucose levels closely.

              • ritonavir

                ritonavir decreases effects of metformin by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Reports of hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance with protease inhibitors. .

                ritonavir, glipizide. Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Ritonavir may increase or decrease levels of glipizide. Reports of hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance with protease inhibitors. .

              • rucaparib

                rucaparib will increase the level or effect of glipizide by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2C9/10 metabolism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Adjust dosage of CYP2C9 substrates, if clinically indicated.

              • saquinavir

                saquinavir decreases effects of metformin by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Reports of hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance with protease inhibitors. .

              • salicylates (non-asa)

                salicylates (non-asa) increases effects of glipizide by unknown mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor. Risk of hypoglycemia.

              • salsalate

                salsalate increases effects of glipizide by unknown mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor. Risk of hypoglycemia.

              • saquinavir

                saquinavir decreases effects of glipizide by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Reports of hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance with protease inhibitors. .

              • selegiline

                selegiline increases effects of glipizide by unknown mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor. Serum glucose should be monitored closely when MAOIs are added to any regimen containing antidiabetic medications. Hypoglycemic effects may be increased.

              • selegiline transdermal

                selegiline transdermal increases effects of glipizide by unknown mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • semaglutide

                semaglutide, glipizide. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Coadministration of insulin secretagogues with GLP-1 agonists may increase hypoglycemia risk. Lowering the insulin secretagogue dose may reduce hypoglycemia risk. .

              • sertraline

                sertraline increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • shark cartilage

                shark cartilage increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Theoretical interaction.

                shark cartilage increases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Theoretical interaction.

              • sirolimus

                sirolimus decreases levels of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • sodium bicarbonate

                sodium bicarbonate will increase the level or effect of glipizide by increasing gastric pH. Applies only to oral form of both agents. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • sodium citrate/citric acid

                sodium citrate/citric acid will increase the level or effect of glipizide by increasing gastric pH. Applies only to oral form of both agents. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • somapacitan

                somapacitan decreases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Growth hormone (GH) analogs may decrease insulin sensitivity, particularly at higher doses. Antidiabetic agents may require dose adjustment after initiating growth hormone.

                somapacitan decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Growth hormone (GH) analogs may decrease insulin sensitivity, particularly at higher doses. Antidiabetic agents may require dose adjustment after initiating growth hormone.

              • somatrogon

                somatrogon decreases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Growth hormone (GH) analogs may decrease insulin sensitivity, particularly at higher doses. Antidiabetic agents may require dose adjustment after initiating growth hormone.

                somatrogon decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Growth hormone (GH) analogs may decrease insulin sensitivity, particularly at higher doses. Antidiabetic agents may require dose adjustment after initiating growth hormone.

              • somatropin

                somatropin decreases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Growth hormone (GH) analogs may decrease insulin sensitivity, particularly at higher doses. Antidiabetic agents may require dose adjustment after initiating growth hormone.

                somatropin decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Growth hormone (GH) analogs may decrease insulin sensitivity, particularly at higher doses. Antidiabetic agents may require dose adjustment after initiating growth hormone.

              • sotagliflozin

                sotagliflozin increases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic synergism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Hypoglycemia risk increased. Lower dose of sulfonylurea may be required.

              • sulfamethoxypyridazine

                sulfamethoxypyridazine increases effects of metformin by unspecified interaction mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor. Risk of hypoglycemia.

              • sparsentan

                sparsentan will decrease the level or effect of glipizide by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2C9/10 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Sparsentan (a CYP2C9 inducer) decreases exposure of CYP2C9 substrates and reduces efficacy related to these substrates.

              • sulfadiazine

                sulfadiazine increases levels of glipizide by plasma protein binding competition. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • sulfamethoxazole

                sulfamethoxazole increases levels of glipizide by plasma protein binding competition. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • sulfamethoxypyridazine

                sulfamethoxypyridazine increases effects of glipizide by unspecified interaction mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor. Risk of hypoglycemia.

              • sulfasalazine

                sulfasalazine increases effects of glipizide by unknown mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor. Risk of hypoglycemia.

              • sulfisoxazole

                sulfisoxazole increases levels of glipizide by plasma protein binding competition. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • sulindac

                sulindac increases effects of glipizide by unknown mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor. Risk of hypoglycemia.

              • tacrolimus

                tacrolimus decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • temsirolimus

                temsirolimus decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • tenofovir DF

                tenofovir DF increases levels of metformin by decreasing renal clearance. Use Caution/Monitor. Increased risk of lactic acidosis.

              • thioridazine

                thioridazine decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Patient should be closely observed for loss of blood glucose control; when drugs are withdrawn from a patient receiving metformin, patient should be observed closely for hypoglycemia.

              • thyroid desiccated

                thyroid desiccated decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Patient should be closely observed for loss of blood glucose control; when drugs are withdrawn from a patient receiving metformin, patient should be observed closely for hypoglycemia.

              • tibolone

                tibolone decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • timolol

                timolol decreases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Non selective beta blockers may also mask the symptoms of hypoglycemia.

              • tipranavir

                tipranavir decreases effects of metformin by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Reports of hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance with protease inhibitors. .

                tipranavir decreases effects of glipizide by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Reports of hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance with protease inhibitors. .

              • tolfenamic acid

                tolfenamic acid increases effects of glipizide by unknown mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor. Risk of hypoglycemia.

              • topiramate

                topiramate increases toxicity of metformin by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Decreases serum bicarbonate and induce non-anion gap, hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis.

              • tolmetin

                tolmetin increases effects of glipizide by unknown mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor. Risk of hypoglycemia.

              • torsemide

                torsemide decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • trandolapril

                trandolapril increases toxicity of metformin by unspecified interaction mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor. Increases risk for hypoglycemia and lactic acidosis.

                trandolapril increases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • tranylcypromine

                tranylcypromine increases effects of glipizide by unknown mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • triamcinolone acetonide injectable suspension

                triamcinolone acetonide injectable suspension decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Corticosteroids may diminish hypoglycemic effect of antidiabetic agents. Monitor blood glucose levels carefully.

              • triamcinolone acetonide injectable suspension

                triamcinolone acetonide injectable suspension decreases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Corticosteroids may diminish hypoglycemic effect of antidiabetic agents. Monitor blood glucose levels carefully.

              • trifluoperazine

                trifluoperazine decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Patient should be closely observed for loss of blood glucose control; when drugs are withdrawn from a patient receiving metformin, patient should be observed closely for hypoglycemia.

              • trimagnesium citrate anhydrous

                trimagnesium citrate anhydrous increases levels of glipizide by enhancing GI absorption. Applies only to oral form of both agents. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • trimethoprim

                trimethoprim increases levels of metformin by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Trimethoprim may inhibit active renal tubular secretion of metformin (eg, via OCT2, MATE1); dose adjustments may be necessary.

              • triptorelin

                triptorelin decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • trospium chloride

                metformin will decrease the level or effect of trospium chloride by increasing renal clearance. Use Caution/Monitor. Coadministration reduced steady state trospium systemic exposure (decreased AUC and Cmax) by competing for renal tubular secretion

              • vandetanib

                vandetanib increases levels of metformin by Other (see comment). Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Comment: Vandetanib inhibits the uptake of substrates of organic cation transporter type 2 (OCT2).

              • verapamil

                verapamil decreases effects of metformin by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Verapamil may inhibit hepatic uptake of metformin by OCT1 and/or other transporters.

              • vilazodone

                vilazodone increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • voriconazole

                voriconazole increases levels of glipizide by decreasing metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • vorinostat

                vorinostat decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • vortioxetine

                vortioxetine increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • warfarin

                glipizide, warfarin. Either increases effects of the other by receptor binding competition. Use Caution/Monitor. Monitor for decreased vitamin K antagonist effects (eg, decreased INR, thrombosis) when combined with metformin. Additionally, consider increased monitoring for hypoglycemia with this combination. Competitive inhibition of CYP2C9-mediated metabolism may also contribute to mechanism.

              • xipamide

                xipamide decreases levels of glipizide by increasing renal clearance. Use Caution/Monitor.

                xipamide decreases levels of metformin by increasing renal clearance. Use Caution/Monitor.

              • ziprasidone

                ziprasidone, metformin. Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with hyperglycemia that may alter blood glucose control; monitor glucose levels closely.

                ziprasidone, glipizide. Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with hyperglycemia that may alter blood glucose control; monitor glucose levels closely.

              • zonisamide

                zonisamide increases toxicity of metformin by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Decreases serum bicarbonate and induce non-anion gap, hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis.

              Minor (112)

              • agrimony

                agrimony increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

                agrimony increases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • American ginseng

                American ginseng increases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

                American ginseng increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • amitriptyline

                amitriptyline increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

                amitriptyline increases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • amoxapine

                amoxapine increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

                amoxapine increases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • anamu

                anamu increases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Theoretical interaction.

                anamu increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Theoretical interaction.

              • aspirin

                aspirin increases effects of glipizide by plasma protein binding competition. Minor/Significance Unknown. Large dose of salicylate.

              • bendroflumethiazide

                bendroflumethiazide decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Thiazide dosage >50 mg/day may increase blood glucose.

              • aspirin rectal

                aspirin rectal increases effects of glipizide by plasma protein binding competition. Minor/Significance Unknown. Large dose of salicylate.

              • aspirin/citric acid/sodium bicarbonate

                aspirin/citric acid/sodium bicarbonate increases effects of glipizide by plasma protein binding competition. Minor/Significance Unknown. Large dose of salicylate.

              • balsalazide

                balsalazide increases effects of glipizide by plasma protein binding competition. Minor/Significance Unknown. Large dose of salicylate.

              • bendroflumethiazide

                bendroflumethiazide decreases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Thiazide dosage >50 mg/day may increase blood glucose.

              • budesonide

                budesonide decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

                budesonide decreases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • chloramphenicol

                chloramphenicol increases levels of glipizide by decreasing metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • chlorothiazide

                chlorothiazide decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Thiazide dosage >50 mg/day may increase blood glucose.

              • chlorothiazide

                chlorothiazide decreases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Thiazide dosage >50 mg/day may increase blood glucose.

              • chlorthalidone

                chlorthalidone decreases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Thiazide dosage >50 mg/day may increase blood glucose.

                chlorthalidone decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Thiazide dosage >50 mg/day may increase blood glucose.

              • choline magnesium trisalicylate

                choline magnesium trisalicylate increases effects of glipizide by plasma protein binding competition. Minor/Significance Unknown. Large dose of salicylate.

              • chromium

                chromium increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • chromium

                chromium increases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • clomipramine

                clomipramine increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

                clomipramine increases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • clonidine

                clonidine, glipizide. Other (see comment). Minor/Significance Unknown. Comment: Decreased symptoms of hypoglycemia. Mechanism: decreased hypoglycemia induced catecholamine production.

                clonidine decreases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Diminished symptoms of hypoglycemia.

                clonidine decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Diminished symptoms of hypoglycemia.

                clonidine, metformin. Other (see comment). Minor/Significance Unknown. Comment: Decreased symptoms of hypoglycemia. Mechanism: decreased hypoglycemia induced catecholamine production.

              • cornsilk

                cornsilk increases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Increased risk of hypoglycemia (theoretical interaction).

                cornsilk increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Increased risk of hypoglycemia (theoretical interaction).

              • cortisone

                cortisone decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

                cortisone decreases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • cyanocobalamin

                metformin decreases levels of cyanocobalamin by unspecified interaction mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown. It may take several years of metformin therapy to develop vitamin B12 deficiency.

              • cyclopenthiazide

                cyclopenthiazide decreases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Thiazide dosage >50 mg/day may increase blood glucose.

              • cyclopenthiazide

                cyclopenthiazide decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Thiazide dosage >50 mg/day may increase blood glucose.

              • damiana

                damiana decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Theoretical interaction.

                damiana decreases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Theoretical interaction.

              • danazol

                danazol increases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

                danazol increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • deflazacort

                deflazacort decreases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

                deflazacort decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • desipramine

                desipramine increases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

                desipramine increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • devil's claw

                devil's claw increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

                devil's claw increases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • dexamethasone

                dexamethasone decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

                dexamethasone decreases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • diflunisal

                diflunisal increases effects of glipizide by plasma protein binding competition. Minor/Significance Unknown. Large dose of salicylate.

              • diltiazem

                diltiazem will increase the level or effect of metformin by basic (cationic) drug competition for renal tubular clearance. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • doxepin

                doxepin increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

                doxepin increases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • elderberry

                elderberry increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Increased risk of hypoglycemia (in vitro research).

                elderberry increases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Increased risk of hypoglycemia (in vitro research).

              • eucalyptus

                eucalyptus increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Theoretical interaction.

                eucalyptus increases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Theoretical interaction.

              • famotidine

                famotidine increases levels of metformin by decreasing renal clearance. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • fludrocortisone

                fludrocortisone decreases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • fludrocortisone

                fludrocortisone decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • fluoxymesterone

                fluoxymesterone increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

                fluoxymesterone increases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • fo-ti

                fo-ti increases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

                fo-ti increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • folic acid

                metformin decreases levels of folic acid by unspecified interaction mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • forskolin

                forskolin increases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Colenol, a compound found in Coleus root, may stimulate insulin release.

              • forskolin

                forskolin increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Colenol, a compound found in Coleus root, may stimulate insulin release.

              • furosemide

                metformin decreases levels of furosemide by unspecified interaction mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

                furosemide increases levels of metformin by unspecified interaction mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Patient should be closely observed for loss of blood glucose control; when drugs are withdrawn from a patient receiving metformin, patient should be observed closely for hypoglycemia.

              • gotu kola

                gotu kola increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. (Theoretical interaction).

                gotu kola increases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. (Theoretical interaction).

              • guanfacine

                guanfacine, metformin. Other (see comment). Minor/Significance Unknown. Comment: Decreased symptoms of hypoglycemia. Mechanism: decreased hypoglycemia induced catecholamine production.

                guanfacine, glipizide. Other (see comment). Minor/Significance Unknown. Comment: Decreased symptoms of hypoglycemia. Mechanism: decreased hypoglycemia induced catecholamine production.

                guanfacine decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Diminished symptoms of hypoglycemia.

                guanfacine decreases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Diminished symptoms of hypoglycemia.

              • gymnema

                gymnema increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

                gymnema increases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • horse chestnut seed

                horse chestnut seed increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

                horse chestnut seed increases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • hydrochlorothiazide

                hydrochlorothiazide will increase the level or effect of metformin by basic (cationic) drug competition for renal tubular clearance. Minor/Significance Unknown.

                hydrochlorothiazide decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Thiazide dosage >50 mg/day may increase blood glucose.

                hydrochlorothiazide decreases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Thiazide dosage >50 mg/day may increase blood glucose.

              • hydrocortisone

                hydrocortisone decreases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

                hydrocortisone decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • ibuprofen/famotidine

                ibuprofen/famotidine increases levels of metformin by decreasing renal clearance. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • imipramine

                imipramine increases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • imipramine

                imipramine increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • indapamide

                indapamide decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Thiazide dosage >50 mg/day may increase blood glucose.

                indapamide decreases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Thiazide dosage >50 mg/day may increase blood glucose.

              • isoniazid

                isoniazid decreases effects of glipizide by unspecified interaction mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • L-methylfolate

                metformin decreases levels of L-methylfolate by unspecified interaction mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • juniper

                juniper increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Increased risk of hypoglycemia (theoretical interaction).

              • juniper

                juniper increases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Increased risk of hypoglycemia (theoretical interaction).

              • lofepramine

                lofepramine increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

                lofepramine increases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • lycopus

                lycopus increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Increased risk of hypoglycemia (theoretical interaction).

                lycopus increases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Increased risk of hypoglycemia (theoretical interaction).

              • maitake

                maitake increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Increased risk of hypoglycemia (animal research).

                maitake increases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Increased risk of hypoglycemia (animal research).

              • maprotiline

                maprotiline increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

                maprotiline increases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • memantine

                memantine will increase the level or effect of metformin by basic (cationic) drug competition for renal tubular clearance. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • mesalamine

                mesalamine increases effects of glipizide by plasma protein binding competition. Minor/Significance Unknown. Large dose of salicylate.

              • mesterolone

                mesterolone increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

                mesterolone increases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • methyclothiazide

                methyclothiazide decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Thiazide dosage >50 mg/day may increase blood glucose.

                methyclothiazide will increase the level or effect of metformin by basic (cationic) drug competition for renal tubular clearance. Minor/Significance Unknown.

                methyclothiazide decreases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Thiazide dosage >50 mg/day may increase blood glucose.

              • methylprednisolone

                methylprednisolone decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

                methylprednisolone decreases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • methyltestosterone

                methyltestosterone increases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

                methyltestosterone increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • metolazone

                metolazone decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Thiazide dosage >50 mg/day may increase blood glucose.

                metolazone decreases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Thiazide dosage >50 mg/day may increase blood glucose.

              • midodrine

                metformin will increase the level or effect of midodrine by basic (cationic) drug competition for renal tubular clearance. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • nettle

                nettle increases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. (Theoretical interaction).

              • nettle

                nettle increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. (Theoretical interaction).

              • nifedipine

                nifedipine increases levels of metformin by enhancing GI absorption. Applies only to oral form of both agents. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • nizatidine

                nizatidine will increase the level or effect of glipizide by increasing gastric pH. Applies only to oral form of both agents. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • nortriptyline

                nortriptyline increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

                nortriptyline increases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • ofloxacin

                metformin will increase the level or effect of ofloxacin by basic (cationic) drug competition for renal tubular clearance. Minor/Significance Unknown.

                ofloxacin, metformin. Mechanism: unspecified interaction mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Potential dysglycemia.

                ofloxacin, glipizide. Mechanism: unspecified interaction mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Potential dysglycemia.

              • omeprazole

                omeprazole will increase the level or effect of glipizide by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2C19 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • oxandrolone

                oxandrolone increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • orlistat

                orlistat increases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • oxandrolone

                oxandrolone increases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • oxymetholone

                oxymetholone increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

                oxymetholone increases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • pegvisomant

                pegvisomant increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

                pegvisomant increases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • potassium acid phosphate

                potassium acid phosphate increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Interaction especially seen in the treatment of hypokalemia.

                potassium acid phosphate increases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Interaction especially seen in the treatment of hypokalemia.

              • potassium chloride

                potassium chloride increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Interaction especially seen in the treatment of hypokalemia.

                potassium chloride increases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Interaction especially seen in the treatment of hypokalemia.

              • potassium citrate

                potassium citrate increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Interaction especially seen in the treatment of hypokalemia.

                potassium citrate increases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Interaction especially seen in the treatment of hypokalemia.

              • prednisolone

                prednisolone decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

                prednisolone decreases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • prednisone

                prednisone decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

                prednisone decreases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • protriptyline

                protriptyline increases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

                protriptyline increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • quinine

                metformin will increase the level or effect of quinine by basic (cationic) drug competition for renal tubular clearance. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • sage

                sage increases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • sage

                sage increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • salicylates (non-asa)

                salicylates (non-asa) increases effects of glipizide by plasma protein binding competition. Minor/Significance Unknown. Large dose of salicylate.

              • salsalate

                salsalate increases effects of glipizide by plasma protein binding competition. Minor/Significance Unknown. Large dose of salicylate.

              • sitagliptin

                sitagliptin, glipizide. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Risk of hypoglycemia with combination is unknown.

              • stevia

                stevia increases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

                stevia increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • sulfamethoxazole

                sulfamethoxazole will increase the level or effect of metformin by basic (cationic) drug competition for renal tubular clearance. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • sulfasalazine

                sulfasalazine increases effects of glipizide by plasma protein binding competition. Minor/Significance Unknown. Large dose of salicylate.

              • tacrolimus

                glipizide increases levels of tacrolimus by unknown mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • testosterone

                testosterone increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

                testosterone increases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • testosterone buccal system

                testosterone buccal system increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

                testosterone buccal system increases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • testosterone topical

                testosterone topical increases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

                testosterone topical increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • tongkat ali

                tongkat ali increases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Risk of hypoglycemia.

                tongkat ali increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Risk of hypoglycemia.

              • trazodone

                trazodone increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

                trazodone increases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • triamterene

                metformin will increase the level or effect of triamterene by basic (cationic) drug competition for renal tubular clearance. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • trimipramine

                trimipramine increases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • trimethoprim

                metformin will increase the level or effect of trimethoprim by basic (cationic) drug competition for renal tubular clearance. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • trimipramine

                trimipramine increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • vanadium

                vanadium increases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

                vanadium increases effects of glipizide by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • verapamil

                metformin will increase the level or effect of verapamil by basic (cationic) drug competition for renal tubular clearance. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              • willow bark

                willow bark increases effects of glipizide by plasma protein binding competition. Minor/Significance Unknown. Large dose of salicylate.

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              Warnings

              Black Box Warnings

              Discontinue metformin at the time of or before an iodinated contrast imaging procedure in patients with an eGFR between 30-60 mL/minute/1.73 m²; in patients with a history of liver disease, alcoholism, or heart failure; or in patients who will be administered intra-arterial iodinate contrast

              Lactic acidosis

              • Lactic acidosis is a medical emergency that must be treated in a hospital setting. In a patient with lactic acidosis taking this medication, because metformin hydrochloride is dialyzable (with a clearance of up to 170 mL/min under good hemodynamic conditions), prompt hemodialysis is recommended to correct the acidosis and remove the accumulated metformin; such management often results in prompt reversal of symptoms and recovery
              • Characterized by elevated blood lactate levels (>5 mmol/L)
              • Rare but serious complication that can occur because of metformin accumulation; increased risk with sepsis, dehydration, excess alcohol intake, hepatic insufficiency, renal impairment, and acute congestive heart failure
              • Subtle onset with nonspecific symptoms (eg, malaise, myalgias, respiratory distress, somnolence, nonspecific abdominal distress)
              • Monitor lab for decreased serum pH, increased anion gap, and elevated blood lactate If suspected, discontinue drug and hospitalize patient immediately
              • Metformin is highly dialyzable (clearance up to 170 mL/min under good hemodynamic conditions); prompt hemodialysis is recommended to correct the acidosis and to remove accumulated metformin
              • Lactic acidosis should be suspected in any diabetic patient with metabolic acidosis lacking evidence of ketoacidosis (ketonuria and ketonemia)

              Contraindications

              Severe renal disease: eGFR <30 ml/min/1.73 m²

              Documented hypersensitivity to drug or components

              Acute or chronic metabolic acidosis, including diabetic ketoacidosis, with or without coma

              Renal disease or renal dysfunction (eg, as suggested by serum creatinine levels ≥1.5 mg/dL [males], ≥1.4 mg/dL [females], or abnormal creatinine clearance) whichmay also result from conditions such as cardiovascular collapse (shock), acute myocardial infarction, and septicemia

              Cautions

              Patients with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency may be at risk of sulfonylurea-induced hemolytic anemia

              Administration of oral hypoglycemic drugs reported to be associated with increased cardiovascular mortality as compared to treatment with diet alone or diet plus insulin; data in support of this association is limited and several studies, including a large prospective trial, have not supported this association; metformin does not appear to share this risk; in patients with established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, other agents are preferred

              Long-term metformin use is associated with vitamin B12 deficiency; measurement of hematologic parameters on an annual basis is advised in patients on metformin and any apparent abnormalities should be appropriately investigated and managed; certain individuals (those with inadequate vitamin B12 or calcium intake or absorption) appear to be predisposed to develop subnormal vitamin B 12 levels; in these patients, routine serum vitamin B12 measurements at 2- to 3-year intervals may be useful

              In patients with advanced age, the drug should be carefully titrated to establish the minimum dose for adequate glycemic effect, because aging is associated with reduced renal function; in elderly patients, particularly those ≥80 years of age, renal function should be monitored regularly and, generally, the drug should not be titrated to the maximum dose

              Before initiation of therapy and at least annually thereafter, renal function should be assessed and verified as normal; in patients in whom development of renal dysfunction is anticipated, renal function should be assessed more frequently and therapy discontinued if evidence of renal impairment is present

              Cardiovascular collapse (shock) from whatever cause, acute congestive heart failure, acute myocardial infarction, and other conditions characterized by hypoxemia have been associated with lactic acidosis and may also cause prerenal azotemia; when such events occur in patients on this therapy, the drug should be promptly discontinued

              Therapy should be temporarily suspended for any surgical procedure (except minor procedures not associated with restricted intake of food and fluids) and should not be restarted until the patient’s oral intake has resumed and renal function has been evaluated as normal

              Alcohol is known to potentiate effect of metformin on lactate metabolism. Patients, therefore, should be warned against excessive alcohol intake, acute or chronic, while receiving; due to its effect on the gluconeogenic capacity of the liver, alcohol may also increase risk of hypoglycemia

              Since impaired hepatic function has been associated with some cases of lactic acidosis, this drug should generally be avoided in patients with clinical or laboratory evidence of hepatic disease

              A patient with type 2 diabetes previously well controlled on metformin who develops laboratory abnormalities or clinical illness (especially vague and poorly defined illness) should be evaluated promptly for evidence of ketoacidosis or lactic acidosis; evaluation should include serum electrolytes and ketones, blood glucose and, if indicated, blood pH, lactate, pyruvate, and metformin levels; if acidosis of either form occurs, this drug must be stopped immediately and other appropriate corrective measures initiated

              Hypoglycemia

              • This drug combination is capable of producing hypoglycemia; therefore, proper patient selection, dosing, and instructions are important to avoid potential hypoglycemic episodes
              • Risk of hypoglycemia is increased when caloric intake is deficient when strenuous exercise is not compensated by caloric supplementation, or during concomitant use with other glucose-lowering agents or ethanol
              • Renal insufficiency may cause elevated drug levels of both glipizide and metformin hydrochloride; hepatic insufficiency may increase drug levels of glipizide and may also diminish gluconeogenic capacity, both of which increase the risk of hypoglycemic reactions
              • Elderly, debilitated, or malnourished patients and those with adrenal or pituitary insufficiency or alcohol intoxication are particularly susceptible to hypoglycemic effects; hypoglycemia may be difficult to recognize in the elderly and people who are taking beta-adrenergic blocking drugs

              Iodinated contrast imaging procedures

              • Discontinue metformin at the time of or before an iodinated contrast imaging procedure in patients with an eGFR between 30-60 mL/minute/1.73 m²; in patients with a history of liver disease, alcoholism, or heart failure; or in patients who will be administered intra-arterial iodinate contrast
              • Reevaluate eGFR 48 hr after the imaging procedure; restart metformin if renal function is stable

              See also individual drugs

              • glipizide
              • metformin
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              Pregnancy & Lactation

              Pregnancy Category: C

              Lactation: enters breast milk; not recommended

              Pregnancy Categories

              A: Generally acceptable. Controlled studies in pregnant women show no evidence of fetal risk.

              B: May be acceptable. Either animal studies show no risk but human studies not available or animal studies showed minor risks and human studies done and showed no risk.

              C: Use with caution if benefits outweigh risks. Animal studies show risk and human studies not available or neither animal nor human studies done.

              D: Use in LIFE-THREATENING emergencies when no safer drug available. Positive evidence of human fetal risk.

              X: Do not use in pregnancy. Risks involved outweigh potential benefits. Safer alternatives exist.

              NA: Information not available.

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              Patient Handout

              A Patient Handout is not currently available for this monograph.
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              Formulary

              FormularyPatient Discounts

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              The above information is provided for general informational and educational purposes only. Individual plans may vary and formulary information changes. Contact the applicable plan provider for the most current information.

              Tier Description
              1 This drug is available at the lowest co-pay. Most commonly, these are generic drugs.
              2 This drug is available at a middle level co-pay. Most commonly, these are "preferred" (on formulary) brand drugs.
              3 This drug is available at a higher level co-pay. Most commonly, these are "non-preferred" brand drugs.
              4 This drug is available at a higher level co-pay. Most commonly, these are "non-preferred" brand drugs or specialty prescription products.
              5 This drug is available at a higher level co-pay. Most commonly, these are "non-preferred" brand drugs or specialty prescription products.
              6 This drug is available at a higher level co-pay. Most commonly, these are "non-preferred" brand drugs or specialty prescription products.
              NC NOT COVERED – Drugs that are not covered by the plan.
              Code Definition
              PA Prior Authorization
              Drugs that require prior authorization. This restriction requires that specific clinical criteria be met prior to the approval of the prescription.
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              Medscape prescription drug monographs are based on FDA-approved labeling information, unless otherwise noted, combined with additional data derived from primary medical literature.