methylene blue (Rx)

Brand and Other Names:Provayblue

Dosing & Uses

AdultPediatric

Dosage Forms & Strengths

injectable solution

  • 5mg/mL (50mg/10mL) single-dose ampule

Acquired Methemoglobinemia

1 mg/kg IV over 5-30 minutes  

If methemoglobin level remains >30% or if clinical symptoms persist, repeat dose up to 1 mg/kg 1 hr after the first dose

Ifosfamide-induced Encephalopathy (Off-Label)

Prevention: 50 mg IVq6-8hr

Treatment: 50 mg once or q4-8hr until symptoms resolve

Dosing Considerations

Methemoglobinemia indication is approved under accelerated approval

Continued approval for this indication may be contingent upon verification of clinical benefit in subsequent trials

Dosing modifications

Renal impairment

  • Mild renal impairment (eGFR 60 – 89 mL/min/1.73 m2): No dose adjustment recommended
  • Moderate or severe renal impairment (eGFR 15-59 mL/min/1.73 m2): 1 mg/kg (one dose)  
  • If methemoglobin level remains >30% or if clinical symptoms persist 1 hr after dosing, consider initiating alternative interventions for methemoglobinemia

Hepatic impairment

  • Methylene blue is extensively metabolized in the liver; monitor patients with any hepatic impairment for toxicities and potential drug interactions for an extended period of time following dosing

Dosage Forms & Strengths

injectable solution

  • 5mg/mL (50mg/10mL) single-dose ampule

Acquired Methemoglobinemia

1 mg/kg IV over 5-30 minutes  

If methemoglobin level remains >30% or if clinical symptoms persist, repeat dose up to 1 mg/kg 1 hr after the first dose

Dosing Considerations

Methemoglobinemia indication is approved under accelerated approval

Continued approval for this indication may be contingent upon verification of clinical benefit in subsequent trials

Next:

Interactions

Interaction Checker

and methylene blue

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            Contraindicated (5)

            • cyproheptadine

              methylene blue, cyproheptadine. Other (see comment). Contraindicated. Comment: MAO inhibitors may prolong and intensify the anticholinergic effects of antihistamines. Cyproheptadine may diminish the serotonergic effect of MAO inhibitors.

            • desvenlafaxine

              methylene blue and desvenlafaxine both increase serotonin levels. Contraindicated. Methylene blue may increase serotonin as a result of MAO-A inhibition. If methylene blue must be administered, discontinue serotonergic drug immediately and monitor for CNS toxicity. Serotonergic therapy may be resumed 24 hours after last methylene blue dose or after 2 weeks of monitoring, whichever comes first

            • deutetrabenazine

              methylene blue, deutetrabenazine. Either increases toxicity of the other by sympathetic (adrenergic) effects, including increased blood pressure and heart rate. Contraindicated. Deutetrabenazine should not be used in combination with an MAOI, or within 14 days of discontinuing therapy with an MAOI. If methylene blue must be used emergently, discontinue deutetrabenazine and monitor for adverse effects. Deutetrabenazine may be resumed 24 hours after last methylene blue dose or after 2 weeks of monitoring, whichever comes first.

            • fluoxetine

              methylene blue and fluoxetine both increase serotonin levels. Contraindicated. Methylene blue may increase serotonin as a result of MAO-A inhibition. If methylene blue must be administered, discontinue fluoxetine immediately and monitor for CNS toxicity. Fluoxetine may be resumed 24 hours after last methylene blue dose or after 5 weeks of monitoring, whichever comes first.

            • vortioxetine

              methylene blue increases toxicity of vortioxetine by serotonin levels. Contraindicated. Methylene blue may increase serotonin as a result of MAO-A inhibition. If methylene blue must be urgently administered, discontinue vortioxetine immediately and monitor for serotonin syndrome. Monitor for serotonin syndrome for 3 weeks or 24 hr after last methylene blue dose, whichever comes first. Vortioxetine may be resumed 24 hr after last methylene blue dose.

            Serious - Use Alternative (83)

            • 5-HTP

              methylene blue and 5-HTP both increase serotonin levels. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Methylene blue may increase serotonin as a result of MAO-A inhibition. If methylene blue must be administered, discontinue serotonergic drug immediately and monitor for CNS toxicity. Serotonergic therapy may be resumed 24 hours after last linezolid dose or after 2 weeks of monitoring, whichever comes first.

            • alfentanil

              methylene blue and alfentanil both increase serotonin levels. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. If drug combination must be administered, monitor for evidence of serotonergic or opioid-related toxicities

            • almotriptan

              almotriptan and methylene blue both increase serotonin levels. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Methylene blue may increase serotonin as a result of MAO-A inhibition. If methylene blue must be administered, discontinue serotonergic drug immediately and monitor for CNS toxicity. Serotonergic therapy may be resumed 24 hours after last methylene blue dose or after 2 weeks of monitoring, whichever comes first.

            • amitriptyline

              methylene blue and amitriptyline both increase serotonin levels. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Methylene blue may increase serotonin as a result of MAO-A inhibition. If methylene blue must be administered, discontinue serotonergic drug immediately and monitor for CNS toxicity. Serotonergic therapy may be resumed 24 hours after last methylene blue dose or after 2 weeks of monitoring, whichever comes first.

            • amoxapine

              amoxapine and methylene blue both increase serotonin levels. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Methylene blue may increase serotonin as a result of MAO-A inhibition. If methylene blue must be administered, discontinue serotonergic drug immediately and monitor for CNS toxicity. Serotonergic therapy may be resumed 24 hours after last methylene blue dose or after 2 weeks of monitoring, whichever comes first.

            • belladonna alkaloids

              methylene blue and belladonna alkaloids both increase serotonin levels. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. If drug combination must be administered, monitor for evidence of serotonergic or opioid-related toxicities

            • belladonna and opium

              methylene blue and belladonna and opium both increase serotonin levels. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. If drug combination must be administered, monitor for evidence of serotonergic or opioid-related toxicities

            • benzhydrocodone/acetaminophen

              methylene blue increases toxicity of benzhydrocodone/acetaminophen by serotonin levels. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. MAOI interactions with opioids may manifest as serotonin syndrome or opioid toxicity (eg, respiratory depression, coma). Opioids are not recommended for patients taking MAOIs or within 14 days of stopping MAOIs. If urgent opioid treatment needed, use test doses and frequent titration of small doses to treat pain while closely monitoring blood pressure and signs and symptoms of CNS and respiratory depression. If methylene blue must be administered, discontinue serotonergic drug immediately and monitor for CNS toxicity. Serotonergic therapy may be resumed 24 hours after last methylene blue dose or after 2 weeks of monitoring, whichever comes first.

            • buprenorphine

              methylene blue and buprenorphine both increase serotonin levels. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. If drug combination must be administered, monitor for evidence of serotonergic or opioid-related toxicities

            • bupropion

              bupropion and methylene blue both increase serotonin levels. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Methylene blue may increase serotonin as a result of MAO-A inhibition. If methylene blue must be administered, discontinue serotonergic drug immediately and monitor for CNS toxicity. Serotonergic therapy may be resumed 24 hours after last methylene blue dose or after 2 weeks of monitoring, whichever comes first.

            • buspirone

              methylene blue and buspirone both increase serotonin levels. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Methylene blue may increase serotonin as a result of MAO-A inhibition. If methylene blue must be administered, discontinue serotonergic drug immediately and monitor for CNS toxicity. Serotonergic therapy may be resumed 24 hours after last methylene blue dose or after 2 weeks of monitoring, whichever comes first.

            • butalbital

              methylene blue and butalbital both increase serotonin levels. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. If drug combination must be administered, monitor for evidence of serotonergic or opioid-related toxicities

            • butorphanol

              methylene blue and butorphanol both increase serotonin levels. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. If drug combination must be administered, monitor for evidence of serotonergic or opioid-related toxicities

            • citalopram

              methylene blue and citalopram both increase serotonin levels. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Methylene blue may increase serotonin as a result of MAO-A inhibition. If methylene blue must be administered, discontinue serotonergic drug immediately and monitor for CNS toxicity. Serotonergic therapy may be resumed 24 hours after last methylene blue dose or after 2 weeks of monitoring, whichever comes first.

            • clomipramine

              methylene blue and clomipramine both increase serotonin levels. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Methylene blue may increase serotonin as a result of MAO-A inhibition. If methylene blue must be administered, discontinue serotonergic drug immediately and monitor for CNS toxicity. Serotonergic therapy may be resumed 24 hours after last methylene blue dose or after 2 weeks of monitoring, whichever comes first.

            • cocaine topical

              methylene blue and cocaine topical both increase serotonin levels. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Methylene blue may increase serotonin as a result of MAO-A inhibition. Cocaine inhibits presynaptic reuptake of serotonin. Monitor for CNS toxicity.

            • codeine

              methylene blue and codeine both increase serotonin levels. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. If drug combination must be administered, monitor for evidence of serotonergic or opioid-related toxicities

            • cyclobenzaprine

              methylene blue and cyclobenzaprine both increase serotonin levels. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Methylene blue may increase serotonin as a result of MAO-A inhibition. If methylene blue must be administered, discontinue serotonergic drug immediately and monitor for CNS toxicity. Serotonergic therapy may be resumed 24 hours after last methylene blue dose or after 2 weeks of monitoring, whichever comes first

            • desipramine

              methylene blue and desipramine both increase serotonin levels. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Methylene blue may increase serotonin as a result of MAO-A inhibition. If methylene blue must be administered, discontinue serotonergic drug immediately and monitor for CNS toxicity. Serotonergic therapy may be resumed 24 hours after last methylene blue dose or after 2 weeks of monitoring, whichever comes first.

            • dexfenfluramine

              methylene blue and dexfenfluramine both increase serotonin levels. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Methylene blue may increase serotonin as a result of MAO-A inhibition. If methylene blue must be administered, discontinue serotonergic drug immediately and monitor for CNS toxicity. Serotonergic therapy may be resumed 24 hours after last methylene blue dose or after 2 weeks of monitoring, whichever comes first.

            • dextroamphetamine

              methylene blue and dextroamphetamine both increase serotonin levels. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Methylene blue may increase serotonin as a result of MAO-A inhibition. If methylene blue must be administered, discontinue serotonergic drug immediately and monitor for CNS toxicity. Serotonergic therapy may be resumed 24 hours after last methylene blue dose or after 2 weeks of monitoring, whichever comes first.

            • dextromethorphan

              methylene blue and dextromethorphan both increase serotonin levels. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Methylene blue may increase serotonin as a result of MAO-A inhibition. If methylene blue must be administered, discontinue serotonergic drug immediately and monitor for CNS toxicity. Serotonergic therapy may be resumed 24 hours after last methylene blue dose or after 2 weeks of monitoring, whichever comes first.

            • dihydroergotamine

              methylene blue and dihydroergotamine both increase serotonin levels. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Methylene blue may increase serotonin as a result of MAO-A inhibition. If methylene blue must be administered, discontinue serotonergic drug immediately and monitor for CNS toxicity. Serotonergic therapy may be resumed 24 hours after last methylene blue dose or after 2 weeks of monitoring, whichever comes first.

            • dihydroergotamine intranasal

              methylene blue and dihydroergotamine intranasal both increase serotonin levels. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Methylene blue may increase serotonin as a result of MAO-A inhibition. If methylene blue must be administered, discontinue serotonergic drug immediately and monitor for CNS toxicity. Serotonergic therapy may be resumed 24 hours after last methylene blue dose or after 2 weeks of monitoring, whichever comes first.

            • doxepin

              methylene blue and doxepin both increase serotonin levels. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Methylene blue may increase serotonin as a result of MAO-A inhibition. If methylene blue must be administered, discontinue serotonergic drug immediately and monitor for CNS toxicity. Serotonergic therapy may be resumed 24 hours after last methylene blue dose or after 2 weeks of monitoring, whichever comes first.

            • doxepin cream

              methylene blue and doxepin cream both increase serotonin levels. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Methylene blue may increase serotonin as a result of MAO-A inhibition. If methylene blue must be administered, discontinue serotonergic drug immediately and monitor for CNS toxicity. Serotonergic therapy may be resumed 24 hours after last methylene blue dose or after 2 weeks of monitoring, whichever comes first.

            • doxylamine

              methylene blue and doxylamine both increase serotonin levels. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. If drug combination must be administered, monitor for evidence of serotonergic or opioid-related toxicities

            • duloxetine

              methylene blue and duloxetine both increase serotonin levels. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Methylene blue may increase serotonin as a result of MAO-A inhibition. If methylene blue must be administered, discontinue serotonergic drug immediately and monitor for CNS toxicity. Serotonergic therapy may be resumed 24 hours after last methylene blue dose or after 2 weeks of monitoring, whichever comes first.

            • eletriptan

              eletriptan and methylene blue both increase serotonin levels. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Methylene blue may increase serotonin as a result of MAO-A inhibition. If methylene blue must be administered, discontinue serotonergic drug immediately and monitor for CNS toxicity. Serotonergic therapy may be resumed 24 hours after last methylene blue dose or after 2 weeks of monitoring, whichever comes first.

            • ergotamine

              methylene blue and ergotamine both increase serotonin levels. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Methylene blue may increase serotonin as a result of MAO-A inhibition. If methylene blue must be administered, discontinue serotonergic drug immediately and monitor for CNS toxicity. Serotonergic therapy may be resumed 24 hours after last methylene blue dose or after 2 weeks of monitoring, whichever comes first.

            • escitalopram

              methylene blue and escitalopram both increase serotonin levels. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Methylene blue may increase serotonin as a result of MAO-A inhibition. If methylene blue must be administered, discontinue serotonergic drug immediately and monitor for CNS toxicity. Serotonergic therapy may be resumed 24 hours after last methylene blue dose or after 2 weeks of monitoring, whichever comes first.

            • fentanyl

              methylene blue and fentanyl both increase serotonin levels. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. If drug combination must be administered, monitor for evidence of serotonergic or opioid-related toxicities

            • fluvoxamine

              fluvoxamine increases toxicity of methylene blue by serotonin levels. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • frovatriptan

              frovatriptan and methylene blue both increase serotonin levels. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Methylene blue may increase serotonin as a result of MAO-A inhibition. If methylene blue must be administered, discontinue serotonergic drug immediately and monitor for CNS toxicity. Serotonergic therapy may be resumed 24 hours after last methylene blue dose or after 2 weeks of monitoring, whichever comes first.

            • hydrocodone

              methylene blue increases toxicity of hydrocodone by serotonin levels. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. MAOI interactions with opioids may manifest as serotonin syndrome or opioid toxicity (eg, respiratory depression, coma). Opioids are not recommended for patients taking MAOIs or within 14 days of stopping MAOIs. If urgent opioid treatment needed, use test doses and frequent titration of small doses to treat pain while closely monitoring blood pressure and signs and symptoms of CNS and respiratory depression. If methylene blue must be administered, discontinue serotonergic drug immediately and monitor for CNS toxicity. Serotonergic therapy may be resumed 24 hours after last methylene blue dose or after 2 weeks of monitoring, whichever comes first.

            • hydromorphone

              methylene blue and hydromorphone both increase serotonin levels. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. If drug combination must be administered, monitor for evidence of serotonergic or opioid-related toxicities

            • imipramine

              methylene blue and imipramine both increase serotonin levels. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Methylene blue may increase serotonin as a result of MAO-A inhibition. If methylene blue must be administered, discontinue serotonergic drug immediately and monitor for CNS toxicity. Serotonergic therapy may be resumed 24 hours after last methylene blue dose or after 2 weeks of monitoring, whichever comes first.

            • isocarboxazid

              methylene blue and isocarboxazid both increase serotonin levels. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Methylene blue may increase serotonin as a result of MAO-A inhibition. If methylene blue must be administered, discontinue serotonergic drug immediately and monitor for CNS toxicity. Serotonergic therapy may be resumed 24 hours after last methylene blue dose or after 2 weeks of monitoring, whichever comes first.

            • isoniazid

              methylene blue and isoniazid both increase serotonin levels. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Methylene blue and isoniazid may increase serotonin as a result of MAO-A inhibition. If methylene blue must be administered, discontinue isoniazid immediately and monitor for CNS toxicity. Isoniazid may be resumed 24 hours after last methylene blue dose or after 2 weeks of monitoring, whichever comes first.

            • L-tryptophan

              methylene blue and L-tryptophan both increase serotonin levels. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Methylene blue may increase serotonin as a result of MAO-A inhibition. If methylene blue must be administered, discontinue serotonergic drug immediately and monitor for CNS toxicity. Serotonergic therapy may be resumed 24 hours after last methylene blue dose or after 2 weeks of monitoring, whichever comes first.

            • levodopa

              methylene blue and levodopa both increase serotonin levels. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Methylene blue may increase serotonin as a result of MAO-A inhibition. If methylene blue must be administered, discontinue serotonergic drug immediately and monitor for CNS toxicity. Serotonergic therapy may be resumed 24 hours after last methylene blue dose or after 2 weeks of monitoring, whichever comes first.

            • levomilnacipran

              methylene blue and levomilnacipran both increase serotonin levels. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Methylene blue may increase serotonin as a result of MAO-A inhibition. If methylene blue must be administered, discontinue serotonergic drug immediately and monitor for CNS toxicity. Serotonergic therapy may be resumed 24 hours after last methylene blue dose or after 2 weeks of monitoring, whichever comes first.

            • levorphanol

              methylene blue and levorphanol both increase serotonin levels. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. If drug combination must be administered, monitor for evidence of serotonergic or opioid-related toxicities

            • linezolid

              methylene blue and linezolid both increase serotonin levels. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Both drugs increase serotonin as a result of MAO-A inhibition. Avoid coadministration if possible. If coadministered, monitor for CNS toxicity.

            • lsd

              methylene blue and lsd both increase serotonin levels. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Methylene blue may increase serotonin as a result of MAO-A inhibition. If methylene blue must be administered, discontinue serotonergic drug immediately and monitor for CNS toxicity.

            • maprotiline

              methylene blue and maprotiline both increase serotonin levels. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Methylene blue may increase serotonin as a result of MAO-A inhibition. If methylene blue must be administered, discontinue serotonergic drug immediately and monitor for CNS toxicity. Serotonergic therapy may be resumed 24 hours after last methylene blue dose or after 2 weeks of monitoring, whichever comes first.

            • meperidine

              methylene blue and meperidine both increase serotonin levels. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Methylene blue may increase serotonin as a result of MAO-A inhibition. If methylene blue must be administered, discontinue serotonergic drug immediately and monitor for CNS toxicity. Serotonergic therapy may be resumed 24 hours after last methylene blue dose or after 2 weeks of monitoring, whichever comes first.

            • metformin

              methylene blue will increase the level or effect of metformin by unspecified interaction mechanism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • methadone

              methylene blue and methadone both increase serotonin levels. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. If drug combination must be administered, monitor for evidence of serotonergic or opioid-related toxicities

            • milnacipran

              methylene blue and milnacipran both increase serotonin levels. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Methylene blue may increase serotonin as a result of MAO-A inhibition. If methylene blue must be administered, discontinue serotonergic drug immediately and monitor for CNS toxicity. Serotonergic therapy may be resumed 24 hours after last methylene blue dose or after 2 weeks of monitoring, whichever comes first.

            • mirtazapine

              methylene blue and mirtazapine both increase serotonin levels. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Methylene blue may increase serotonin as a result of MAO-A inhibition. If methylene blue must be administered, discontinue serotonergic drug immediately and monitor for CNS toxicity. Serotonergic therapy may be resumed 24 hours after last methylene blue dose or after 2 weeks of monitoring, whichever comes first.

            • morphine

              methylene blue and morphine both increase serotonin levels. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Methylene blue may increase serotonin as a result of MAO-A inhibition. If methylene blue must be administered, discontinue morphine (if possible) and monitor for CNS toxicity. Morphine may be resumed 24 hours after last methylene blue dose or after 2 weeks of monitoring, whichever comes first.

            • naratriptan

              naratriptan and methylene blue both increase serotonin levels. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Methylene blue may increase serotonin as a result of MAO-A inhibition. If methylene blue must be administered, discontinue serotonergic drug immediately and monitor for CNS toxicity. Serotonergic therapy may be resumed 24 hours after last methylene blue dose or after 2 weeks of monitoring, whichever comes first.

            • nefazodone

              methylene blue and nefazodone both increase serotonin levels. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Methylene blue may increase serotonin as a result of MAO-A inhibition. If methylene blue must be administered, discontinue serotonergic drug immediately and monitor for CNS toxicity. Serotonergic therapy may be resumed 24 hours after last methylene blue dose or after 2 weeks of monitoring, whichever comes first.

            • nortriptyline

              methylene blue and nortriptyline both increase serotonin levels. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Methylene blue may increase serotonin as a result of MAO-A inhibition. If methylene blue must be administered, discontinue serotonergic drug immediately and monitor for CNS toxicity. Serotonergic therapy may be resumed 24 hours after last methylene blue dose or after 2 weeks of monitoring, whichever comes first.

            • oxycodone

              methylene blue and oxycodone both increase serotonin levels. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. If drug combination must be administered, monitor for evidence of serotonergic or opioid-related toxicities

            • paroxetine

              methylene blue and paroxetine both increase serotonin levels. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Methylene blue may increase serotonin as a result of MAO-A inhibition. If methylene blue must be administered, discontinue serotonergic drug immediately and monitor for CNS toxicity. Serotonergic therapy may be resumed 24 hours after last methylene blue dose or after 2 weeks of monitoring, whichever comes first.

            • pentazocine

              methylene blue and pentazocine both increase serotonin levels. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Methylene blue may increase serotonin as a result of MAO-A inhibition. If methylene blue must be administered, discontinue pentazocine (if possible) and monitor for CNS toxicity. Serotonergic therapy may be resumed 24 hours after last methylene blue dose or after 2 weeks of monitoring, whichever comes first.

            • phenelzine

              methylene blue and phenelzine both increase serotonin levels. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Methylene blue may increase serotonin as a result of MAO-A inhibition. If methylene blue must be administered, discontinue serotonergic drug immediately and monitor for CNS toxicity. Serotonergic therapy may be resumed 24 hours after last methylene blue dose or after 2 weeks of monitoring, whichever comes first.

            • procarbazine

              methylene blue and procarbazine both increase serotonin levels. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Methylene blue may increase serotonin as a result of MAO-A inhibition. If methylene blue must be administered, discontinue serotonergic drug immediately and monitor for CNS toxicity. Serotonergic therapy may be resumed 24 hours after last methylene blue dose or after 2 weeks of monitoring, whichever comes first.

            • promethazine

              methylene blue and promethazine both increase serotonin levels. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. If drug combination must be administered, monitor for evidence of serotonergic or opioid-related toxicities

            • protriptyline

              methylene blue and protriptyline both increase serotonin levels. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Methylene blue may increase serotonin as a result of MAO-A inhibition. If methylene blue must be administered, discontinue serotonergic drug immediately and monitor for CNS toxicity. Serotonergic therapy may be resumed 24 hours after last methylene blue dose or after 2 weeks of monitoring, whichever comes first.

            • rasagiline

              methylene blue and rasagiline both increase serotonin levels. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Both methylene blue and rasagiline may increase serotonin as a result of MAO-A inhibition. If methylene blue must be administered, discontinue serotonergic drug immediately and monitor for CNS toxicity. Serotonergic therapy may be resumed 24 hours after last methylene blue dose or after 2 weeks of monitoring, whichever comes first.

            • remifentanil

              methylene blue and remifentanil both increase serotonin levels. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. If drug combination must be administered, monitor for evidence of serotonergic or opioid-related toxicities

            • rizatriptan

              rizatriptan and methylene blue both increase serotonin levels. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Methylene blue may increase serotonin as a result of MAO-A inhibition. If methylene blue must be administered, discontinue serotonergic drug immediately and monitor for CNS toxicity. Serotonergic therapy may be resumed 24 hours after last methylene blue dose or after 2 weeks of monitoring, whichever comes first.

            • safinamide

              methylene blue, safinamide. Either increases toxicity of the other by serotonin levels. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Both methylene blue and safinamide may increase serotonin as a result of MAO-A inhibition. If IV methylene blue must be administered, discontinue serotonergic drug immediately and monitor for CNS toxicity. Serotonergic therapy may be resumed 24 hours after last methylene blue dose or after 2 weeks of monitoring, whichever comes first.

            • SAMe

              methylene blue and SAMe both increase serotonin levels. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Methylene blue may increase serotonin as a result of MAO-A inhibition. If methylene blue must be administered, discontinue serotonergic drug immediately and monitor for CNS toxicity. Serotonergic therapy may be resumed 24 hours after last methylene blue dose or after 2 weeks of monitoring, whichever comes first.

            • selegiline

              selegiline and methylene blue both increase serotonin levels. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Both methylene blue and selegiline may increase serotonin as a result of MAO-A inhibition. If methylene blue must be administered, discontinue serotonergic drug immediately and monitor for CNS toxicity. Serotonergic therapy may be resumed 24 hours after last methylene blue dose or after 2 weeks of monitoring, whichever comes first.

            • selegiline transdermal

              selegiline transdermal and methylene blue both increase serotonin levels. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Both methylene blue and selegiline may increase serotonin as a result of MAO-A inhibition. If methylene blue must be administered, discontinue serotonergic drug immediately and monitor for CNS toxicity. Serotonergic therapy may be resumed 24 hours after last methylene blue dose or after 2 weeks of monitoring, whichever comes first.

            • sertraline

              methylene blue and sertraline both increase serotonin levels. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Methylene blue may increase serotonin as a result of MAO-A inhibition. If methylene blue must be administered, discontinue serotonergic drug immediately and monitor for CNS toxicity. Serotonergic therapy may be resumed 24 hours after last methylene blue dose or after 2 weeks of monitoring, whichever comes first.

            • St John's Wort

              methylene blue and St John's Wort both increase serotonin levels. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Methylene blue may increase serotonin as a result of MAO-A inhibition. If methylene blue must be administered, discontinue serotonergic drug immediately and monitor for CNS toxicity. Serotonergic therapy may be resumed 24 hours after last methylene blue dose or after 2 weeks of monitoring, whichever comes first.

            • sufentanil SL

              methylene blue increases toxicity of sufentanil SL by serotonin levels. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. MAOI interactions with opioids may manifest as serotonin syndrome or opioid toxicity (eg, respiratory depression, coma). Opioids are not recommended for patients taking MAOIs or within 14 days of stopping MAOIs. If urgent opioid treatment needed, use test doses and frequent titration of small doses to treat pain while closely monitoring blood pressure and signs and symptoms of CNS and respiratory depression. If methylene blue must be administered, discontinue serotonergic drug immediately and monitor for CNS toxicity. Serotonergic therapy may be resumed 24 hours after last methylene blue dose or after 2 weeks of monitoring, whichever comes first.

            • sumatriptan

              sumatriptan and methylene blue both increase serotonin levels. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Methylene blue may increase serotonin as a result of MAO-A inhibition. If methylene blue must be administered, discontinue serotonergic drug immediately and monitor for CNS toxicity. Serotonergic therapy may be resumed 24 hours after last methylene blue dose or after 2 weeks of monitoring, whichever comes first.

            • sumatriptan intranasal

              sumatriptan intranasal and methylene blue both increase serotonin levels. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Methylene blue may increase serotonin as a result of MAO-A inhibition. If methylene blue must be administered, discontinue serotonergic drug immediately and monitor for CNS toxicity. Serotonergic therapy may be resumed 24 hours after last methylene blue dose or after 2 weeks of monitoring, whichever comes first.

            • tedizolid

              tedizolid, methylene blue. Either increases effects of the other by Mechanism: pharmacodynamic synergism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. both increase levels of serotonin; increased risk of serotonin syndrome.

            • tramadol

              methylene blue and tramadol both increase serotonin levels. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Methylene blue may increase serotonin as a result of MAO-A inhibition. If methylene blue must be administered, discontinue serotonergic drug immediately and monitor for CNS toxicity. Serotonergic therapy may be resumed 24 hours after last methylene blue dose or after 2 weeks of monitoring, whichever comes first.

            • tranylcypromine

              methylene blue and tranylcypromine both increase serotonin levels. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Methylene blue may increase serotonin as a result of MAO-A inhibition. If methylene blue must be administered, discontinue serotonergic drug immediately and monitor for CNS toxicity. Serotonergic therapy may be resumed 24 hours after last methylene blue dose or after 2 weeks of monitoring, whichever comes first.

            • trazodone

              methylene blue and trazodone both increase serotonin levels. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Methylene blue may increase serotonin as a result of MAO-A inhibition. If methylene blue must be administered, discontinue serotonergic drug immediately and monitor for CNS toxicity. Serotonergic therapy may be resumed 24 hours after last methylene blue dose or after 2 weeks of monitoring, whichever comes first.

            • trimipramine

              methylene blue and trimipramine both increase serotonin levels. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Methylene blue may increase serotonin as a result of MAO-A inhibition. If methylene blue must be administered, discontinue serotonergic drug immediately and monitor for CNS toxicity. Serotonergic therapy may be resumed 24 hours after last methylene blue dose or after 2 weeks of monitoring, whichever comes first.

            • valbenazine

              methylene blue, valbenazine. Other (see comment). Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Comment: Coadministration of valbenazine with MAOIs may increase monoamine neurotransmitter concentration in synapses, potentially increasing risk of serotonin syndrome or attenuating valbenazine effect.

            • venlafaxine

              methylene blue and venlafaxine both increase serotonin levels. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Methylene blue may increase serotonin as a result of MAO-A inhibition. If methylene blue must be administered, discontinue serotonergic drug immediately and monitor for CNS toxicity. Serotonergic therapy may be resumed 24 hours after last methylene blue dose or after 2 weeks of monitoring, whichever comes first.

            • vilazodone

              methylene blue and vilazodone both increase serotonin levels. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Methylene blue may increase serotonin as a result of MAO-A inhibition. If methylene blue must be administered, discontinue serotonergic drug immediately and monitor for CNS toxicity. Serotonergic therapy may be resumed 24 hours after last methylene blue dose or after 2 weeks of monitoring, whichever comes first.

            • zolmitriptan

              zolmitriptan and methylene blue both increase serotonin levels. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Methylene blue may increase serotonin as a result of MAO-A inhibition. If methylene blue must be administered, discontinue serotonergic drug immediately and monitor for CNS toxicity. Serotonergic therapy may be resumed 24 hours after last methylene blue dose or after 2 weeks of monitoring, whichever comes first.

            Monitor Closely (8)

            • artesunate

              methylene blue will increase the level or effect of artesunate by decreasing metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Coadministration may increase active artesunate metabolite (DHA) by inhibiting UGT. Monitor for increased adverse effects.

            • buprenorphine subdermal implant

              methylene blue, buprenorphine subdermal implant. Either increases toxicity of the other by serotonin levels. Use Caution/Monitor. Concomitant use could result in life-threatening serotonin syndrome. If concomitant use is warranted, carefully observe the patient, particularly during treatment initiation, and during dose adjustment of the serotonergic drug. Discontinue buprenorphine if serotonin syndrome is suspected.

            • buprenorphine, long-acting injection

              methylene blue, buprenorphine, long-acting injection. Either increases toxicity of the other by serotonin levels. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Concomitant use could result in life-threatening serotonin syndrome or opioid toxicity (eg, respiratory depression, coma). Buprenorphine long-acting injection is not recommended for patients taking MAOIs or within 14 days of stopping such treatment.

            • lasmiditan

              methylene blue increases effects of lasmiditan by serotonin levels. Use Caution/Monitor. Coadministration may increase risk of serotonin syndrome.

            • levodopa inhaled

              levodopa inhaled increases effects of methylene blue by dopaminergic effects. Use Caution/Monitor. Coadministration of selective MAO-B inhibitors with levodopa may be associated with orthostatic hypotension.

            • methoxsalen

              methoxsalen, methylene blue. Either increases toxicity of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Additive photosensitizing effects.

            • oliceridine

              methylene blue, oliceridine. Either increases effects of the other by serotonin levels. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

            • tapentadol

              methylene blue and tapentadol both increase serotonin levels. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

            Minor (0)

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              Adverse Effects

              >10%

              Pain in extremity (84%)

              Chromaturia (74%)

              Dysgeusia (20%)

              Feeling hot (17%)

              Dizziness (16%)

              Hyperhidrosis (13%)

              Nausea (13%)

              Skin discoloration (13%)

              1-10%

              Headache (10%)

              Musculoskeletal pain (9%)

              Paresthesia oral (9%)

              Paresthesia (9%)

              Infusion site pain (6%)

              Feeling cold (6%)

              Pallor (5%)

              Contact dermatitis (5%)

              Syncope (4%)

              Pruritus (4%)

              Anxiety (4%)

              Decreased appetite (4%)

              Chest discomfort (4%)

              Back pain (2%)

              Cold sweat (2%)

              Dizziness postural (2%)

              Muscle spasms (2%)

              Presyncope (2%)

              Arthralgia (2%)

              Chills (2%)

              Diarrhea (2%)

              Discomfort (2%)

              Dyspnea (2%)

              Erythema (2%)

              Hypoesthesia oral (2%)

              Infusion site discomfort (2%)

              Limb discomfort (2%)

              Oral discomfort (2%)

              Catheter site pain (2%)

              Ecchymosis (2%)

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              Warnings

              Black Box Warnings

              May cause serious or fatal serotonergic syndrome when coadministered with serotonergic drugs

              Avoid coadministration with SSRIs, SNRIs, and MAOIs

              Contraindications

              Severe hypersensitivity reactions to methylene blue or any other thiazine dye

              Patients with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PD) due to the risk of hemolytic anemia

              Cautions

              Hypersensitivity reactions (eg, anaphylaxis, angioedema, urticaria, bronchospasm) reported; monitor vital signs and ECG during treatment; if severe hypersensitivity occurs, discontinue drug and initiate supportive treatment (see Administration and Contraindications)

              Methemoglobinemia may not resolve or may rebound after response to treatment due to aryl amines (eg, aniline, sulfa drugs [dapsone]); monitor response to therapy with through resolution of methemoglobinemia

              Patients with G6PD deficiency may not reduce methylene blue to its active form in vivo and thereby be ineffective (see Contraindications)

              The presence of methylene blue in the blood may result in an underestimation of the oxygen saturation reading by pulse oximetry

              A fall in the Bispectral Index (BIS) has been reported following administration of methylene blue class products; if methylene blue is administered during surgery, alternative methods for assessing the depth of anesthesia should be employed

              May cause confusion, dizziness, and disturbances in vision; patients should refrain from driving or engaging in hazardous occupations or activities

              Methylene blue is a blue dye that passes freely into the urine and may interfere with the interpretation of any urine test which relies on a blue indicator (eg, dipstick test for leukocyte esterase)

              Methylene blue is extensively metabolized in the liver; monitor patients with any hepatic impairment for toxicities and potential drug interactions for an extended period of time following treatment

              Approximately 40% of methylene blue is excreted by the kidneys; patients with any renal impairment should be monitored for toxicities and potential drug interactions for an extended period of time following treatment

              Hemolysis

              • Hemolysis can occur during treatment of methemoglobinemia with methylene blue; laboratory testing may show Heinz bodies, elevated indirect bilirubin, and low haptoglobin, but the Coombs test is negative; anemia may occur; hemolytic anemia may not be apparent until ≥1 day after; anemia may require red blood cell transfusions
              • Use lowest effective number of doses to treat methemoglobinemia; discontinue and consider alternative treatments of methemoglobinemia if severe hemolysis occurs

              Serotonin syndrome

              • Patients treated should be monitored for emergence of serotonin syndrome; if symptoms of serotonin syndrome occur, discontinue use, and initiate supportive treatment; inform patients of the increased risk of serotonin syndrome and advise them not to take serotonergic drugs within 72 hours after last dose
              • Symptoms associated with serotonin syndrome may include mental status changes (eg, agitation, hallucinations, delirium, and coma), autonomic instability (eg, tachycardia, labile blood pressure, dizziness, diaphoresis, flushing, and hyperthermia), neuromuscular symptoms (eg, tremor, rigidity, myoclonus, hyperreflexia, and incoordination), seizures, and/or gastrointestinal symptoms(eg, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea); avoid concomitant use with serotonergic drugs
              • Avoid coadministration with serotonergic psychiatric drugs (eg, SSRIs, SNRIs, TCAs, MAOIs) due to increased risk of serotonin syndrome, unless indicated for life-threatening conditions or when urgent treatment is required such as emergency treatment of methemoglobinemia, ifosfamide-induced encephalopathy, or cyanide poisoning; methylene blue may increase serotonin CNS levels by MAO-A inhibition
              • If methylene blue must be administered to a patient currently taking a serotonergic drug, stop serotonergic drug immediately and monitor for CNS toxicity; serotonergic therapy may be resumed 24 hours after the last dose of methylene blue, or after 2 weeks of monitoring (5 weeks if fluoxetine was taken), whichever comes first
              • If possible, discontinue serotonergic psychiatric medication at least 2 weeks in advance of methylene blue treatment; fluoxetine should be stopped at least 5 weeks in advance due to longer half-life
              • Also, see Black Box Warnings
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              Pregnancy & Lactation

              Pregnancy

              May cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman

              Intra-amniotic injection of pregnant women with a methylene blue class product during the second trimester was associated with neonatal intestinal atresia and fetal death

              Lactation

              There is no information regarding the presence of methylene blue in human milk, the effects on the breastfed infant, or the effects on milk production

              Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions, including genotoxicity discontinue breastfeeding during and for up to 8 days after treatment

              Pregnancy Categories

              A: Generally acceptable. Controlled studies in pregnant women show no evidence of fetal risk.

              B: May be acceptable. Either animal studies show no risk but human studies not available or animal studies showed minor risks and human studies done and showed no risk.

              C: Use with caution if benefits outweigh risks. Animal studies show risk and human studies not available or neither animal nor human studies done.

              D: Use in LIFE-THREATENING emergencies when no safer drug available. Positive evidence of human fetal risk.

              X: Do not use in pregnancy. Risks involved outweigh potential benefits. Safer alternatives exist.

              NA: Information not available.

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              Pharmacology

              Mechanism of Action

              Methylene blue is a water soluble thiazine dye that promotes a nonenyzmatic redox conversion of metHb to hemoglobin

              In situ, methylene blue is first converted to leucomethylene blue (LMB) via NADPH reductase; it is the LMB molecule which then reduces the ferric iron of metHb to the ferrous state of normal hemoglobin

              It also combines with cyanide to form cyanmethemoglobin, which prevents the interference of cyanide with the cytochrome system

              Absorption

              Peak plasma concentration: 2,917 ng/mL

              AUC: 13,977 ng·hr/mL

              Distribution

              Protein bound: 94%

              Vd: 255 L

              Metabolism

              Metabolized by CYPs 1A2, 2C19 and 2D6 in vitro; however, the predominant in vitro pathway appears to be UGT-mediated conjugation by multiple UGT enzymes, including UGT1A4 and UGT1A9

              Elimination

              Half-life: 24 hr

              Excretion: 40% unchanged in urine

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              Administration

              IV Incompatibilities

              0.9% NaCl (reduces methylene blue solubility)

              Incompatible with caustic alkalis, iodides, dichromates, and oxidizing or reducing substances

              IV Preparation

              Solution is hypotonic and may be diluted before use in a solution of 50 mL D5W to avoid local pain, particularly in the pediatric population

              Use the diluted solution immediately after preparation

              Do not mix with 0.9% NaCl, because it has been demonstrated that chloride reduces the solubility of methylene blue

              Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration, whenever solution and container permit

              IV Administration

              Ensure patent venous access prior to administration

              For IV use only, do not administer SC or IM

              Administer IV slowly over 5-30 minutes

              If the methemoglobin level remains >30% or if clinical signs and symptoms persist, a repeat dose of 1 mg/kg may be given 1 hr after the first dose

              If methemoglobinemia does not resolve after 2 doses, consider initiating alternative interventions for treatment of methemoglobinemia

              Monitor vital signs, ECG, and methemoglobin levels during treatment and through resolution of methemoglobinemia

              Storage

              Store at 20-25°C (68-77°F)

              Do not refrigerate or freeze

              Keep ampule in original container to protect from light

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              Images

              No images available for this drug.
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              Patient Handout

              A Patient Handout is not currently available for this monograph.
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              Formulary

              FormularyPatient Discounts

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              • View the formulary and any restrictions for each plan.
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              • Access your plan list on any device – mobile or desktop.

              The above information is provided for general informational and educational purposes only. Individual plans may vary and formulary information changes. Contact the applicable plan provider for the most current information.

              Tier Description
              1 This drug is available at the lowest co-pay. Most commonly, these are generic drugs.
              2 This drug is available at a middle level co-pay. Most commonly, these are "preferred" (on formulary) brand drugs.
              3 This drug is available at a higher level co-pay. Most commonly, these are "non-preferred" brand drugs.
              4 This drug is available at a higher level co-pay. Most commonly, these are "non-preferred" brand drugs or specialty prescription products.
              5 This drug is available at a higher level co-pay. Most commonly, these are "non-preferred" brand drugs or specialty prescription products.
              6 This drug is available at a higher level co-pay. Most commonly, these are "non-preferred" brand drugs or specialty prescription products.
              NC NOT COVERED – Drugs that are not covered by the plan.
              Code Definition
              PA Prior Authorization
              Drugs that require prior authorization. This restriction requires that specific clinical criteria be met prior to the approval of the prescription.
              QL Quantity Limits
              Drugs that have quantity limits associated with each prescription. This restriction typically limits the quantity of the drug that will be covered.
              ST Step Therapy
              Drugs that have step therapy associated with each prescription. This restriction typically requires that certain criteria be met prior to approval for the prescription.
              OR Other Restrictions
              Drugs that have restrictions other than prior authorization, quantity limits, and step therapy associated with each prescription.
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              Medscape prescription drug monographs are based on FDA-approved labeling information, unless otherwise noted, combined with additional data derived from primary medical literature.