Dosing & Uses
Dosage Forms & Strengths
tablet
- 0.75mg
- 1.5mg
- 3mg
- 6mg
Menopause
0.75-6 mg PO qDay; taper at 3-6 month intervals
Cream: 2-4 g intravaginal 3 weeks on, 1 week off
Ovarian Failure
1.5-9 mg PO qDay for 3 weeks, then off for 8 days; repeat if necessary
Osteoporosis, Prevention
0.75 mg PO qDay for 25 days, then off for 6 days; repeat
Other Indications & Uses
Vasomotor symptoms associated with menopause; ovarian failure; osteoporosis, treatment of female hypogonadism due to castration, or primary ovarian failure, menopausal atrophic vaginitis (vaginal cream) daily
Safety & efficacy not established
Osteoporosis, prevention
0.75 mg PO qDay for 25 days, then off for 6 days; repeat
Interactions
Interaction Checker
No Results
Contraindicated
Serious - Use Alternative
Significant - Monitor Closely
Minor
Contraindicated (1)
- ospemifene
ospemifene, estropipate. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Contraindicated.
Serious - Use Alternative (35)
- abametapir
abametapir will increase the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. For 2 weeks after abametapir application, avoid taking drugs that are CYP3A4 substrates. If not feasible, avoid use of abametapir.
abametapir will increase the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP1A2 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. For 2 weeks after abametapir application, avoid taking drugs that are CYP1A2 substrates. If not feasible, avoid use of abametapir. - anastrozole
estropipate decreases effects of anastrozole by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Contraindicated. Estrogen may diminish the pharmacologic action of anastrozole. Coadministration not recommended.
- antithrombin alfa
estropipate decreases effects of antithrombin alfa by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Contraindicated. Risk of thromboembolic disorders.
- antithrombin III
estropipate decreases effects of antithrombin III by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Contraindicated. Risk of thromboembolic disorders.
- apalutamide
apalutamide will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Coadministration of apalutamide, a strong CYP3A4 inducer, with drugs that are CYP3A4 substrates can result in lower exposure to these medications. Avoid or substitute another drug for these medications when possible. Evaluate for loss of therapeutic effect if medication must be coadministered. Adjust dose according to prescribing information if needed.
- argatroban
estropipate decreases effects of argatroban by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Contraindicated. Risk of thromboembolic disorders.
- bemiparin
estropipate decreases effects of bemiparin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Contraindicated. Risk of thromboembolic disorders.
- bivalirudin
estropipate decreases effects of bivalirudin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Contraindicated. Risk of thromboembolic disorders.
- carbamazepine
carbamazepine will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.
- cimetidine
cimetidine will increase the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.
- clarithromycin
clarithromycin will increase the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.
- dalteparin
estropipate decreases effects of dalteparin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Contraindicated. Risk of thromboembolic disorders.
- enoxaparin
estropipate decreases effects of enoxaparin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Contraindicated. Risk of thromboembolic disorders.
- enzalutamide
enzalutamide will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.
- erythromycin base
erythromycin base will increase the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.
- erythromycin ethylsuccinate
erythromycin ethylsuccinate will increase the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.
- erythromycin lactobionate
erythromycin lactobionate will increase the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.
- erythromycin stearate
erythromycin stearate will increase the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.
- fexinidazole
fexinidazole will increase the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Fexinidazole inhibits CYP3A4. Coadministration may increase risk for adverse effects of CYP3A4 substrates.
- fondaparinux
estropipate decreases effects of fondaparinux by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Contraindicated. Risk of thromboembolic disorders.
- givosiran
givosiran will increase the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP1A2 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Avoid coadministration of sensitive CYP1A2 substrates with givosiran. If unavoidable, decrease the CYP1A2 substrate dosage in accordance with approved product labeling.
- heparin
estropipate decreases effects of heparin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Contraindicated. Risk of thromboembolic disorders.
- idelalisib
idelalisib will increase the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Idelalisib is a strong CYP3A inhibitor; avoid coadministration with sensitive CYP3A substrates
- ivosidenib
ivosidenib will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Avoid coadministration of sensitive CYP3A4 substrates with ivosidenib or replace with alternate therapies. If coadministration is unavoidable, monitor patients for loss of therapeutic effect of these drugs.
- ketoconazole
ketoconazole will increase the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.
- nefazodone
nefazodone will increase the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.
- phenindione
estropipate decreases effects of phenindione by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Contraindicated. Risk of thromboembolic disorders.
- protamine
estropipate decreases effects of protamine by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Contraindicated. Risk of thromboembolic disorders.
- quinidine
quinidine will increase the level or effect of estropipate by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.
- rifabutin
rifabutin will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.
- rifampin
rifampin will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.
- St John's Wort
St John's Wort will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.
- tucatinib
tucatinib will increase the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Avoid concomitant use of tucatinib with CYP3A substrates, where minimal concentration changes may lead to serious or life-threatening toxicities. If unavoidable, reduce CYP3A substrate dose according to product labeling.
- voxelotor
voxelotor will increase the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Voxelotor increases systemic exposure of sensitive CYP3A4 substrates. Avoid coadministration with sensitive CYP3A4 substrates with a narrow therapeutic index. Consider dose reduction of the sensitive CYP3A4 substrate(s) if unable to avoid.
- warfarin
estropipate decreases effects of warfarin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Contraindicated. Risk of thromboembolic disorders.
Monitor Closely (157)
- albiglutide
estropipate decreases effects of albiglutide by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Estropipate may decrease hypoglycemic effects of antidiabetics by impairing glucose tolerance. Monitor for glycemic control in diabetic patients.
- amikacin
amikacin will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.
- amiodarone
amiodarone will increase the level or effect of estropipate by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor.
- amobarbital
amobarbital will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.
- aprepitant
aprepitant will increase the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.
- armodafinil
armodafinil will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.
- artemether/lumefantrine
artemether/lumefantrine will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.
- atazanavir
atazanavir, estropipate. affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Atazanavir may increase or decrease levels of estropipate. Use alternatives if available. .
- atorvastatin
atorvastatin will increase the level or effect of estropipate by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor.
- azithromycin
azithromycin will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.
- aztreonam
aztreonam will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.
- belzutifan
belzutifan will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. If unable to avoid coadministration of belzutifan with sensitive CYP3A4 substrates, consider increasing the sensitive CYP3A4 substrate dose in accordance with its prescribing information.
- bosentan
bosentan will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.
- budesonide
budesonide will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.
- butabarbital
butabarbital will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.
- butalbital
butalbital will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.
- cefadroxil
cefadroxil will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.
- cefamandole
cefamandole will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.
- cefpirome
cefpirome will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.
- ceftazidime
ceftazidime will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.
- ceftibuten
ceftibuten will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.
- cenobamate
cenobamate will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Increase dose of CYP3A4 substrate, as needed, when coadministered with cenobamate.
- cephalexin
cephalexin will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.
- chloramphenicol
chloramphenicol increases levels of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. May increase side effects.
- chlorhexidine oral
chlorhexidine oral will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.
- ciprofloxacin
ciprofloxacin will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.
- clarithromycin
clarithromycin will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.
clarithromycin will increase the level or effect of estropipate by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor. - clindamycin
clindamycin will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.
- clotrimazole
clotrimazole will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor.
- conivaptan
conivaptan will increase the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.
- cortisone
cortisone will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.
- crofelemer
crofelemer increases levels of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Crofelemer has the potential to inhibit CYP3A4 at concentrations expected in the gut; unlikely to inhibit systemically because minimally absorbed.
- cyclosporine
cyclosporine will increase the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.
cyclosporine will increase the level or effect of estropipate by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor. - dabrafenib
dabrafenib will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.
- dapsone
dapsone will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.
- darifenacin
darifenacin will increase the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.
- darunavir
darunavir will increase the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.
- dasatinib
dasatinib will increase the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.
- deferasirox
deferasirox will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.
- demeclocycline
demeclocycline will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.
- dexamethasone
dexamethasone will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.
- DHEA, herbal
DHEA, herbal will increase the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.
- diltiazem
diltiazem will increase the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.
- doxycycline
doxycycline will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.
- dronedarone
dronedarone will increase the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.
dronedarone will increase the level or effect of estropipate by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor. - efavirenz
efavirenz will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.
- elagolix
elagolix will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Elagolix is a weak-to-moderate CYP3A4 inducer. Monitor CYP3A substrates if coadministered. Consider increasing CYP3A substrate dose if needed.
- encorafenib
encorafenib, estropipate. affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Encorafenib both inhibits and induces CYP3A4 at clinically relevant plasma concentrations. Coadministration of encorafenib with sensitive CYP3A4 substrates may result in increased toxicity or decreased efficacy of these agents.
- ertapenem
ertapenem will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.
- erythromycin base
erythromycin base will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.
erythromycin base will increase the level or effect of estropipate by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor. - erythromycin ethylsuccinate
erythromycin ethylsuccinate will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.
erythromycin ethylsuccinate will increase the level or effect of estropipate by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor. - erythromycin lactobionate
erythromycin lactobionate will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.
erythromycin lactobionate will increase the level or effect of estropipate by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor. - erythromycin stearate
erythromycin stearate will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.
erythromycin stearate will increase the level or effect of estropipate by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor. - eslicarbazepine acetate
eslicarbazepine acetate will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.
- etravirine
etravirine will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.
- exemestane
estropipate decreases effects of exemestane by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Estrogens or estrogen-containing products, including combined oral contraceptives, should not be given concomitantly with exemestane; these drugs could interfere with the pharmacologic action and efficacy of exemestane.
- exenatide injectable solution
estropipate decreases effects of exenatide injectable solution by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Estrogens may decrease hypoglycemic effects of antidiabetics by impairing glucose tolerance. Monitor for glycemic control in diabetic patients.
- exenatide injectable suspension
estropipate decreases effects of exenatide injectable suspension by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Estrogens may decrease hypoglycemic effects of antidiabetics by impairing glucose tolerance. Monitor for glycemic control in diabetic patients.
- fedratinib
fedratinib will increase the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Adjust dose of drugs that are CYP3A4 substrates as necessary.
- felodipine
felodipine will increase the level or effect of estropipate by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor.
- fexinidazole
fexinidazole will increase the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP1A2 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.
- fleroxacin
fleroxacin will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.
- fluconazole
fluconazole will increase the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.
- fludrocortisone
fludrocortisone will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.
- fosamprenavir
fosamprenavir will increase the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.
- fosfomycin
fosfomycin will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.
- fosphenytoin
fosphenytoin will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.
fosphenytoin will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor. - gemifloxacin
gemifloxacin will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.
- gentamicin
gentamicin will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.
- grapefruit
grapefruit will increase the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.
- griseofulvin
griseofulvin will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.
- hemin
estropipate decreases effects of hemin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Drugs that increase delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase may decrease hemin effect.
- hyaluronidase
estropipate decreases effects of hyaluronidase by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Enhanced tissue resistance to hyaluronidase.
- hydrocortisone
hydrocortisone will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.
- iloperidone
iloperidone increases levels of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Iloperidone is a time-dependent CYP3A inhibitor and may lead to increased plasma levels of drugs predominantly eliminated by CYP3A4.
- indinavir
indinavir will increase the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.
indinavir will increase the level or effect of estropipate by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor. - istradefylline
istradefylline will increase the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Istradefylline 40 mg/day increased peak levels and AUC of CYP3A4 substrates in clinical trials. This effect was not observed with istradefylline 20 mg/day. Consider dose reduction of sensitive CYP3A4 substrates.
- itraconazole
itraconazole will increase the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.
- ketoconazole
ketoconazole will increase the level or effect of estropipate by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor.
- lamotrigine
estropipate decreases levels of lamotrigine by increasing hepatic clearance. Use Caution/Monitor.
- lapatinib
lapatinib will increase the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.
lapatinib will increase the level or effect of estropipate by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor. - levofloxacin
levofloxacin will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.
- linezolid
linezolid will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.
- liraglutide
estropipate decreases effects of liraglutide by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Estropipate may decrease hypoglycemic effects of antidiabetics by impairing glucose tolerance. Monitor for glycemic control in diabetic patients.
- lopinavir
lopinavir will increase the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.
- loratadine
loratadine will increase the level or effect of estropipate by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor.
- lumefantrine
lumefantrine will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.
- maraviroc
estropipate increases levels of maraviroc by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Potential for increased toxicity. .
- marijuana
marijuana will increase the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.
- meropenem
meropenem will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.
- meropenem/vaborbactam
meropenem/vaborbactam will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.
- metformin
estropipate decreases effects of metformin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.
- methylprednisolone
methylprednisolone will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.
- metronidazole
metronidazole will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.
metronidazole will increase the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. - miconazole vaginal
miconazole vaginal will increase the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.
- mifepristone
mifepristone will increase the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.
- minocycline
minocycline will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.
- mitotane
mitotane decreases levels of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Mitotane is a strong inducer of cytochrome P-4503A4; monitor when coadministered with CYP3A4 substrates for possible dosage adjustments.
- modafinil
modafinil will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.
- moxifloxacin
moxifloxacin will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.
- nafcillin
nafcillin will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.
nafcillin will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. - nefazodone
nefazodone will increase the level or effect of estropipate by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor.
- nelfinavir
nelfinavir will increase the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.
- neomycin PO
neomycin PO will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.
- nevirapine
nevirapine will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.
- nicardipine
nicardipine will increase the level or effect of estropipate by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor.
- nifedipine
nifedipine will increase the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.
nifedipine will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor. - nilotinib
nilotinib will increase the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.
nilotinib will increase the level or effect of estropipate by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor. - nitrofurantoin
nitrofurantoin will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.
- ofloxacin
ofloxacin will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.
- oxcarbazepine
oxcarbazepine will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.
- oxytetracycline
oxytetracycline will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.
- paromomycin
paromomycin will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.
- pentobarbital
pentobarbital will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.
- phenobarbital
phenobarbital will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.
phenobarbital will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor. - phenytoin
phenytoin will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.
phenytoin will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor. If the estrogen is being used for contraception then loss of contraception may occur. - pivmecillinam
pivmecillinam will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.
- posaconazole
posaconazole will increase the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.
- prednisone
prednisone will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.
- primidone
primidone will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.
- quercetin
quercetin will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor.
- quinupristin/dalfopristin
quinupristin/dalfopristin will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.
quinupristin/dalfopristin will increase the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. - ranolazine
ranolazine will increase the level or effect of estropipate by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor.
- ribociclib
ribociclib will increase the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.
- rifampin
rifampin will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor.
- rifapentine
rifapentine will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.
- ritonavir
ritonavir will increase the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.
ritonavir will increase the level or effect of estropipate by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor. - roxithromycin
roxithromycin will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.
- rufinamide
rufinamide will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.
- secobarbital
secobarbital will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.
- simvastatin
simvastatin will increase the level or effect of estropipate by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor.
- sirolimus
sirolimus will increase the level or effect of estropipate by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor.
- somapacitan
estropipate decreases effects of somapacitan by Other (see comment). Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Comment: Oral estrogens may reduce the serum IGF-1 response to somapacitan. Patients may require higher somapacitan dosages. See drug monograph for starting dose recommendations.
- St John's Wort
St John's Wort will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor.
- stiripentol
stiripentol, estropipate. affecting hepatic enzyme CYP1A2 metabolism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Stiripentol is a CYP1A2 inhibitor and inducer. Monitor CYP1A2 substrates coadministered with stiripentol for increased or decreased effects. CYP1A2 substrates may require dosage adjustment.
stiripentol, estropipate. affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Stiripentol is a CYP3A4 inhibitor and inducer. Monitor CYP3A4 substrates coadministered with stiripentol for increased or decreased effects. CYP3A4 substrates may require dosage adjustment. - streptomycin
streptomycin will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.
- sulfadiazine
sulfadiazine will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.
- sulfamethoxazole
sulfamethoxazole will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.
- sulfisoxazole
sulfisoxazole will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.
- tacrolimus
tacrolimus will increase the level or effect of estropipate by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor.
- tazemetostat
tazemetostat will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.
- tecovirimat
tecovirimat will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Tecovirimat is a weak CYP3A4 inducer. Monitor sensitive CYP3A4 substrates for effectiveness if coadministered.
- teicoplanin
teicoplanin will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.
- temocillin
temocillin will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.
- teriflunomide
teriflunomide decreases levels of estropipate by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP1A2 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.
- tetracycline
tetracycline will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.
- ticarcillin
ticarcillin will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.
- tigecycline
tigecycline will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.
- tobramycin
tobramycin will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.
- tolvaptan
tolvaptan will increase the level or effect of estropipate by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor.
- topiramate
topiramate will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.
- trazodone
trazodone will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor.
- trimethoprim
trimethoprim will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.
- vancomycin
vancomycin will decrease the level or effect of estropipate by altering intestinal flora. Applies only to oral forms of hormone. Low risk of contraceptive failure. Use Caution/Monitor.
- verapamil
verapamil will increase the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.
verapamil will increase the level or effect of estropipate by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) efflux transporter. Use Caution/Monitor. - voriconazole
voriconazole will increase the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.
- zafirlukast
zafirlukast will increase the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.
Minor (32)
- amitriptyline
estropipate, amitriptyline. Mechanism: unspecified interaction mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Estrogens and progestins may decr tricyclic antidepressant effects, while increasing TCA plasma concentration and adverse effects.
- amoxapine
estropipate, amoxapine. Mechanism: unspecified interaction mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Estrogens and progestins may decr tricyclic antidepressant effects, while increasing TCA plasma concentration and adverse effects.
- androstenedione
androstenedione increases effects of estropipate by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.
- boron
boron increases levels of estropipate by altering metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.
- clomipramine
estropipate, clomipramine. Mechanism: unspecified interaction mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Estrogens and progestins may decr tricyclic antidepressant effects, while increasing TCA plasma concentration and adverse effects.
- cyanocobalamin
estropipate decreases levels of cyanocobalamin by altering metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.
- desipramine
estropipate, desipramine. Mechanism: unspecified interaction mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Estrogens and progestins may decr tricyclic antidepressant effects, while increasing TCA plasma concentration and adverse effects.
- dosulepin
estropipate, dosulepin. Mechanism: unspecified interaction mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Estrogens and progestins may decr tricyclic antidepressant effects, while increasing TCA plasma concentration and adverse effects.
- doxepin
estropipate, doxepin. Mechanism: unspecified interaction mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Estrogens and progestins may decr tricyclic antidepressant effects, while increasing TCA plasma concentration and adverse effects.
- folic acid
estropipate decreases levels of folic acid by altering metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.
- imipramine
estropipate, imipramine. Mechanism: unspecified interaction mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Estrogens and progestins may decr tricyclic antidepressant effects, while increasing TCA plasma concentration and adverse effects.
- isoniazid
isoniazid will increase the level or effect of estropipate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.
- L-methylfolate
estropipate decreases levels of L-methylfolate by altering metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.
- lofepramine
estropipate, lofepramine. Mechanism: unspecified interaction mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Estrogens and progestins may decr tricyclic antidepressant effects, while increasing TCA plasma concentration and adverse effects.
- magnesium chloride
estropipate decreases levels of magnesium chloride by Other (see comment). Minor/Significance Unknown. Comment: Magnesium shifted from blood to tissue storage.
- magnesium citrate
estropipate decreases levels of magnesium citrate by Other (see comment). Minor/Significance Unknown. Comment: Magnesium shifted from blood to tissue storage.
- magnesium hydroxide
estropipate decreases levels of magnesium hydroxide by Other (see comment). Minor/Significance Unknown. Comment: Magnesium shifted from blood to tissue storage.
- magnesium oxide
estropipate decreases levels of magnesium oxide by Other (see comment). Minor/Significance Unknown. Comment: Magnesium shifted from blood to tissue storage.
- magnesium sulfate
estropipate decreases levels of magnesium sulfate by Other (see comment). Minor/Significance Unknown. Comment: Magnesium shifted from blood to tissue storage.
- maprotiline
estropipate, maprotiline. Mechanism: unspecified interaction mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Estrogens and progestins may decr tricyclic antidepressant effects, while increasing TCA plasma concentration and adverse effects.
- metyrapone
estropipate decreases effects of metyrapone by unspecified interaction mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown.
- mycophenolate
mycophenolate decreases effects of estropipate by unknown mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Clinical significance unclear.
- nortriptyline
estropipate, nortriptyline. Mechanism: unspecified interaction mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Estrogens and progestins may decr tricyclic antidepressant effects, while increasing TCA plasma concentration and adverse effects.
- phytoestrogens
phytoestrogens decreases effects of estropipate by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Minor/Significance Unknown.
- pleurisy root
pleurisy root decreases effects of estropipate by unspecified interaction mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Theoretical interaction.
- protriptyline
estropipate, protriptyline. Mechanism: unspecified interaction mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Estrogens and progestins may decr tricyclic antidepressant effects, while increasing TCA plasma concentration and adverse effects.
- pyridoxine
estropipate decreases levels of pyridoxine by altering metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.
- pyridoxine (Antidote)
estropipate decreases levels of pyridoxine (Antidote) by altering metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.
- ropinirole
estropipate increases levels of ropinirole by unspecified interaction mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown.
- rose hips
estropipate decreases levels of rose hips by increasing elimination. Minor/Significance Unknown.
- trazodone
estropipate, trazodone. Mechanism: unspecified interaction mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Estrogens and progestins may decr tricyclic antidepressant effects, while increasing TCA plasma concentration and adverse effects.
- trimipramine
estropipate, trimipramine. Mechanism: unspecified interaction mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Estrogens and progestins may decr tricyclic antidepressant effects, while increasing TCA plasma concentration and adverse effects.
Adverse Effects
Frequency Not Defined
Peripheral edema
Depression
Headache
Melasma
Bloating
Nausea & vomiting
Breast enlargement & tenderness
Amenorrhea
Breakthrough bleeding
Spotting
Weight changes
Corneal curvation change
Warnings
Black Box Warnings
Estrogens increase risk of endometrial cancer
- Close clinical surveillance of all women taking estrogens is important
- Adequate diagnostic measures, including endometrial sampling when indicated, should be undertaken to rule out malignancy in all cases of undiagnosed persistent or recurring abnormal vaginal bleeding
- There is no evidence that the use of "natural" estrogens results in a different endometrial risk profile than synthetic estrogens at equivalent estrogen doses
Cardiovascular risks
- Estrogens with and without progestins should not be used to prevent cardiovascular disease
- Estrogens plus progestins: Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) Estrogen Plus Progestin substudy reported increased risks of myocardial infarction, stroke, invasive breast cancer, pulmonary emboli, and deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in postmenopausal women (aged 50-79 yr) during 5.6 yr of treatment with daily PO conjugated estrogens (CE 0.625 mg) combined with medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA 2.5 mg) compared with placebo
- Estrogens alone: A substudy of the WHI Study reported increased risk for stroke and DVT in postmenopausal women (aged 50-79 yr) during 6.8 yr of treatment with oral conjugated estrogens (0.625 mg/day) alone compared with placebo
Dementia risks
- Estrogens with and without progestins should not be used to prevent dementia
- Women's Health Initiative Memory Study (WHIMS), a substudy of the WHI study, reported increased risk of developing probable dementia in postmenopausal women aged 65 yr or older during 4 yr of treatment w/ daily CE 0.625 mg combined with MPA 2.5 mg, compared with placebo
- Estrogens alone: A substudy of the WHIMS reported an increased risk of developing probable dementia in postmenopausal women aged 65 yr or older during 5.2 yr of treatment with conjugated estrogens 0.625 mg alone compared with placebo
- Unknown whether these findings apply to younger postmenopausal women
Dose & duration
- In the absence of comparable data, these risks should be assumed to be similar for other doses of CE and MPA and other combinations and dosage forms of estrogens and progestins
- Because of these risks, estrogens with or without progestins should be prescribed at lowest effective dose and for shortest duration consistent with treatment goals and individual risks
Contraindications
Documented hypersensitivity
Active or history of breast cancer
Arterial thromboembolic disease (stroke, MI), thrombophlebitis, DVT/PE, thrombogenic valvular disease
Estrogen-dependent neoplasia, liver disease, liver tumors
Undiagnosed abnormal vaginal bleeding
Uncontrolled hypertension
Diabetes mellitus with vascular involvement
Jaundice with prior oral contraceptive use
Cautions
Diabetes mellitus, endometriosis, hyperlipidemias, HTN, hypothyroidism, elderly, hepatic/renal impairment, uterine leiomyomata, porphyria, patients with defects of lipoprotein metabolism, hypertriglyceridemia, ovarian cancer, exacerbation of endometriosis or other conditions, smoking and >35 years old, SLE, depression
Fluid retention may exacerbate asthma, epilepsy, migraines, & cardiac or renal dysfunction
Discontinue if the following develop jaundice, visual problems (may cause contact lens intolerance), any signs of VTE, migraine with unusual severity, significang blood pressure increase, severe depression, increased risk of thromboembolic complications after surgery.
Hypercalcemia may occur in patients with breast cancer and bone metastases
Increased risk of endometrial and ovarian cancer in postmenopausal women
Long-term postmenopausal estrogen treatment has been associated with increased risk of breast cancer, MI, stroke, DVT, PE, and dementia
May increase risk of thromboembolic disorders, may need to increase anticoagulant dose when administering concomitantly with anticoagulants
Pregnancy & Lactation
Pregnancy Category: X
Lactation: Controversial; estrogens are excreted into breast milk in small quantities, use caution
Pregnancy Categories
A: Generally acceptable. Controlled studies in pregnant women show no evidence of fetal risk.
B: May be acceptable. Either animal studies show no risk but human studies not available or animal studies showed minor risks and human studies done and showed no risk. C: Use with caution if benefits outweigh risks. Animal studies show risk and human studies not available or neither animal nor human studies done. D: Use in LIFE-THREATENING emergencies when no safer drug available. Positive evidence of human fetal risk. X: Do not use in pregnancy. Risks involved outweigh potential benefits. Safer alternatives exist. NA: Information not available.Pharmacology
Mechanism of Action
Semisynthetic conjugate of estrone with piperazine; reduces the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone from hypothalamus, reduces release of LH and FSH from pituitary gland; increases synthesis of DNA, RNA, and various proteins in target tissues
Pharmacokinetics
Half-Life: IM: 1.5-5 hr
Bioavailability: Readily absorbed through GI tract, skin, mucous membrane
Protein bound: 50-80%
Metabolism: Undergoes rapid and extensive first-pass metabolism in liver to less active products such as estriol; kidneys, gonads, and muscle tissues may be involved in metabolism to some extent
Metabolites: Estriol
Excretion: Mainly in urine as conjugates with small amount of unchanged drug, most estrogens are also excreted in bile and undergo enterohepatic recycling
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Formulary
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