articaine/epinephrine (Rx)

Brand and Other Names:Septocaine, Zorcaine with Epinephrine, more...Orabloc

Dosing & Uses

AdultPediatric

Dosage Forms & Strengths

articaine/epinephrine

injectable solution

  • 4% (40mg/mL)/1:100,000 (0.01mg/mL)
  • 4% (40 mg/mL)/1:200,000 (0.005mg/mL)

Local, Infiltrative, or Conductive Anesthesia in Dental Procedures

Infiltration: 0.5-2.5 mL injection of 4% solution; 20-100 mg total dose

Nerve block: 0.5-3.4 mL injection of 4% solution; 20-136 mg total dose

Oral surgery: 1-5.1 mL injection of 4% solution; 40-204 mg total dose

Not to exceed 7 mg/kg (0.175 mL/kg)  

Dosage Forms & Strengths

articaine/epinephrine

injectable solution

  • 4%(40mg/mL)/1:100,000(0.01mg/mL)
  • 4%(40 mg/mL)/1:200,000(0.005mg/mL)

Local, Infiltrative, or Conductive Anesthesia in Dental Procedures

<4 years: Safey and efficacy not established

4-16 years: Use lower end of dose range; 0.76-5.65 mg/kg used safely in simple procedures; 0.37-7.48 mg/kg used safely in complex procedures

Not to exceed 7 mg/kg (0.175 mL/kg)  

Storage

Storage: room temperature, protect from light, do not freeze

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Interactions

Interaction Checker

and articaine/epinephrine

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            Contraindicated (15)

            • disopyramide

              epinephrine and disopyramide both increase QTc interval. Contraindicated.

            • ibutilide

              epinephrine and ibutilide both increase QTc interval. Contraindicated.

            • indapamide

              epinephrine and indapamide both increase QTc interval. Contraindicated.

            • iobenguane I 123

              epinephrine decreases effects of iobenguane I 123 by receptor binding competition. Contraindicated. If clinically appropriate, discontinue drugs that compete for NE receptor sites for at least 5 half-lives; may cause false-negative imaging results.

            • isocarboxazid

              isocarboxazid increases effects of epinephrine by pharmacodynamic synergism. Contraindicated. Risk of acute hypertensive episode.

            • linezolid

              linezolid increases effects of epinephrine by pharmacodynamic synergism. Contraindicated. Risk of acute hypertensive episode.

            • lurasidone

              epinephrine increases toxicity of lurasidone by pharmacodynamic synergism. Contraindicated. Interaction applies only in setting of acute lurasidone overdose. Epinephrine may enhance hypotensive effects of lurasidone in overdose setting.

            • pentamidine

              epinephrine and pentamidine both increase QTc interval. Contraindicated.

            • phenelzine

              phenelzine increases effects of epinephrine by pharmacodynamic synergism. Contraindicated. Risk of acute hypertensive episode.

            • pimozide

              epinephrine and pimozide both increase QTc interval. Contraindicated.

            • procainamide

              epinephrine and procainamide both increase QTc interval. Contraindicated.

            • quinidine

              epinephrine and quinidine both increase QTc interval. Contraindicated.

            • selegiline transdermal

              selegiline transdermal increases effects of epinephrine by pharmacodynamic synergism. Contraindicated. Risk of acute hypertensive episode.

            • sotalol

              epinephrine and sotalol both increase QTc interval. Contraindicated.

            • tranylcypromine

              tranylcypromine increases effects of epinephrine by pharmacodynamic synergism. Contraindicated. Risk of acute hypertensive episode.

            Serious - Use Alternative (66)

            • amiodarone

              epinephrine and amiodarone both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • amitriptyline

              epinephrine and amitriptyline both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

              amitriptyline, epinephrine. Other (see comment). Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Comment: Tricyclic antidepressants increase or decrease effects of sympathomimetics, by blocking reuptake of NE, or blocking uptake of indirect sympathomimetics into the adrenergic neuron.

            • amoxapine

              epinephrine and amoxapine both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

              amoxapine, epinephrine. Other (see comment). Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Comment: Tricyclic antidepressants increase or decrease effects of sympathomimetics, by blocking reuptake of NE, or blocking uptake of indirect sympathomimetics into the adrenergic neuron.

            • artemether/lumefantrine

              epinephrine and artemether/lumefantrine both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • cabergoline

              cabergoline, epinephrine. Mechanism: pharmacodynamic synergism. Contraindicated. Additive vasospasm; risk of hypertension.

            • chlorpromazine

              epinephrine and chlorpromazine both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • clarithromycin

              epinephrine and clarithromycin both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • clomipramine

              epinephrine and clomipramine both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

              clomipramine, epinephrine. Other (see comment). Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Comment: Tricyclic antidepressants increase or decrease effects of sympathomimetics, by blocking reuptake of NE, or blocking uptake of indirect sympathomimetics into the adrenergic neuron.

            • desflurane

              desflurane increases toxicity of epinephrine by Mechanism: unknown. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Risk of V tach, HTN.

              desflurane increases levels of epinephrine by decreasing metabolism. Contraindicated.

            • desipramine

              epinephrine and desipramine both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

              desipramine, epinephrine. Other (see comment). Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Comment: Tricyclic antidepressants increase or decrease effects of sympathomimetics, by blocking reuptake of NE, or blocking uptake of indirect sympathomimetics into the adrenergic neuron.

            • dihydroergotamine

              dihydroergotamine, epinephrine. Mechanism: pharmacodynamic synergism. Contraindicated. Additive vasospasm; risk of hypertension.

            • dihydroergotamine intranasal

              dihydroergotamine intranasal, epinephrine. Mechanism: pharmacodynamic synergism. Contraindicated. Additive vasospasm; risk of hypertension.

            • dofetilide

              epinephrine and dofetilide both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • dosulepin

              epinephrine and dosulepin both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • doxapram

              doxapram increases effects of epinephrine by pharmacodynamic synergism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Additive pressor effect.

            • doxepin

              epinephrine and doxepin both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

              doxepin, epinephrine. Other (see comment). Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Comment: Tricyclic antidepressants increase or decrease effects of sympathomimetics, by blocking reuptake of NE, or blocking uptake of indirect sympathomimetics into the adrenergic neuron.

            • dronedarone

              epinephrine and dronedarone both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • droperidol

              epinephrine and droperidol both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • ergoloid mesylates

              ergoloid mesylates, epinephrine. Mechanism: pharmacodynamic synergism. Contraindicated. Additive vasospasm; risk of hypertension.

            • ergotamine

              ergotamine, epinephrine. Mechanism: pharmacodynamic synergism. Contraindicated. Additive vasospasm; risk of hypertension.

            • erythromycin base

              epinephrine and erythromycin base both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • erythromycin ethylsuccinate

              epinephrine and erythromycin ethylsuccinate both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • erythromycin lactobionate

              epinephrine and erythromycin lactobionate both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • erythromycin stearate

              epinephrine and erythromycin stearate both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • ether

              ether increases toxicity of epinephrine by Mechanism: unknown. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Risk of V tach, HTN.

            • etomidate

              etomidate increases levels of epinephrine by decreasing metabolism. Contraindicated.

            • fluconazole

              epinephrine and fluconazole both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • fluphenazine

              epinephrine and fluphenazine both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • formoterol

              epinephrine and formoterol both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • haloperidol

              epinephrine and haloperidol both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • imipramine

              epinephrine and imipramine both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

              imipramine, epinephrine. Other (see comment). Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Comment: Tricyclic antidepressants increase or decrease effects of sympathomimetics, by blocking reuptake of NE, or blocking uptake of indirect sympathomimetics into the adrenergic neuron.

            • iobenguane I 131

              epinephrine will decrease the level or effect of iobenguane I 131 by Other (see comment). Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Based on the mechanism of action of iobenguane, drugs that reduce catecholamine uptake or that deplete catecholamine stores may interfere with iobenguane uptake into cells, and thus, reduce iobenguane efficacy. Discontinue interfering drugs for at least 5 half-lives before administration of either the dosimetry or an iobenguane dose. Do not administer these drugs until at least 7 days after each iobenguane dose.

            • isoflurane

              isoflurane increases toxicity of epinephrine by Mechanism: unknown. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Risk of V tach, HTN.

            • ketamine

              ketamine, epinephrine. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Contraindicated. Intraoperative use of epinephrine and ketamine should be used cautiously and is contraindicated in situations where increased blood pressure would be hazardous (eg, hypertension, stroke, head trauma, intracranial bleeding).

            • ketoconazole

              epinephrine and ketoconazole both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • levoketoconazole

              epinephrine and levoketoconazole both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • levomilnacipran

              levomilnacipran increases levels of epinephrine by pharmacodynamic synergism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Risk of paroxysmal HTN, arrhythmia.

            • lofepramine

              epinephrine and lofepramine both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

              lofepramine, epinephrine. Other (see comment). Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Comment: Tricyclic antidepressants increase or decrease effects of sympathomimetics, by blocking reuptake of NE, or blocking uptake of indirect sympathomimetics into the adrenergic neuron.

            • lumefantrine

              epinephrine and lumefantrine both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • maprotiline

              epinephrine and maprotiline both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

              maprotiline, epinephrine. Other (see comment). Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Comment: Tricyclic antidepressants increase or decrease effects of sympathomimetics, by blocking reuptake of NE, or blocking uptake of indirect sympathomimetics into the adrenergic neuron.

            • methoxyflurane

              methoxyflurane increases toxicity of epinephrine by Mechanism: unknown. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Risk of V tach, HTN.

            • methylergonovine

              methylergonovine, epinephrine. Mechanism: pharmacodynamic synergism. Contraindicated. Additive vasospasm; risk of hypertension.

            • milnacipran

              milnacipran increases levels of epinephrine by pharmacodynamic synergism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Risk of paroxysmal HTN, arrhythmia.

            • moxifloxacin

              epinephrine and moxifloxacin both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • nadolol

              nadolol increases effects of epinephrine by pharmacodynamic synergism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Risk of hypertension and bradycardia. Consider selective beta 1 blocker (e.g., metoprolol).

            • nortriptyline

              epinephrine and nortriptyline both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

              nortriptyline, epinephrine. Other (see comment). Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Comment: Tricyclic antidepressants increase or decrease effects of sympathomimetics, by blocking reuptake of NE, or blocking uptake of indirect sympathomimetics into the adrenergic neuron.

            • octreotide

              epinephrine and octreotide both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • octreotide (Antidote)

              epinephrine and octreotide (Antidote) both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • ozanimod

              ozanimod increases toxicity of epinephrine by sympathetic (adrenergic) effects, including increased blood pressure and heart rate. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Because the active metabolite of ozanimod inhibits MAO-B in vitro, there is a potential for serious adverse reactions, including hypertensive crisis. Therefore, coadministration of ozanimod with drugs that can increase norepinephrine or serotonin is not recommended. Monitor for hypertension with concomitant use.

            • perphenazine

              epinephrine and perphenazine both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • pindolol

              pindolol increases effects of epinephrine by pharmacodynamic synergism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Risk of hypertension and bradycardia. Consider selective beta 1 blocker (e.g., metoprolol).

            • procarbazine

              procarbazine increases effects of epinephrine by pharmacodynamic synergism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Risk of acute hypertensive episode.

            • prochlorperazine

              epinephrine and prochlorperazine both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • promazine

              epinephrine and promazine both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • promethazine

              epinephrine and promethazine both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • propofol

              propofol increases levels of epinephrine by unknown mechanism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • propranolol

              propranolol increases effects of epinephrine by pharmacodynamic synergism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Risk of hypertension and bradycardia. Consider selective beta 1 blocker (e.g., metoprolol).

            • protriptyline

              epinephrine and protriptyline both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

              protriptyline, epinephrine. Other (see comment). Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Comment: Tricyclic antidepressants increase or decrease effects of sympathomimetics, by blocking reuptake of NE, or blocking uptake of indirect sympathomimetics into the adrenergic neuron.

            • sevoflurane

              sevoflurane increases toxicity of epinephrine by Mechanism: unknown. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Risk of V tach, HTN.

            • thioridazine

              epinephrine and thioridazine both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • timolol

              timolol increases effects of epinephrine by pharmacodynamic synergism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Risk of hypertension and bradycardia. Consider selective beta 1 blocker (e.g., metoprolol).

            • trazodone

              epinephrine and trazodone both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

              trazodone, epinephrine. Other (see comment). Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Comment: Tricyclic antidepressants increase or decrease effects of sympathomimetics, by blocking reuptake of NE, or blocking uptake of indirect sympathomimetics into the adrenergic neuron.

            • trifluoperazine

              epinephrine and trifluoperazine both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • trimipramine

              epinephrine and trimipramine both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

              trimipramine, epinephrine. Other (see comment). Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Comment: Tricyclic antidepressants increase or decrease effects of sympathomimetics, by blocking reuptake of NE, or blocking uptake of indirect sympathomimetics into the adrenergic neuron.

            • yohimbe

              yohimbe, epinephrine. Mechanism: pharmacodynamic synergism. Contraindicated. Risk of acute hypertensive episode.

            • ziprasidone

              epinephrine and ziprasidone both increase QTc interval. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            Monitor Closely (217)

            • acebutolol

              acebutolol increases and epinephrine decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

              acebutolol decreases effects of epinephrine by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • aceclofenac

              aceclofenac increases and epinephrine decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • acemetacin

              acemetacin increases and epinephrine decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • albuterol

              albuterol and epinephrine both decrease serum potassium. Use Caution/Monitor.

              albuterol and epinephrine both decrease sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

              albuterol and epinephrine both increase sympathetic (adrenergic) effects, including increased blood pressure and heart rate. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • alfentanil

              alfentanil increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • alprazolam

              alprazolam increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • amiloride

              amiloride increases and epinephrine decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

            • amitriptyline

              amitriptyline increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

              amitriptyline increases effects of epinephrine by unknown mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • amobarbital

              amobarbital increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • amoxapine

              amoxapine increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

              amoxapine increases effects of epinephrine by unknown mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • arformoterol

              arformoterol and epinephrine both decrease serum potassium. Use Caution/Monitor.

              arformoterol and epinephrine both decrease sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

              arformoterol and epinephrine both increase sympathetic (adrenergic) effects, including increased blood pressure and heart rate. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • aripiprazole

              aripiprazole increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • armodafinil

              epinephrine and armodafinil both decrease sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • aspirin

              aspirin increases and epinephrine decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • aspirin rectal

              aspirin rectal increases and epinephrine decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor. .

            • aspirin/citric acid/sodium bicarbonate

              aspirin/citric acid/sodium bicarbonate increases and epinephrine decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • atenolol

              atenolol increases and epinephrine decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

              atenolol decreases effects of epinephrine by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • atomoxetine

              atomoxetine, epinephrine. Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Due to the potential for increases in blood pressure and heart rate, atomoxetine should be used cautiously with vasopressors such as epinephrine.

            • azelastine

              azelastine increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • azithromycin

              epinephrine and azithromycin both increase QTc interval. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • belladonna and opium

              belladonna and opium increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • bendroflumethiazide

              epinephrine and bendroflumethiazide both decrease serum potassium. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • benperidol

              benperidol increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • benzphetamine

              epinephrine and benzphetamine both decrease sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

              epinephrine and benzphetamine both increase sympathetic (adrenergic) effects, including increased blood pressure and heart rate. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • betaxolol

              betaxolol increases and epinephrine decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

              betaxolol decreases effects of epinephrine by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • bisoprolol

              bisoprolol increases and epinephrine decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

              bisoprolol decreases effects of epinephrine by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • bretylium

              bretylium increases effects of epinephrine by sympathetic (adrenergic) effects, including increased blood pressure and heart rate. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. If catecholamines are administered to treat systolic BP <75 mmHg, a dilute solution should be employed and blood pressure monitored closely. Bretylium causes an initial norepinephrine release and may enhance catecholamine pressor effects.

            • bromocriptine

              bromocriptine, epinephrine. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Hypertension, V tach.

            • brompheniramine

              brompheniramine increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • bumetanide

              epinephrine and bumetanide both decrease serum potassium. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • buprenorphine buccal

              buprenorphine buccal increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • butabarbital

              butabarbital increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • butalbital

              butalbital increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • butorphanol

              butorphanol increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • caffeine

              epinephrine and caffeine both decrease sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • carbenoxolone

              epinephrine and carbenoxolone both decrease serum potassium. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • carbinoxamine

              carbinoxamine increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • carvedilol

              carvedilol increases and epinephrine decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

              carvedilol decreases effects of epinephrine by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • celecoxib

              celecoxib increases and epinephrine decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • celiprolol

              celiprolol increases and epinephrine decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

              celiprolol decreases effects of epinephrine by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • chloral hydrate

              chloral hydrate increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • chlordiazepoxide

              chlordiazepoxide increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • chlorothiazide

              epinephrine and chlorothiazide both decrease serum potassium. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • chlorpheniramine

              chlorpheniramine increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • chlorpromazine

              chlorpromazine increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

              chlorpromazine, epinephrine. Mechanism: unknown. Use Caution/Monitor. Risk of cardiac arrhythmia or sudden death, more likely w/thioridazine than other phenothiazines. Interaction more likely in certain predisposed pts. only.

              chlorpromazine decreases effects of epinephrine by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Block pressor response to epinephrine, which may result in severe hypotension and tachycardia.

            • chlorthalidone

              epinephrine and chlorthalidone both decrease serum potassium. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • choline magnesium trisalicylate

              choline magnesium trisalicylate increases and epinephrine decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor. .

            • cinnarizine

              cinnarizine increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • clemastine

              clemastine increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • clomipramine

              clomipramine increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

              clomipramine increases effects of epinephrine by unknown mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • clonazepam

              clonazepam increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • clorazepate

              clorazepate increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • clozapine

              clozapine increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

              clozapine decreases effects of epinephrine by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Block pressor response to epinephrine, which may result in severe hypotension and tachycardia.

            • codeine

              codeine increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • cyclizine

              cyclizine increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • cyclopenthiazide

              epinephrine and cyclopenthiazide both decrease serum potassium. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • cyproheptadine

              cyproheptadine increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • deflazacort

              epinephrine and deflazacort both decrease serum potassium. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • desipramine

              desipramine increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

              desipramine increases effects of epinephrine by unknown mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • dexchlorpheniramine

              dexchlorpheniramine increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • dexfenfluramine

              epinephrine and dexfenfluramine both decrease sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

              epinephrine and dexfenfluramine both increase sympathetic (adrenergic) effects, including increased blood pressure and heart rate. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • dexmedetomidine

              dexmedetomidine increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • dexmethylphenidate

              epinephrine and dexmethylphenidate both decrease sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

              epinephrine and dexmethylphenidate both increase sympathetic (adrenergic) effects, including increased blood pressure and heart rate. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • dextroamphetamine

              epinephrine and dextroamphetamine both decrease sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

              epinephrine and dextroamphetamine both increase sympathetic (adrenergic) effects, including increased blood pressure and heart rate. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • dextromoramide

              dextromoramide increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • diamorphine

              diamorphine increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • dichlorphenamide

              dichlorphenamide and epinephrine both decrease serum potassium. Use Caution/Monitor.

              dichlorphenamide, epinephrine. Either increases toxicity of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Both drugs can cause metabolic acidosis.

            • diclofenac

              diclofenac increases and epinephrine decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • diethylpropion

              epinephrine and diethylpropion both decrease sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

              epinephrine and diethylpropion both increase sympathetic (adrenergic) effects, including increased blood pressure and heart rate. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • difenoxin hcl

              difenoxin hcl increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • diflunisal

              diflunisal increases and epinephrine decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • digoxin

              digoxin increases and epinephrine decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • dimenhydrinate

              dimenhydrinate increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • diphenhydramine

              diphenhydramine increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • diphenoxylate hcl

              diphenoxylate hcl increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • dipipanone

              dipipanone increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • dobutamine

              dobutamine and epinephrine both decrease serum potassium. Use Caution/Monitor.

              dobutamine and epinephrine both decrease sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

              dobutamine and epinephrine both increase sympathetic (adrenergic) effects, including increased blood pressure and heart rate. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • dolasetron

              epinephrine and dolasetron both increase QTc interval. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

            • dopamine

              epinephrine and dopamine both decrease sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

              epinephrine and dopamine both increase sympathetic (adrenergic) effects, including increased blood pressure and heart rate. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • dopexamine

              dopexamine and epinephrine both decrease serum potassium. Use Caution/Monitor.

              dopexamine and epinephrine both decrease sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

              dopexamine and epinephrine both increase sympathetic (adrenergic) effects, including increased blood pressure and heart rate. Use Caution/Monitor.

              dopexamine, epinephrine. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • doxepin

              doxepin increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

              doxepin increases effects of epinephrine by unknown mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • droperidol

              droperidol increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • drospirenone

              drospirenone increases and epinephrine decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

            • droxidopa

              epinephrine and droxidopa both increase sympathetic (adrenergic) effects, including increased blood pressure and heart rate. Use Caution/Monitor. May increase risk for supine hypertension

            • entacapone

              entacapone will increase the level or effect of epinephrine by decreasing metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Entacapone is a COMT inhibitor. Caution if coadministered with drugs metabolized by COMT. If coadministered, monitor for changes in heart rate, heart rhythm, and blood pressure.

            • ephedrine

              ephedrine and epinephrine both decrease serum potassium. Use Caution/Monitor.

              ephedrine and epinephrine both decrease sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

              ephedrine and epinephrine both increase sympathetic (adrenergic) effects, including increased blood pressure and heart rate. Use Caution/Monitor.

              ephedrine, epinephrine. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • epinephrine inhaled

              epinephrine, epinephrine inhaled. Either increases effects of the other by sympathetic (adrenergic) effects, including increased blood pressure and heart rate. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • epinephrine racemic

              epinephrine and epinephrine racemic both decrease serum potassium. Use Caution/Monitor.

              epinephrine and epinephrine racemic both decrease sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

              epinephrine and epinephrine racemic both increase sympathetic (adrenergic) effects, including increased blood pressure and heart rate. Use Caution/Monitor.

              epinephrine, epinephrine racemic. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

            • esmolol

              esmolol increases and epinephrine decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

              esmolol decreases effects of epinephrine by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • estazolam

              estazolam increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • ethacrynic acid

              epinephrine and ethacrynic acid both decrease serum potassium. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • ethanol

              ethanol increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • etodolac

              etodolac increases and epinephrine decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • fenfluramine

              epinephrine and fenfluramine both decrease sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

              epinephrine and fenfluramine both increase sympathetic (adrenergic) effects, including increased blood pressure and heart rate. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • fenoprofen

              fenoprofen increases and epinephrine decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • flecainide

              epinephrine and flecainide both increase QTc interval. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

            • fluoxetine

              epinephrine and fluoxetine both increase QTc interval. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

            • fluphenazine

              fluphenazine increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

              fluphenazine, epinephrine. Mechanism: unknown. Use Caution/Monitor. Risk of cardiac arrhythmia or sudden death, more likely w/thioridazine than other phenothiazines. Interaction more likely in certain predisposed pts. only.

              fluphenazine decreases effects of epinephrine by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Block pressor response to epinephrine, which may result in severe hypotension and tachycardia.

            • flurazepam

              flurazepam increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • flurbiprofen

              flurbiprofen increases and epinephrine decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • fluvoxamine

              fluvoxamine and epinephrine both increase QTc interval. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

            • formoterol

              epinephrine and formoterol both decrease serum potassium. Use Caution/Monitor.

              epinephrine and formoterol both decrease sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

              epinephrine and formoterol both increase sympathetic (adrenergic) effects, including increased blood pressure and heart rate. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • foscarnet

              epinephrine and foscarnet both increase QTc interval. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

            • furosemide

              epinephrine and furosemide both decrease serum potassium. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • gentamicin

              epinephrine and gentamicin both decrease serum potassium. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • green tea

              green tea increases effects of epinephrine by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Due to caffeine content. Combination may increase CNS stimulatory effects due to caffeine in green tea.

            • haloperidol

              haloperidol increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • hyaluronidase

              hyaluronidase, articaine. Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Hyaluronidase hastens the onset of local analgesia and reduces swelling, but increases systemic absorption of anesthetic. This decreases the duration of action and increases incidence of systemic reaction.

            • hydralazine

              hydralazine, epinephrine. Mechanism: pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Sympathomimetics can antagonize the activity of some antihypertensive agents.

            • hydrochlorothiazide

              epinephrine and hydrochlorothiazide both decrease serum potassium. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • hydromorphone

              hydromorphone increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • hydroxyzine

              hydroxyzine increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • ibuprofen

              ibuprofen increases and epinephrine decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • ibuprofen IV

              ibuprofen IV increases and epinephrine decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • iloperidone

              epinephrine and iloperidone both increase QTc interval. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

              iloperidone increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • imipramine

              imipramine increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

              imipramine increases effects of epinephrine by unknown mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • indacaterol, inhaled

              epinephrine increases effects of indacaterol, inhaled by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: If additional adrenergic drugs are to be administered by any route, they should be used with caution because the sympathetic effects of indacaterol may be potentiated.

            • indapamide

              epinephrine and indapamide both decrease serum potassium. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • indomethacin

              indomethacin increases and epinephrine decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • insulin degludec

              epinephrine decreases effects of insulin degludec by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Sympathomimetics increase blood glucose by stimulating alpha and beta receptors; this action results in increased hepatic glucose production, glycogenolysis, and decreased insulin secretion.

            • insulin degludec/insulin aspart

              epinephrine decreases effects of insulin degludec/insulin aspart by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Sympathomimetics increase blood glucose by stimulating alpha and beta receptors; this action results in increased hepatic glucose production, glycogenolysis, and decreased insulin secretion.

            • insulin inhaled

              epinephrine decreases effects of insulin inhaled by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Sympathomimetics increase blood glucose by stimulating alpha and beta receptors; this action results in increased hepatic glucose production, glycogenolysis, and decreased insulin secretion.

            • isoproterenol

              epinephrine and isoproterenol both decrease serum potassium. Use Caution/Monitor.

              epinephrine and isoproterenol both decrease sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

              epinephrine and isoproterenol both increase sympathetic (adrenergic) effects, including increased blood pressure and heart rate. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • ketoprofen

              ketoprofen increases and epinephrine decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • ketorolac

              ketorolac increases and epinephrine decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • ketorolac intranasal

              ketorolac intranasal increases and epinephrine decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor. .

            • ketotifen, ophthalmic

              ketotifen, ophthalmic increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • labetalol

              labetalol increases and epinephrine decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

              labetalol decreases effects of epinephrine by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • levalbuterol

              epinephrine and levalbuterol both decrease serum potassium. Use Caution/Monitor.

              epinephrine and levalbuterol both decrease sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

              epinephrine and levalbuterol both increase sympathetic (adrenergic) effects, including increased blood pressure and heart rate. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • levofloxacin

              epinephrine and levofloxacin both increase QTc interval. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

            • levorphanol

              levorphanol increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • levothyroxine

              levothyroxine will increase the level or effect of epinephrine by unspecified interaction mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • lisdexamfetamine

              epinephrine and lisdexamfetamine both decrease sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

              epinephrine and lisdexamfetamine both increase sympathetic (adrenergic) effects, including increased blood pressure and heart rate. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • lofepramine

              lofepramine increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

              lofepramine increases effects of epinephrine by unknown mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • lofexidine

              lofexidine increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • loprazolam

              loprazolam increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • lorazepam

              lorazepam increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • lormetazepam

              lormetazepam increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • lornoxicam

              lornoxicam increases and epinephrine decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • loxapine

              loxapine increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • loxapine inhaled

              loxapine inhaled increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • maprotiline

              maprotiline increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

              maprotiline increases effects of epinephrine by unknown mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • marijuana

              marijuana increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • meclofenamate

              meclofenamate increases and epinephrine decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • mefenamic acid

              mefenamic acid increases and epinephrine decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • melatonin

              melatonin increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • meloxicam

              meloxicam increases and epinephrine decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • meperidine

              meperidine increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • meprobamate

              meprobamate increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • metaproterenol

              epinephrine and metaproterenol both decrease serum potassium. Use Caution/Monitor.

              epinephrine and metaproterenol both decrease sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

              epinephrine and metaproterenol both increase sympathetic (adrenergic) effects, including increased blood pressure and heart rate. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • methadone

              epinephrine and methadone both increase QTc interval. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

              methadone increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • methamphetamine

              epinephrine and methamphetamine both decrease sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

              epinephrine and methamphetamine both increase sympathetic (adrenergic) effects, including increased blood pressure and heart rate. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • methyclothiazide

              epinephrine and methyclothiazide both decrease serum potassium. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • methyldopa

              methyldopa increases effects of epinephrine by unknown mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • methylenedioxymethamphetamine

              epinephrine and methylenedioxymethamphetamine both decrease sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

              epinephrine and methylenedioxymethamphetamine both increase sympathetic (adrenergic) effects, including increased blood pressure and heart rate. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • methylphenidate

              epinephrine and methylphenidate both increase sympathetic (adrenergic) effects, including increased blood pressure and heart rate. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • metolazone

              epinephrine and metolazone both decrease serum potassium. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • metoprolol

              metoprolol increases and epinephrine decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

              metoprolol decreases effects of epinephrine by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • midazolam

              midazolam increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • midodrine

              epinephrine and midodrine both decrease sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

              epinephrine and midodrine both increase sympathetic (adrenergic) effects, including increased blood pressure and heart rate. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • mirtazapine

              mirtazapine increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • modafinil

              epinephrine and modafinil both decrease sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • morphine

              morphine increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • motherwort

              motherwort increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • moxonidine

              moxonidine increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • nabilone

              nabilone increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • nabumetone

              nabumetone increases and epinephrine decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • nadolol

              nadolol, articaine. Mechanism: pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Increased effects of epinephrine in anesthetic; risk of hypertension and bradycardia. Do NOT D/C chronic beta blocker Tx prior to anesthetic administration. Consider selective beta 1 blocker (e.g., metoprolol).

              nadolol increases and epinephrine decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

              nadolol decreases effects of epinephrine by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • nalbuphine

              nalbuphine increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • pindolol

              pindolol, articaine. Mechanism: pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Increased effects of epinephrine in anesthetic; risk of hypertension and bradycardia. Do NOT D/C chronic beta blocker Tx prior to anesthetic administration. Consider selective beta 1 blocker (e.g., metoprolol).

            • naproxen

              naproxen increases and epinephrine decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • nateglinide

              epinephrine decreases effects of nateglinide by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Coadministration may reduce nateglinide's hypoglycemic action.

            • nebivolol

              nebivolol increases and epinephrine decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

              nebivolol decreases effects of epinephrine by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • norepinephrine

              epinephrine and norepinephrine both decrease serum potassium. Use Caution/Monitor.

              epinephrine and norepinephrine both decrease sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

              epinephrine and norepinephrine both increase sympathetic (adrenergic) effects, including increased blood pressure and heart rate. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • nortriptyline

              nortriptyline increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

              nortriptyline increases effects of epinephrine by unknown mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • ofloxacin

              epinephrine and ofloxacin both increase QTc interval. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

            • olanzapine

              olanzapine increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • olodaterol inhaled

              epinephrine and olodaterol inhaled both increase sympathetic (adrenergic) effects, including increased blood pressure and heart rate. Use Caution/Monitor. Caution with coadministration of adrenergic drugs by any route because of additive sympathetic effects

            • opicapone

              opicapone will increase the level or effect of epinephrine by decreasing metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Opicapone is a COMT inhibitor. Caution if coadministered with drugs metabolized by COMT. If coadministered, monitor for changes in heart rate, heart rhythm, and blood pressure.

            • opium tincture

              opium tincture increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • oxaprozin

              oxaprozin increases and epinephrine decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • oxazepam

              oxazepam increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • oxycodone

              oxycodone increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • oxymetazoline topical

              oxymetazoline topical and epinephrine both increase sympathetic (adrenergic) effects, including increased blood pressure and heart rate. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • oxymorphone

              oxymorphone increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • oxytocin

              oxytocin increases effects of epinephrine by pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • paliperidone

              epinephrine and paliperidone both increase QTc interval. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

              paliperidone increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • papaveretum

              papaveretum increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • parecoxib

              parecoxib increases and epinephrine decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • paroxetine

              epinephrine and paroxetine both increase QTc interval. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

            • penbutolol

              penbutolol increases and epinephrine decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

              penbutolol decreases effects of epinephrine by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • pentazocine

              pentazocine increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • pentobarbital

              pentobarbital increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • perphenazine

              perphenazine increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

              perphenazine, epinephrine. Mechanism: unknown. Use Caution/Monitor. Risk of cardiac arrhythmia or sudden death, more likely w/thioridazine than other phenothiazines. Interaction more likely in certain predisposed pts. only.

              perphenazine decreases effects of epinephrine by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Block pressor response to epinephrine, which may result in severe hypotension and tachycardia.

            • phendimetrazine

              epinephrine and phendimetrazine both decrease sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

              epinephrine and phendimetrazine both increase sympathetic (adrenergic) effects, including increased blood pressure and heart rate. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • phenobarbital

              phenobarbital increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • phenoxybenzamine

              phenoxybenzamine, epinephrine. Mechanism: pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Hypotension, tachycardia.

            • phentermine

              epinephrine and phentermine both decrease sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

              epinephrine and phentermine both increase sympathetic (adrenergic) effects, including increased blood pressure and heart rate. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • phentolamine

              phentolamine, epinephrine. Mechanism: pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Hypotension, tachycardia.

            • phenylephrine

              epinephrine and phenylephrine both decrease sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

              epinephrine and phenylephrine both increase sympathetic (adrenergic) effects, including increased blood pressure and heart rate. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • phenylephrine PO

              epinephrine and phenylephrine PO both decrease sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

              epinephrine and phenylephrine PO both increase sympathetic (adrenergic) effects, including increased blood pressure and heart rate. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • pholcodine

              pholcodine increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • pimozide

              pimozide increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • pindolol

              pindolol increases and epinephrine decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

              pindolol decreases effects of epinephrine by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • pirbuterol

              epinephrine and pirbuterol both decrease serum potassium. Use Caution/Monitor.

              epinephrine and pirbuterol both decrease sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

              epinephrine and pirbuterol both increase sympathetic (adrenergic) effects, including increased blood pressure and heart rate. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • piroxicam

              piroxicam increases and epinephrine decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • posaconazole

              epinephrine and posaconazole both increase QTc interval. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

            • potassium acid phosphate

              potassium acid phosphate increases and epinephrine decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

            • potassium chloride

              potassium chloride increases and epinephrine decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

            • potassium citrate

              potassium citrate increases and epinephrine decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

            • primidone

              primidone increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • prochlorperazine

              prochlorperazine increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

              prochlorperazine, epinephrine. Mechanism: unknown. Use Caution/Monitor. Risk of cardiac arrhythmia or sudden death, more likely w/thioridazine than other phenothiazines. Interaction more likely in certain predisposed pts. only.

              prochlorperazine decreases effects of epinephrine by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Block pressor response to epinephrine, which may result in severe hypotension and tachycardia.

            • promazine

              promazine, epinephrine. Mechanism: unknown. Use Caution/Monitor. Risk of cardiac arrhythmia or sudden death, more likely w/thioridazine than other phenothiazines. Interaction more likely in certain predisposed pts. only.

              promazine decreases effects of epinephrine by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Block pressor response to epinephrine, which may result in severe hypotension and tachycardia.

            • promethazine

              promethazine increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

              promethazine, epinephrine. Mechanism: unknown. Use Caution/Monitor. Risk of cardiac arrhythmia or sudden death, more likely w/thioridazine than other phenothiazines. Interaction more likely in certain predisposed pts. only.

              promethazine decreases effects of epinephrine by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Block pressor response to epinephrine, which may result in severe hypotension and tachycardia.

            • propranolol

              propranolol increases and epinephrine decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

              propranolol decreases effects of epinephrine by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              propranolol, articaine. Mechanism: pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Increased effects of epinephrine in anesthetic; risk of hypertension and bradycardia. Do NOT D/C chronic beta blocker Tx prior to anesthetic administration. Consider selective beta 1 blocker (e.g., metoprolol).

            • propylhexedrine

              epinephrine and propylhexedrine both decrease sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

              epinephrine and propylhexedrine both increase sympathetic (adrenergic) effects, including increased blood pressure and heart rate. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • timolol

              timolol, articaine. Mechanism: pharmacodynamic synergism. Use Caution/Monitor. Increased effects of epinephrine in anesthetic; risk of hypertension and bradycardia. Do NOT D/C chronic beta blocker Tx prior to anesthetic administration. Consider selective beta 1 blocker (e.g., metoprolol).

            Minor (18)

            • bendroflumethiazide

              epinephrine, bendroflumethiazide. Mechanism: pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Hypokalemia.

            • bumetanide

              epinephrine, bumetanide. Mechanism: pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Hypokalemia.

            • chlorothiazide

              epinephrine, chlorothiazide. Mechanism: pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Hypokalemia.

            • chlorthalidone

              epinephrine, chlorthalidone. Mechanism: pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Hypokalemia.

            • cyclopenthiazide

              epinephrine, cyclopenthiazide. Mechanism: pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Hypokalemia.

            • desmopressin

              desmopressin increases effects of epinephrine by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • ethacrynic acid

              epinephrine, ethacrynic acid. Mechanism: pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Hypokalemia.

            • eucalyptus

              eucalyptus increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • furosemide

              epinephrine, furosemide. Mechanism: pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Hypokalemia.

            • hydrochlorothiazide

              epinephrine, hydrochlorothiazide. Mechanism: pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Hypokalemia.

            • indapamide

              epinephrine, indapamide. Mechanism: pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Hypokalemia.

            • methyclothiazide

              epinephrine, methyclothiazide. Mechanism: pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Hypokalemia.

            • metolazone

              epinephrine, metolazone. Mechanism: pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Hypokalemia.

            • noni juice

              noni juice increases and epinephrine decreases serum potassium. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • sage

              sage increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • thiothixene

              thiothixene decreases effects of epinephrine by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • torsemide

              epinephrine, torsemide. Mechanism: pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Hypokalemia.

            • vasopressin

              epinephrine decreases effects of vasopressin by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

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            Adverse Effects

            1-10%

            Facial edema

            Headache

            Pain

            Paresthesia

            Sleepiness

            Gingivitis

            Nausea

            Vomiting

            Infection

            Frequency Not Defined

            Systemic absorption of significant concentrations of local anesthetic can produce myocardial depression, cardiac conduction changes, CNS excitation, convulsions, and cardiorespiratory arrest, facial paralysis, hemorrhage, hyperesthesia, methemoglobinemia

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            Warnings

            Contraindications

            Hyperensitivity to amide-type local anesthetics, sulfites

            Cautions

            Vasoconstrictor epinephrine, will promote local hemostasis, decrease systemic absorption, increase duration of action

            Local anesthetics may produce cardiovascular effects when absorbed

            Risk of methemoglobinemia and sudden respiratory arrest

            CNS toxicity may occur; monitor state of consciousness, drowsiness, restlessness, anxiety, tinnitus, tremors, blurred vision following local injections of the anesthetic

            Avoid IV use

            Methemoglobinemia

            • Use of local anesthetics may cause methemoglobinemia, a serious condition that must be treated promptly; patients with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, congenital or idiopathic methemoglobinemia, cardiac or pulmonary compromise, infants under 6 months of age, and concurrent exposure to oxidizing agents or their metabolites are more susceptible to developing clinical manifestations of the condition
            • Advise patients or caregivers to seek immediate medical attention if patient experiences the following signs or symptoms: pale, gray, or blue colored skin (cyanosis); headache; rapid heart rate; shortness of breath; lightheadedness; or fatigue; discontinue Bicillin C-R and any other oxidizing agents; depending on severity of signs and symptoms, patients may respond to supportive care, including oxygen therapy and hydration; a more severe clinical presentation may require treatment with methylene blue, exchange transfusion, or hyperbaric oxygen
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            Pregnancy & Lactation

            Pregnancy Category: C

            Lactation: excretion in milk unknown; use with caution

            Pregnancy Categories

            A: Generally acceptable. Controlled studies in pregnant women show no evidence of fetal risk.

            B: May be acceptable. Either animal studies show no risk but human studies not available or animal studies showed minor risks and human studies done and showed no risk.

            C: Use with caution if benefits outweigh risks. Animal studies show risk and human studies not available or neither animal nor human studies done.

            D: Use in LIFE-THREATENING emergencies when no safer drug available. Positive evidence of human fetal risk.

            X: Do not use in pregnancy. Risks involved outweigh potential benefits. Safer alternatives exist.

            NA: Information not available.

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            Pharmacology

            Mechanism of Action

            Local anesthetics prevent generation/conduction of nerve impulses by reducing sodium permeability and increasing action potential threshold

            Pharmacokinetics

            Half-Life: 44 min

            Peak Plasma Time: 25-48 min

            Protein Bound: 60-80%

            Metabolism: primarily through plasma carboxyesterase to inactive articainic acid

            Excretion: urine (2% unchanged)

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            Images

            No images available for this drug.
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            Patient Handout

            A Patient Handout is not currently available for this monograph.
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            Formulary

            FormularyPatient Discounts

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            Tier Description
            1 This drug is available at the lowest co-pay. Most commonly, these are generic drugs.
            2 This drug is available at a middle level co-pay. Most commonly, these are "preferred" (on formulary) brand drugs.
            3 This drug is available at a higher level co-pay. Most commonly, these are "non-preferred" brand drugs.
            4 This drug is available at a higher level co-pay. Most commonly, these are "non-preferred" brand drugs or specialty prescription products.
            5 This drug is available at a higher level co-pay. Most commonly, these are "non-preferred" brand drugs or specialty prescription products.
            6 This drug is available at a higher level co-pay. Most commonly, these are "non-preferred" brand drugs or specialty prescription products.
            NC NOT COVERED – Drugs that are not covered by the plan.
            Code Definition
            PA Prior Authorization
            Drugs that require prior authorization. This restriction requires that specific clinical criteria be met prior to the approval of the prescription.
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            Drugs that have quantity limits associated with each prescription. This restriction typically limits the quantity of the drug that will be covered.
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            Drugs that have step therapy associated with each prescription. This restriction typically requires that certain criteria be met prior to approval for the prescription.
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            Medscape prescription drug monographs are based on FDA-approved labeling information, unless otherwise noted, combined with additional data derived from primary medical literature.