codeine/acetaminophen (Rx)

Brand and Other Names:Tylenol with Codeine, Tylenol #3, more...Tylenol #4

Dosing & Uses

AdultPediatric

Dosage Forms & Strengths

tablet: Schedule III

  • 15mg/300mg
  • 30mg/300mg
  • 60mg/300mg

oral suspension: Schedule V

  • (12mg/120mg)/5mL

Mild to Moderately Severe Pain

Tablet: 15-60 mg codeine/dose PO q4-6hr; not to exceed 360 mg codeine/day or 4 g acetaminophen/day

Oral solution: 15 mL (36 mg/360 mg) PO q4hr PRN; not to exceed 4 g acetaminophen/day

Dosing considerations

  • Based on the dosage strength selected and pain severity/tolerance, the prescriber must determine the number of tablets for each dose and frequency of administration (typically q4-6hr)

Cough (Off-label)

15-30 mg codeine/dose PO q4-6hr; not to exceed 360 mg codeine/day or 4 g acetaminophen/day

Dosage Modifications

Renal impairment: Use caution

Hepatic impairment: May tolerate low-dose therapy in hepatic cirrhosis; avoid chronic use

Dosing Consideration

Access to naloxone for opioid overdose

  • Assess need for naloxone upon initiating and renewing treatment
  • Consider prescribing naloxone
    • Based on patient’s risk factors for overdose (eg, concomitant use of CNS depressants, a history of opioid use disorder, prior opioid overdose); presence of risk factors should not prevent proper pain management
    • Household members (including children) or other close contacts at risk for accidental ingestion or overdose
  • Consult patients and caregivers on the following:
    • Availability of naloxone for emergency treatment of opioid overdose
    • Ways differ on how to obtain naloxone as permitted by individual state dispensing and prescribing requirements or guidelines (eg, by prescription, directly from a pharmacist, as part of a community-based program)

Dosage Forms & Strengths

tablet: Schedule III

  • 15mg/300mg
  • 30mg/300mg
  • 60mg/300mg

oral suspension: Schedule V

  • (12mg/120mg)/5mL

Mild to Moderately Severe Pain

Tablet

  • <12 years: Contraindicated
  • ≥12 years: 0.5-1 mg codeine/kg/dose PO q4-6hr (not to exceed 5 doses q24hr); 10-15 mg acetaminophen/kg/dose PO q4-6hr (not to exceed 4 g acetaminophen q24hr)  
  • Alternatively, 15-60 mg/dose for codeine (not to exceed 360 mg q24hr) and 300-1000 mg/dose for acetaminophen (not to exceed 4 g q24hr); may repeat dose q4hr

Oral suspension

  • >12 years: 15 mL (36 mg/360 mg) PO q4hr prn
Next:

Interactions

Interaction Checker

and codeine/acetaminophen

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            Contraindicated (1)

            • alvimopan

              alvimopan, codeine. receptor binding competition. Contraindicated. Alvimopan is contraindicated in opioid tolerant patients (ie, those who have taken therapeutic doses of opioids for >7 consecutive days immediately prior to taking alvimopan). Patients recently exposed to opioids are expected to be more sensitive to the effects of alvimopan and therefore may experience abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, and diarrhea. No significant interaction is expected with concurrent use of opioid analgesics and alvimopan in patients who received opioid analgesics for 7 or fewer consecutive days prior to alvimopan.

            Serious - Use Alternative (40)

            • acrivastine

              acrivastine and codeine both increase sedation. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Limit use to patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate

            • amisulpride

              amisulpride and codeine both increase sedation. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

            • asenapine

              asenapine and codeine both increase sedation. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Limit use to patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate

            • asenapine transdermal

              asenapine transdermal and codeine both increase sedation. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Limit use to patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate

            • avapritinib

              avapritinib and codeine both increase sedation. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Limit use to patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate

            • benzhydrocodone/acetaminophen

              benzhydrocodone/acetaminophen, codeine. Either increases toxicity of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Profound sedation, respiratory depression, coma, and death may result if coadministered. Reserve concomitant prescribing of these drugs in patients for whom other treatment options are inadequate. Limit dosages and durations to the minimum required. Monitor closely for signs of respiratory depression and sedation.

              benzhydrocodone/acetaminophen and codeine both increase sedation. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Limit use to patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate

            • bremelanotide

              bremelanotide will decrease the level or effect of codeine by Other (see comment). Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Bremelanotide may slow gastric emptying and potentially reduces the rate and extent of absorption of concomitantly administered oral medications. Avoid use when taking any oral drug that is dependent on threshold concentrations for efficacy. Interactions listed are representative examples and do not include all possible clinical examples.

            • brimonidine

              brimonidine and codeine both increase sedation. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Limit use to patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate

            • buprenorphine

              buprenorphine, codeine. Other (see comment). Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Comment: Mixed opiate agonist/antagonists usually produce additive sedation with narcotics; however, in narcotic addicted pts., the antagonist activity may provoke withdrawal Sx.

            • buprenorphine buccal

              buprenorphine buccal, codeine. Other (see comment). Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Comment: Mixed opiate agonist/antagonists usually produce additive sedation with narcotics; however, in narcotic addicted pts., the antagonist activity may provoke withdrawal Sx.

            • buprenorphine subdermal implant

              buprenorphine subdermal implant and codeine both increase sedation. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Limit use to patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate

            • buprenorphine transdermal

              buprenorphine transdermal and codeine both increase sedation. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Limit use to patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate

            • buprenorphine, long-acting injection

              buprenorphine, long-acting injection and codeine both increase sedation. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Limit use to patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate

            • butorphanol

              butorphanol, codeine. Other (see comment). Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Comment: Mixed opiate agonist/antagonists usually produce additive sedation with narcotics; however, in narcotic addicted pts., the antagonist activity may provoke withdrawal Sx.

            • calcium/magnesium/potassium/sodium oxybates

              codeine, calcium/magnesium/potassium/sodium oxybates. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Profound sedation, respiratory depression, coma, and death may result if coadministered. Reserve concomitant prescribing of these drugs in patients for whom other treatment options are inadequate. Limit dosages and durations to the minimum required. Monitor closely for signs of respiratory depression and sedation.

            • clonidine

              clonidine, codeine. Either increases toxicity of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Coadministration enhances CNS depressant effects.

            • dacomitinib

              dacomitinib will increase the level or effect of codeine by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2D6 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Avoid use with CYP2D6 substrates where minimal increases in concentration of the CYP2D6 substrate may lead to serious or life-threatening toxicities.

            • diazepam intranasal

              diazepam intranasal, codeine. Either increases toxicity of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Profound sedation, respiratory depression, coma, and death may result if coadministered. Reserve concomitant prescribing of these drugs in patients for whom other treatment options are inadequate. Limit dosages and durations to the minimum required. Monitor closely for signs of respiratory depression and sedation.

            • eluxadoline

              codeine, eluxadoline. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Avoid coadministration with other drugs that cause constipation. Increases risk for constipation related serious adverse reactions. .

            • fentanyl

              fentanyl, codeine. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Coadministration with other CNS depressants, such as skeletal muscle relaxants, may cause respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, coma, and/or death. Consider dose reduction of either or both agents to avoid serious adverse effects. Monitor for hypotension, respiratory depression, and profound sedation.

              fentanyl and codeine both increase sedation. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Limit use to patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate

            • fentanyl intranasal

              fentanyl intranasal, codeine. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Coadministration with other CNS depressants, such as skeletal muscle relaxants, may cause respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, coma, and/or death. Consider dose reduction of either or both agents to avoid serious adverse effects. Monitor for hypotension, respiratory depression, and profound sedation.

              fentanyl intranasal and codeine both increase sedation. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Limit use to patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate

            • fentanyl iontophoretic transdermal system

              fentanyl iontophoretic transdermal system and codeine both increase sedation. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Limit use to patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate

            • fentanyl transdermal

              fentanyl transdermal, codeine. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Coadministration with other CNS depressants, such as skeletal muscle relaxants, may cause respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, coma, and/or death. Consider dose reduction of either or both agents to avoid serious adverse effects. Monitor for hypotension, respiratory depression, and profound sedation.

              fentanyl transdermal and codeine both increase sedation. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Limit use to patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate

            • fentanyl transmucosal

              fentanyl transmucosal, codeine. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Coadministration with other CNS depressants, such as skeletal muscle relaxants, may cause respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, coma, and/or death. Consider dose reduction of either or both agents to avoid serious adverse effects. Monitor for hypotension, respiratory depression, and profound sedation.

            • givosiran

              givosiran will increase the level or effect of codeine by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2D6 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Avoid coadministration of sensitive CYP2D6 substrates with givosiran. If unavoidable, decrease the CYP2D6 substrate dosage in accordance with approved product labeling.

            • hydrocodone

              hydrocodone, codeine. Either increases toxicity of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Profound sedation, respiratory depression, coma, and death may result if coadministered. Reserve concomitant prescribing of these drugs in patients for whom other treatment options are inadequate. Limit dosages and durations to the minimum required. Monitor closely for signs of respiratory depression and sedation.

            • isocarboxazid

              isocarboxazid increases toxicity of codeine by unknown mechanism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Risk of hypotension, hyperpyrexia, somnolence, or death; separate by 14 d.

            • linezolid

              linezolid increases toxicity of codeine by unknown mechanism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Risk of hypotension, hyperpyrexia, somnolence, or death; separate by 14 d.

            • lonafarnib

              acetaminophen will increase the level or effect of lonafarnib by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. If coadministration of lonafarnib (a sensitive CYP3A substrate) with weak CYP3A inhibitors is unavoidable, reduce to, or continue lonafarnib at starting dose. Closely monitor for arrhythmias and events (eg, syncope, heart palpitations) since lonafarnib effect on QT interval is unknown.

            • methylene blue

              methylene blue and codeine both increase serotonin levels. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. If drug combination must be administered, monitor for evidence of serotonergic or opioid-related toxicities

            • metoclopramide intranasal

              codeine, metoclopramide intranasal. Either increases effects of the other by Other (see comment). Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Comment: Avoid use of metoclopramide intranasal or interacting drug, depending on importance of drug to patient.

            • nalbuphine

              nalbuphine, codeine. Other (see comment). Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Comment: Mixed opiate agonist/antagonists usually produce additive sedation with narcotics; however, in narcotic addicted pts., the antagonist activity may provoke withdrawal Sx.

            • olopatadine intranasal

              codeine and olopatadine intranasal both increase sedation. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Coadministration increases risk of CNS depression, which can lead to additive impairment of psychomotor performance and cause daytime impairment.

            • ozanimod

              ozanimod and codeine both increase sympathetic (adrenergic) effects, including increased blood pressure and heart rate. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Because the active metabolite of ozanimod inhibits MAO-B in vitro, there is a potential for serious adverse reactions, including hypertensive crisis. Therefore, coadministration of ozanimod with drugs that can increase norepinephrine or serotonin is not recommended. Monitor for hypertension with concomitant use.

            • pentazocine

              pentazocine, codeine. Other (see comment). Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Comment: Mixed opiate agonist/antagonists usually produce additive sedation with narcotics; however, in narcotic addicted pts., the antagonist activity may provoke withdrawal Sx.

            • pexidartinib

              acetaminophen and pexidartinib both increase Other (see comment). Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Pexidartinib can cause hepatotoxicity. Avoid coadministration of pexidartinib with other products know to cause hepatoxicity.

            • phenelzine

              phenelzine increases toxicity of codeine by unknown mechanism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Risk of hypotension, hyperpyrexia, somnolence, or death; separate by 14 d.

            • prasugrel

              codeine will decrease the level or effect of prasugrel by inhibition of GI absorption. Applies only to oral form of both agents. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Co-administration of opioid agonists delay and reduce absorption of prasugrel and its active metabolite presumably by slowing gastric emptying; consider the use of a parenteral anti-platelet agent in acute coronary syndrome patients requiring co-administration of opioid agonists

            • pretomanid

              acetaminophen, pretomanid. Either increases toxicity of the other by Other (see comment). Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Comment: Pretomanid regimen associated with hepatotoxicity. Avoid alcohol and hepatotoxic agents, including herbal supplements and drugs other than bedaquiline and linezolid.

            • procarbazine

              procarbazine increases toxicity of codeine by unknown mechanism. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. MAOIs may potentiate CNS depression and hypotension. Do not use within 14 days of MAOI use. .

            Monitor Closely (245)

            • abiraterone

              abiraterone increases levels of codeine by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2D6 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Avoid coadministration of abiraterone with substrates of CYP2D6. If alternative therapy cannot be used, exercise caution and consider a dose reduction of the CYP2D6 substrate.

            • albuterol

              codeine increases and albuterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • alfentanil

              alfentanil and codeine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • alprazolam

              alprazolam and codeine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • amiodarone

              amiodarone will increase the level or effect of codeine by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2D6 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Prevents conversion of codeine to its active metabolite morphine.

            • amitriptyline

              codeine and amitriptyline both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • amobarbital

              amobarbital and codeine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • amoxapine

              codeine and amoxapine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • apalutamide

              apalutamide will decrease the level or effect of acetaminophen by increasing elimination. Use Caution/Monitor. Apalutamide induces UGT and may decrease systemic exposure of drugs that are UGT substrates.

            • apomorphine

              codeine and apomorphine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • arformoterol

              codeine increases and arformoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • aripiprazole

              codeine and aripiprazole both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • armodafinil

              codeine increases and armodafinil decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • artemether/lumefantrine

              artemether/lumefantrine will increase the level or effect of codeine by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2D6 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • atogepant

              acetaminophen will increase the level or effect of atogepant by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • avapritinib

              acetaminophen will increase the level or effect of avapritinib by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • axitinib

              acetaminophen increases levels of axitinib by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • azelastine

              azelastine and codeine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • baclofen

              baclofen and codeine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • belladonna and opium

              codeine and belladonna and opium both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • benperidol

              codeine and benperidol both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • benzphetamine

              codeine increases and benzphetamine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • brexanolone

              brexanolone, codeine. Either increases toxicity of the other by sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • brexpiprazole

              brexpiprazole and codeine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • brivaracetam

              brivaracetam and codeine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • brompheniramine

              brompheniramine and codeine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • bupivacaine implant

              acetaminophen, bupivacaine implant. Either increases toxicity of the other by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Local anesthetics may increase the risk of developing methemoglobinemia when concurrently exposed to drugs that also cause methemoglobinemia.

            • buprenorphine

              buprenorphine and codeine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • buprenorphine buccal

              buprenorphine buccal and codeine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • buprenorphine, long-acting injection

              codeine increases toxicity of buprenorphine, long-acting injection by pharmacodynamic synergism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Coadministration of buprenorphine and benzodiazepines or other CNS depressants increases risk of adverse reactions including overdose, respiratory depression, and death. Cessation of benzodiazepines or other CNS depressants is preferred in most cases. In some cases, monitoring at a higher level of care for tapering CNS depressants may be appropriate. In others, gradually tapering a patient off of a prescribed benzodiazepine or other CNS depressant or decreasing to the lowest effective dose may be appropriate.

            • bupropion

              bupropion will decrease the level or effect of codeine by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2D6 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Prevents the conversion of codeine to its active metabolite morphine.

            • busulfan

              acetaminophen increases levels of busulfan by decreasing metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Use of acetaminophen prior to (< 72 hours) or concurrently with busulfan may result in decreased clearance of busulfan due to acetaminophen-induced decreases in glutathione levels.

            • butabarbital

              butabarbital and codeine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • butalbital

              butalbital and codeine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • butorphanol

              butorphanol and codeine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • caffeine

              codeine increases and caffeine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • carbinoxamine

              carbinoxamine and codeine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • carisoprodol

              carisoprodol and codeine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • celecoxib

              celecoxib decreases effects of codeine by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2D6 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Prevents conversion of codeine to its active metabolite morphine.

            • cenobamate

              cenobamate, codeine. Either increases effects of the other by sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • chloral hydrate

              chloral hydrate and codeine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • chlordiazepoxide

              chlordiazepoxide and codeine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • chloroquine

              chloroquine will increase the level or effect of codeine by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2D6 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Prevents conversion of codeine to its active metabolite morphine.

            • chlorpheniramine

              chlorpheniramine and codeine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • chlorpromazine

              codeine and chlorpromazine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

              chlorpromazine will decrease the level or effect of codeine by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2D6 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Prevents conversion of codeine to its active metabolite morphine

            • chlorzoxazone

              chlorzoxazone and codeine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • cimetidine

              cimetidine will increase the level or effect of codeine by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2D6 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Prevents conversion of codeine to its active metabolite morphine.

            • cinacalcet

              cinacalcet decreases effects of codeine by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2D6 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Prevents conversion of codeine to its active metabolite morphine.

            • cinnarizine

              cinnarizine and codeine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • clemastine

              clemastine and codeine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • clobazam

              codeine, clobazam. Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Concomitant administration can increase the potential for CNS effects (e.g., increased sedation or respiratory depression).

              clobazam decreases effects of codeine by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2D6 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Prevents conversion of codeine to its active metabolite morphine.

            • clomipramine

              codeine and clomipramine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

              clomipramine decreases effects of codeine by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2D6 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Prevents conversion of codeine to its active metabolite morphine.

            • clonazepam

              clonazepam and codeine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • clorazepate

              clorazepate and codeine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • clozapine

              codeine and clozapine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

              clozapine decreases effects of codeine by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2D6 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Prevents conversion of codeine to its active metabolite morphine.

            • cocaine topical

              cocaine topical decreases effects of codeine by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2D6 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Prevents conversion of codeine to its active metabolite morphine.

            • cyclizine

              cyclizine and codeine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • cyclobenzaprine

              cyclobenzaprine and codeine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • cyproheptadine

              cyproheptadine and codeine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • dantrolene

              dantrolene and codeine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • dapsone topical

              acetaminophen increases toxicity of dapsone topical by altering metabolism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. May induce methemoglobinemia .

            • daridorexant

              codeine and daridorexant both increase sedation. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Coadministration increases risk of CNS depression, which can lead to additive impairment of psychomotor performance and cause daytime impairment.

            • darifenacin

              darifenacin decreases effects of codeine by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2D6 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Prevents conversion of codeine to its active metabolite morphine.

            • desflurane

              desflurane and codeine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor. Opioids may decrease MAC requirements, less inhalation anesthetic may be required.

            • desipramine

              codeine and desipramine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

              desipramine decreases effects of codeine by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2D6 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Prevents conversion of codeine to its active metabolite morphine.

            • desvenlafaxine

              desvenlafaxine will increase the level or effect of codeine by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2D6 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Desvenlafaxine inhibits CYP2D6; with higher desvenlafaxine doses (ie, 400 mg) decrease the CYP2D6 substrate dose by up to 50%; no dosage adjustment needed with desvenlafaxine doses <100 mg

            • deutetrabenazine

              codeine and deutetrabenazine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • dexchlorpheniramine

              dexchlorpheniramine and codeine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • dexfenfluramine

              codeine increases and dexfenfluramine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • dexmedetomidine

              dexmedetomidine and codeine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • dexmethylphenidate

              codeine increases and dexmethylphenidate decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • dextroamphetamine

              codeine increases and dextroamphetamine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • dextromoramide

              codeine and dextromoramide both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • diamorphine

              codeine and diamorphine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • diazepam

              diazepam and codeine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • diethylpropion

              codeine increases and diethylpropion decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • difelikefalin

              difelikefalin and codeine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • difenoxin hcl

              codeine and difenoxin hcl both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • dimenhydrinate

              dimenhydrinate and codeine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • diphenhydramine

              diphenhydramine decreases effects of codeine by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2D6 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Prevents conversion of codeine to its active metabolite morphine.

              diphenhydramine and codeine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • diphenoxylate hcl

              codeine and diphenoxylate hcl both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • dipipanone

              codeine and dipipanone both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • dobutamine

              codeine increases and dobutamine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • dopamine

              codeine increases and dopamine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • dopexamine

              codeine increases and dopexamine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • dosulepin

              codeine and dosulepin both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • doxepin

              codeine and doxepin both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • doxylamine

              doxylamine and codeine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • dronedarone

              dronedarone decreases effects of codeine by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2D6 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Prevents conversion of codeine to its active metabolite morphine.

            • droperidol

              codeine and droperidol both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • duloxetine

              duloxetine decreases effects of codeine by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2D6 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Prevents conversion of codeine to its active metabolite morphine.

            • eltrombopag

              eltrombopag increases levels of acetaminophen by decreasing metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. UGT inhibition; significance of interaction unclear.

            • elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir DF

              elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir DF increases levels of codeine by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2D6 metabolism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Cobicistat is a CYP2D6 inhibitor; caution with CYP2D6 substrates for which elevated plasma concentrations are associated with serious and/or life-threatening events.

            • ephedrine

              codeine increases and ephedrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • epinephrine

              codeine increases and epinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • epinephrine racemic

              codeine increases and epinephrine racemic decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • esketamine intranasal

              esketamine intranasal, codeine. Either increases toxicity of the other by sedation. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

            • estazolam

              estazolam and codeine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • ethanol

              codeine and ethanol both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • etomidate

              etomidate and codeine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • exenatide injectable solution

              exenatide injectable solution will decrease the level or effect of acetaminophen by unspecified interaction mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor. To avoid potential interaction, give acetaminophen at least 1 hour before or 4 hours after exenatide injection.

            • exenatide injectable suspension

              exenatide injectable suspension will decrease the level or effect of acetaminophen by unspecified interaction mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor. To avoid potential interaction, give acetaminophen at least 1 hour before or 4 hours after exenatide injection.

            • fedratinib

              fedratinib will increase the level or effect of codeine by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2D6 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Adjust dose of drugs that are CYP2D6 substrates as necessary.

            • fenfluramine

              codeine increases and fenfluramine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • finerenone

              acetaminophen will increase the level or effect of finerenone by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Monitor serum potassium during initiation and dosage adjustment of either finererone or moderate CYP3A4 inhibitors. Adjust finererone dosage as needed.

            • flibanserin

              codeine and flibanserin both increase sedation. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Risk for sedation increased if flibanserin is coadministration with other CNS depressants.

              acetaminophen will increase the level or effect of flibanserin by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Increased flibanserin adverse effects may occur if coadministered with multiple weak CYP3A4 inhibitors.

            • fluoxetine

              fluoxetine will decrease the level or effect of codeine by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2D6 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Prevents conversion of codeine to its active metabolite morphine

            • imatinib

              imatinib decreases levels of acetaminophen by decreasing hepatic clearance. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. In vitro, imatinib was found to inhibit acetaminophen O-glucuronidation (Ki value of 58.5 micro-M) at therapeutic levels; avoid chronic acetaminophen therapy with imatinib; if occasional acetaminophen administered, do not exceed 1300 mg/day.

            • fluphenazine

              codeine and fluphenazine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • flurazepam

              flurazepam and codeine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • formoterol

              codeine increases and formoterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • gabapentin

              gabapentin, codeine. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Coadministration of CNS depressants can result in serious, life-threatening, and fatal respiratory depression. Use lowest dose possible and monitor for respiratory depression and sedation.

            • gabapentin enacarbil

              gabapentin enacarbil, codeine. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Coadministration of CNS depressants can result in serious, life-threatening, and fatal respiratory depression. Use lowest dose possible and monitor for respiratory depression and sedation.

            • ganaxolone

              codeine and ganaxolone both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • haloperidol

              haloperidol decreases effects of codeine by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2D6 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Prevents conversion of codeine to its active metabolite morphine.

              codeine and haloperidol both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • hydromorphone

              codeine and hydromorphone both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • hydroxyzine

              hydroxyzine and codeine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • iloperidone

              codeine and iloperidone both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • imipramine

              codeine and imipramine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

              imipramine decreases effects of codeine by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2D6 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Prevents conversion of codeine to its active metabolite morphine.

            • isavuconazonium sulfate

              acetaminophen will increase the level or effect of isavuconazonium sulfate by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • isoniazid

              isoniazid will increase the level or effect of acetaminophen by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2E1 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              isoniazid decreases effects of codeine by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2D6 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Prevents conversion of codeine to its active metabolite morphine.

            • isoproterenol

              codeine increases and isoproterenol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • ivacaftor

              acetaminophen increases levels of ivacaftor by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Monitor when coadministered with weak CYP3A4 inhibitors .

            • ketamine

              ketamine and codeine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • ketoconazole

              ketoconazole decreases effects of codeine by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2D6 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Prevents conversion of codeine to its active metabolite morphine.

            • ketotifen, ophthalmic

              codeine and ketotifen, ophthalmic both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • lasmiditan

              lasmiditan, codeine. Either increases effects of the other by sedation. Use Caution/Monitor. Coadministration of lasmiditan and other CNS depressant drugs, including alcohol have not been evaluated in clinical studies. Lasmiditan may cause sedation, as well as other cognitive and/or neuropsychiatric adverse reactions.

            • lemborexant

              lemborexant, codeine. Either increases effects of the other by sedation. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Dosage adjustment may be necessary if lemborexant is coadministered with other CNS depressants because of potentially additive effects.

              acetaminophen will increase the level or effect of lemborexant by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Lower nightly dose of lemborexant recommended if coadministered with weak CYP3A4 inhibitors. See drug monograph for specific dosage modification.

            • letermovir

              letermovir increases levels of codeine by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • levonorgestrel oral/ethinylestradiol/ferrous bisglycinate

              levonorgestrel oral/ethinylestradiol/ferrous bisglycinate will decrease the level or effect of acetaminophen by unknown mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor.

              acetaminophen increases levels of levonorgestrel oral/ethinylestradiol/ferrous bisglycinate by decreasing hepatic clearance. Use Caution/Monitor. Coadministration of ascorbic acid and certain combined hormonal contraceptives (CHCs) containing EE may increase plasma EE concentrations, possibly by inhibition of conjugation.

            • levalbuterol

              codeine increases and levalbuterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • levoketoconazole

              levoketoconazole decreases effects of codeine by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2D6 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Prevents conversion of codeine to its active metabolite morphine.

            • levorphanol

              codeine and levorphanol both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • lisdexamfetamine

              codeine increases and lisdexamfetamine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • lixisenatide (DSC)

              lixisenatide (DSC) will decrease the level or effect of acetaminophen by inhibition of GI absorption. Applies only to oral form of both agents. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. GLP1 agonists delay gastric emptying, which may affect absorption of concomitantly administered oral medications. No effects on acetaminophen Cmax and Tmax were observed when acetaminophen was administered 1 hr before lixisenatide. When administered 1 or 4 hr after lixisenatide, acetaminophen Cmax was decreased by 29% and 31% respectively and median Tmax was delayed by 2 and 1.75 hr, respectively.

            • lofepramine

              codeine and lofepramine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • lofexidine

              codeine and lofexidine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • lomitapide

              acetaminophen increases levels of lomitapide by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Lomitapide dose should not exceed 30 mg/day.

            • lopinavir

              lopinavir decreases effects of codeine by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2D6 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Prevents conversion of codeine to its active metabolite morphine.

            • loprazolam

              loprazolam and codeine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • lorazepam

              lorazepam and codeine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • lorcaserin

              lorcaserin will increase the level or effect of codeine by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2D6 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Prevents conversion of codeine to its active metabolite morphine.

            • lormetazepam

              lormetazepam and codeine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • loxapine

              codeine and loxapine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • loxapine inhaled

              codeine and loxapine inhaled both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • lumefantrine

              lumefantrine will increase the level or effect of codeine by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2D6 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • lurasidone

              lurasidone, codeine. Either increases toxicity of the other by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Potential for increased CNS depressant effects when used concurrently; monitor for increased adverse effects and toxicity.

            • maprotiline

              codeine and maprotiline both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • marijuana

              codeine and marijuana both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • melatonin

              codeine and melatonin both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • meperidine

              codeine and meperidine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • meprobamate

              codeine and meprobamate both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • metaproterenol

              codeine increases and metaproterenol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • metaxalone

              metaxalone and codeine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • methadone

              codeine and methadone both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • methamphetamine

              codeine increases and methamphetamine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • methocarbamol

              methocarbamol and codeine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • methylenedioxymethamphetamine

              codeine increases and methylenedioxymethamphetamine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • midazolam

              midazolam and codeine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • midazolam intranasal

              midazolam intranasal, codeine. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Concomitant use of barbiturates, alcohol, or other CNS depressants may increase the risk of hypoventilation, airway obstruction, desaturation, or apnea and may contribute to profound and/or prolonged drug effect.

              acetaminophen will increase the level or effect of midazolam intranasal by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Coadministration of mild CYP3A4 inhibitors with midazolam intranasal may cause higher midazolam systemic exposure, which may prolong sedation.

            • midodrine

              codeine increases and midodrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • mipomersen

              mipomersen, acetaminophen. Either increases toxicity of the other by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Both drugs have potential to increase hepatic enzymes; monitor LFTs.

            • mirabegron

              mirabegron will increase the level or effect of codeine by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2D6 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • mirtazapine

              codeine and mirtazapine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • modafinil

              codeine increases and modafinil decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • morphine

              codeine and morphine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • motherwort

              codeine and motherwort both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • moxonidine

              codeine and moxonidine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • nabilone

              codeine and nabilone both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • nalbuphine

              codeine and nalbuphine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • norepinephrine

              codeine increases and norepinephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • nortriptyline

              codeine and nortriptyline both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • olanzapine

              codeine and olanzapine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • oliceridine

              oliceridine, codeine. Either increases toxicity of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Profound sedation, respiratory depression, coma, and death may result if coadministered. Reserve concomitant prescribing of these drugs in patients for whom other treatment options are inadequate. Limit dosages and durations to the minimum required. Monitor closely for signs of respiratory depression and sedation.

            • opium tincture

              codeine and opium tincture both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • orphenadrine

              orphenadrine and codeine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • oxazepam

              oxazepam and codeine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • oxycodone

              codeine and oxycodone both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • oxymorphone

              codeine and oxymorphone both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • paliperidone

              codeine and paliperidone both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • papaveretum

              codeine and papaveretum both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • papaverine

              codeine and papaverine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • paroxetine

              paroxetine will decrease the level or effect of codeine by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2D6 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Prevents conversion of codeine to its active metabolite morphine.

            • peginterferon alfa 2b

              peginterferon alfa 2b, codeine. Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: When patients are administered peginterferon alpha-2b with CYP2D6 substrates, the therapeutic effect of these drugs may be altered. Peginterferon alpha-2b may increase or decrease levels of CYP2D6 substrate.

            • pegvisomant

              codeine decreases effects of pegvisomant by unknown mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • pentazocine

              codeine and pentazocine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • pentobarbital

              pentobarbital and codeine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • perampanel

              perampanel and codeine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • perphenazine

              codeine and perphenazine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • phendimetrazine

              codeine increases and phendimetrazine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • phenobarbital

              phenobarbital and codeine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • phentermine

              codeine increases and phentermine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • phenylephrine

              codeine increases and phenylephrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • phenylephrine PO

              codeine increases and phenylephrine PO decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor. .

            • pholcodine

              codeine and pholcodine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • pimozide

              codeine and pimozide both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • pirbuterol

              codeine increases and pirbuterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • pregabalin

              pregabalin, codeine. Either increases effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Coadministration of CNS depressants can result in serious, life-threatening, and fatal respiratory depression. Use lowest dose possible and monitor for respiratory depression and sedation.

            • primidone

              primidone and codeine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • prochlorperazine

              codeine and prochlorperazine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • promethazine

              promethazine and codeine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • propofol

              propofol and codeine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • propylhexedrine

              codeine increases and propylhexedrine decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • protriptyline

              codeine and protriptyline both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • quazepam

              quazepam and codeine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • quetiapine

              codeine and quetiapine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • quinidine

              quinidine will decrease the level or effect of codeine by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2D6 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Prevents conversion of codeine to its active metabolite morphine.

            • ramelteon

              codeine and ramelteon both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • remimazolam

              remimazolam, codeine. Either increases toxicity of the other by sedation. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Coadministration may result in profound sedation, respiratory depression, coma, and/or death. Continuously monitor vital signs during sedation and recovery period if coadministered. Carefully titrate remimazolam dose if administered with opioid analgesics and/or sedative/hypnotics.

            • ribociclib

              ribociclib will increase the level or effect of codeine by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • risperidone

              codeine and risperidone both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • ritonavir

              ritonavir will decrease the level or effect of codeine by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2D6 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Prevents conversion of codeine to its active metabolite morphine.

            • rolapitant

              rolapitant will increase the level or effect of codeine by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2D6 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Rolapitant may increase plasma concentrations of CYP2D6 substrates for at least 28 days following rolapitant administration.

            • salmeterol

              codeine increases and salmeterol decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • scullcap

              codeine and scullcap both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • secobarbital

              secobarbital and codeine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • selegiline

              selegiline increases toxicity of codeine by unknown mechanism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Potential for increased CNS depression, drowsiness, dizziness or hypotension, so use with any MAOI should be cautious.

            • sertraline

              sertraline decreases effects of codeine by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2D6 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Prevents conversion of codeine to its active metabolite morphine.

            • sevoflurane

              sevoflurane and codeine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • shepherd's purse

              codeine and shepherd's purse both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • stiripentol

              stiripentol, codeine. Either increases effects of the other by sedation. Use Caution/Monitor. Concomitant use stiripentol with other CNS depressants, including alcohol, may increase the risk of sedation and somnolence.

            • sufentanil

              codeine and sufentanil both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • suvorexant

              suvorexant and codeine both increase sedation. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Dosage adjustments of suvorexant and concomitant CNS depressants may be necessary

            • tapentadol

              codeine and tapentadol both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • tazemetostat

              acetaminophen will increase the level or effect of tazemetostat by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • temazepam

              temazepam and codeine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • terbinafine

              terbinafine will increase the level or effect of codeine by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2D6 metabolism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Assess need to reduce dose of CYP2D6-metabolized drug.

            • terbutaline

              codeine increases and terbutaline decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • tetracaine

              tetracaine, acetaminophen. Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Monitor for signs of methemoglobinemia when methemoglobin-inducing drugs are coadministered.

            • thioridazine

              thioridazine decreases effects of codeine by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2D6 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Prevents conversion of codeine to its active metabolite morphine.

              codeine and thioridazine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • thiothixene

              codeine and thiothixene both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • ticlopidine

              ticlopidine decreases effects of codeine by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2D6 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Prevents conversion of codeine to its active metabolite morphine.

            • tinidazole

              acetaminophen will increase the level or effect of tinidazole by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • topiramate

              codeine and topiramate both increase sedation. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely.

            • tramadol

              codeine and tramadol both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • tranylcypromine

              tranylcypromine decreases effects of codeine by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2D6 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor. Prevents conversion of codeine to its active metabolite morphine.

            • trazodone

              codeine and trazodone both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • triazolam

              triazolam and codeine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • triclofos

              triclofos and codeine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • trifluoperazine

              codeine and trifluoperazine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • trimipramine

              codeine and trimipramine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • triprolidine

              triprolidine and codeine both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • venlafaxine

              venlafaxine will increase the level or effect of codeine by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2D6 metabolism. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • warfarin

              acetaminophen increases effects of warfarin by anticoagulation. Use Caution/Monitor.

            • xylometazoline

              codeine increases and xylometazoline decreases sedation. Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Use Caution/Monitor.

            Minor (70)

            • acetazolamide

              acetazolamide decreases levels of acetaminophen by increasing metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Enhanced metabolism incr levels of hepatotoxic metabolites.

            • albiglutide

              albiglutide decreases levels of acetaminophen by unspecified interaction mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • antithrombin alfa

              acetaminophen increases effects of antithrombin alfa by unknown mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • antithrombin III

              acetaminophen increases effects of antithrombin III by unknown mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • argatroban

              acetaminophen increases effects of argatroban by unknown mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • asenapine

              asenapine will increase the level or effect of codeine by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2D6 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • bemiparin

              acetaminophen increases effects of bemiparin by unknown mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • bivalirudin

              acetaminophen increases effects of bivalirudin by unknown mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • brimonidine

              brimonidine increases effects of codeine by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Increased CNS depression.

            • carbamazepine

              carbamazepine decreases levels of acetaminophen by increasing metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Enhanced metabolism incr levels of hepatotoxic metabolites.

            • cholestyramine

              cholestyramine decreases levels of acetaminophen by inhibition of GI absorption. Applies only to oral form of both agents. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • clonazepam

              clonazepam decreases levels of acetaminophen by increasing metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Enhanced metabolism incr levels of hepatotoxic metabolites.

            • colestipol

              colestipol decreases levels of acetaminophen by inhibition of GI absorption. Applies only to oral form of both agents. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • dalteparin

              acetaminophen increases effects of dalteparin by unknown mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • dextroamphetamine

              dextroamphetamine increases effects of codeine by unspecified interaction mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • diazepam

              diazepam decreases levels of acetaminophen by increasing metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Enhanced metabolism incr levels of hepatotoxic metabolites.

            • disulfiram

              disulfiram will increase the level or effect of acetaminophen by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2E1 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • enoxaparin

              acetaminophen increases effects of enoxaparin by unknown mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • ethanol

              ethanol will decrease the level or effect of acetaminophen by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2E1 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              ethanol increases toxicity of acetaminophen by decreasing metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • ethosuximide

              ethosuximide decreases levels of acetaminophen by increasing metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Enhanced metabolism incr levels of hepatotoxic metabolites.

            • eucalyptus

              codeine and eucalyptus both increase sedation. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • felbamate

              felbamate decreases levels of acetaminophen by increasing metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Enhanced metabolism incr levels of hepatotoxic metabolites.

            • fluoxetine

              fluoxetine decreases effects of codeine by decreasing metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Decreased conversion of codeine to active metabolite morphine.

            • fondaparinux

              acetaminophen increases effects of fondaparinux by unknown mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • fosphenytoin

              fosphenytoin decreases levels of acetaminophen by increasing metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Enhanced metabolism incr levels of hepatotoxic metabolites.

            • green tea

              green tea increases effects of acetaminophen by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. (Theoretical, due to caffeine content).

            • heparin

              acetaminophen increases effects of heparin by unknown mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • imatinib

              imatinib will increase the level or effect of codeine by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2D6 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              imatinib decreases effects of codeine by decreasing metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Decreased conversion of codeine to active metabolite morphine.

            • isoniazid

              isoniazid increases toxicity of acetaminophen by unknown mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • lacosamide

              lacosamide decreases levels of acetaminophen by increasing metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Enhanced metabolism incr levels of hepatotoxic metabolites.

            • lamotrigine

              lamotrigine decreases levels of acetaminophen by increasing metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Enhanced metabolism incr levels of hepatotoxic metabolites.

            • levetiracetam

              levetiracetam decreases levels of acetaminophen by increasing metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Enhanced metabolism incr levels of hepatotoxic metabolites.

            • lidocaine

              lidocaine increases toxicity of codeine by pharmacodynamic synergism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Risk of increased CNS depression.

            • liraglutide

              liraglutide decreases levels of acetaminophen by unspecified interaction mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • lorazepam

              lorazepam decreases levels of acetaminophen by increasing metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Enhanced metabolism incr levels of hepatotoxic metabolites.

            • maraviroc

              maraviroc will increase the level or effect of codeine by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2D6 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • marijuana

              marijuana will increase the level or effect of codeine by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2D6 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • methsuximide

              methsuximide decreases levels of acetaminophen by increasing metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Enhanced metabolism incr levels of hepatotoxic metabolites.

            • metoclopramide

              metoclopramide increases levels of acetaminophen by enhancing GI absorption. Applies only to oral form of both agents. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • metronidazole

              metronidazole will increase the level or effect of acetaminophen by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2E1 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • nilotinib

              nilotinib will increase the level or effect of codeine by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2D6 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • oxcarbazepine

              oxcarbazepine decreases levels of acetaminophen by increasing metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Enhanced metabolism incr levels of hepatotoxic metabolites.

            • oxybutynin

              oxybutynin decreases levels of acetaminophen by unspecified interaction mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • oxybutynin topical

              oxybutynin topical decreases levels of acetaminophen by unspecified interaction mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • oxybutynin transdermal

              oxybutynin transdermal decreases levels of acetaminophen by unspecified interaction mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • parecoxib

              parecoxib will increase the level or effect of codeine by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2D6 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • perphenazine

              perphenazine will increase the level or effect of codeine by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2D6 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              perphenazine decreases effects of codeine by decreasing metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Decreased conversion of codeine to active metabolite morphine.

            • phenindione

              acetaminophen increases effects of phenindione by unknown mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • phenobarbital

              phenobarbital decreases levels of acetaminophen by increasing metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Enhanced metabolism incr levels of hepatotoxic metabolites.

            • phenytoin

              phenytoin decreases levels of acetaminophen by increasing metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Enhanced metabolism incr levels of hepatotoxic metabolites.

            • primidone

              primidone decreases levels of acetaminophen by increasing metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Enhanced metabolism incr levels of hepatotoxic metabolites.

            • propafenone

              propafenone will increase the level or effect of codeine by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2D6 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              propafenone decreases effects of codeine by decreasing metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Decreased conversion of codeine to active metabolite morphine.

            • protamine

              acetaminophen increases effects of protamine by unknown mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • quinacrine

              quinacrine will increase the level or effect of codeine by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2D6 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

              quinacrine decreases effects of codeine by decreasing metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Decreased conversion of codeine to active metabolite morphine.

            • ranolazine

              ranolazine will increase the level or effect of codeine by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2D6 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • rifabutin

              rifabutin decreases levels of acetaminophen by increasing metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Enhanced metabolism incr levels of hepatotoxic metabolites.

            • rifampin

              rifampin decreases levels of acetaminophen by increasing metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Enhanced metabolism incr levels of hepatotoxic metabolites.

            • rufinamide

              rufinamide decreases levels of acetaminophen by increasing metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Enhanced metabolism incr levels of hepatotoxic metabolites.

            • ruxolitinib

              acetaminophen will increase the level or effect of ruxolitinib by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • ruxolitinib topical

              acetaminophen will increase the level or effect of ruxolitinib topical by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • sage

              codeine and sage both increase sedation. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • sertraline

              sertraline decreases effects of codeine by decreasing metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Decreased conversion of codeine to active metabolite morphine.

            • thioridazine

              thioridazine decreases effects of codeine by decreasing metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Decreased conversion of codeine to active metabolite morphine.

            • tiagabine

              tiagabine decreases levels of acetaminophen by increasing metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Enhanced metabolism incr levels of hepatotoxic metabolites.

            • tipranavir

              tipranavir will increase the level or effect of codeine by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP2D6 metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

            • topiramate

              topiramate decreases levels of acetaminophen by increasing metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Enhanced metabolism incr levels of hepatotoxic metabolites.

            • valproic acid

              valproic acid decreases levels of acetaminophen by increasing metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Enhanced metabolism incr levels of hepatotoxic metabolites.

            • venlafaxine

              venlafaxine decreases effects of codeine by decreasing metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Decreased conversion of codeine to active metabolite morphine.

            • ziconotide

              ziconotide, codeine. Mechanism: unspecified interaction mechanism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Additive decreased GI motility. Additive analgesia. Ziconotide does NOT potentiate opioid induced respiratory depression.

            • zonisamide

              zonisamide decreases levels of acetaminophen by increasing metabolism. Minor/Significance Unknown. Enhanced metabolism increase levels of hepatotoxic metabolites.

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            Adverse Effects

            Frequency Not Defined (Codeine)

            Constipation

            Drowsiness

            Hypotension

            Tachycardia or bradycardia

            Confusion

            Dizziness

            False feeling of well being

            Headache

            Lightheadedness

            Malaise

            Paradoxical CNS stimulation

            Restlessness

            Rash

            Urticaria

            Anorexia

            Nausea

            Vomiting

            Xerostomia

            Ureteral spasm

            Decreased urination

            Increased LFTs

            Burning at injection site

            Weakness

            Blurred vision

            Dyspnea

            Histamine release

            Frequency Not Defined (Acetaminophen)

            Pruritic maculopapular rash

            Urticaria

            Laryngeal edema

            Angioedema

            Anaphylactoid reaction

            Thrombocytopenia

            Leukopenia

            Pancytopenia

            Neutropenia

            Thrombocytopenic purpura

            Agranulocytosis

            Hepatotoxicity

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            Warnings

            Black Box Warnings

            Hepatotoxicity may occur with acetaminophen doses that exceed 4 g/day; take into account all acetaminophen-containing products that the patient is taking, including PRN doses and OTC products

            Acetaminophen has been associated with cases of acute liver failure, at times resulting in liver transplantation or death

            New dosage limit allows no more than 325 mg/dosage unit for prescription medications that contain acetaminophen

            Healthcare professionals can direct patients to take 1 or 2 tablets, capsules, or other dosage units of a prescription product containing 325 mg of acetaminophen up to 6 times a day (12 dosage units) and still not exceed the maximum daily dose of acetaminophen of 4 g/day

            Accidental ingestion, especially by children,can result in a fatal overdose

            Addiction, Abuse and Misuse

            • Drug exposes patients and other users to the risks of opioid addiction, abuse and misuse, which can lead to overdose and death; assess each patient’s risk prior to prescribing drug, and monitor all patients regularly for the development of these behaviors and conditions
            • To ensure that the benefits of opioid analgesics outweigh risks of addiction, abuse, and misuse, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has required a REMS for these products
            • Under the requirements of the REMS, drug companies with approved opioid analgesic products must make REMS compliant education programs available to healthcare providers
            • Healthcare providers are strongly encouraged to complete a REMS-compliant education program, counsel patients and/or their caregivers, with every prescription, on safe use, serious risks, storage, and disposal of these products, emphasize to patients and their caregivers the importance of reading the Medication Guide every time it is provided by their pharmacist, and consider other tools to improve patient, household, and community safety

            Life-Threatening Respiratory Depression

            • Serious, life-threatening, or fatal respiratory depression may occur with therapy
            • Monitor for respiratory depression, especially during initiation of therapy or following a dose increase
            • Respiratory depression and death reported following tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy in patients that appeared to be rapid metabolizers of codeine due to CYP2D6 polymorphism

            Ultra-rapid metabolism of codeine and other risk factors for life-threatening respiratory depression in children

            • Life-threatening respiratory depression and death have occurred in children who received codeine; most of reported cases occurred following tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy and many of the children had evidence of being ultra-rapid metabolizers of codeine due to a cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 polymorphism
            • Avoid use of in adolescents 12-18 years of age who have other risk factors that may increase their sensitivity to respiratory depressant effects of codeine

            Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome

            • Prolonged use during pregnancy can result in neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome, which may be life-threatening if not recognized and treated, and requires management according to protocols developed by neonatology experts; if opioid use is required for a prolonged period in a pregnant woman, advise patient of risk of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome and ensure that appropriate treatment will be available

            Interactions with Drugs Affecting Cytochrome P450 Isoenzymes

            • The effects of concomitant use or discontinuation of CYP3A4 inducers, CYP3A4 inhibitors, or CYP2D6 inhibitors with codeine are complex; use of CYP3A4 inducers, CYP3A4 inhibitors, or CYP2D6 inhibitors with drug requires careful consideration of effects on parent drug, codeine, and active metabolite, morphine

            Risks from concomitant use with benzodiazepines or other CNS depressants

            • Concomitant use of opioids with benzodiazepines or other central nervous system (CNS) depressants, including alcohol, may result in profound sedation, respiratory depression, coma, and death
            • Reserve concomitant prescribing of with
            • benzodiazepines or other CNS depressants for use in patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate
            • Limit dosages and durations to minimum required
            • Follow patients for signs and symptoms of respiratory depression and sedation

            Contraindications

            Children <12 years

            Post-operative management in children <18 years following tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy

            Patients with significant respiratory depression, acute or severe bronchial asthma in an unmonitored setting or in the absence of resuscitative equipment

            Concurrent use of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) or use of MAOIs within last 14 days

            Known or suspected gastrointestinal obstruction, including paralytic ileus

            Hypersensitivity to codeine, acetaminophen, or ingredients

            Hepatitis or severe hepatic/renal impairment

            Cautions

            Acetaminophen has been associated with cases of acute liver failure, at times resulting in liver transplantation and death; risk increases in individuals with underlying liver disease, alcohol ingestion, and/or use of more than 1 acetaminophen-containing product (see Black Box Warnings)

            Acetaminophen: Risk for rare, but serious skin reactions that can be fatal; these reactions include Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS), toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), and acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP); symptoms may include skin redness, blisters and rash

            Acetaminophen may cause serious an potentially fatal skin reactions

            Patients with G6PD deficiency

            Use caution in repeated administration in patients with anemia or with cardiovascular, pulmonary, or renal disease

            Use caution in patients with history of porphyria

            May cause hypotension; use with caution in patients with hypovolemia

            Codeine may cause depression; avoid driving car or operating heavy machinery

            Use caution in patients with conditions associated with hypoxia, hypercapnia, upper respiratory obstruction, or debilitated patients

            May increase respiratory depressant effects; caution with head injury, COPD, or other conditions associated with decreased respiratory drive

            Use caution in patients with hypersensitivity reactions to other phenanthrene-derivative opioid agonists including oxymorphone, levorphanol, oxycodone, or hydrocodone

            Codeine may cause tolerance/dependency

            May obscure diagnosis or clinical course of patients with acute abdominal conditions and may worsen gastrointestinal ileus due to reduced GI motility

            Use cuation in adrenal insufficiency, billiary tract impairment, patients susceptible to intracranial effects of CO2 retention, G6PD deficiency, head trauma, prostatic hyperplasia, hepatic/renal impairment, thyroid dysfunction, seizure disorder, or respiratory disease (COPD)

            Codeine may cause or exacerbate constipation; chronic use may result in obstructive bowel disease, especially in patients with existing intestinal motility disorders; reduce potential for constipation by taking preventive measures, including the increase of fiber intake and the use of stool softeners

            Long-term use in patients with adrenal insufficiency may cause secondary hypogonadism, which may lead to sexual dysfunction, infertility, mood disorders, and osteoporosis

            Use with caution in patients with biliary tract dysfunction, including pancreatitis; may increase amylase/lipase levels and may cause constriction of sphincter of Oddi

            Healthcare providers should choose lowest effective dose for shortest period of time and inform patients and caregivers about these risks and the signs of morphine overdose

            Death reported in nursing infant exposed to high levels of morphine in breast milk because mother was an ultra-rapid metabolizer of codeine; breastfeeding is not recommended during treatment

            May cause severe hypotension including orthostatic hypotension and syncope in ambulatory patients; there is increased risk in patients whose ability to maintain blood pressure has already been compromised by a reduced blood volume or concurrent administration of certain CNS depressant drugs

            (eg, phenothiazines or general anesthetics); monitor for signs of hypotension after initiating or titrating dosage; in patients with circulatory shock, drug may cause vasodilatation that can further reduce cardiac output and blood pressure; avoid use in circulatory shock

            Therapy may obscure diagnosis or clinical course in patients with acute abdominal conditions; therapy may cause spasm of sphincter of Oddi; opioids may cause increases in serum amylase; monitor patients with biliary tract disease,including acute pancreatitis, for worsening symptoms

            Codeine may increase frequency of seizures in patients with seizure disorders, and may increase risk of seizures occurring in other clinical settings associated with seizures; monitor patients with a history of seizure disorders for worsened seizure control during therapy

            Do not abruptly discontinue drug in a patient physically dependent on opioids; when discontinuing therapy in a physically dependent patient, gradually taper the dosage

            Addiction potential

            • Therapy exposes users to the risks of addiction, abuse, and misuse; addiction can occur in patients appropriately prescribed therapy and can occur at recommended dosages; assess each patient’s risk for opioid addiction, abuse, or misuse prior to prescribing therapy; risks are increased in patients with a personal or family history of substance abuse (including drug or alcohol abuse or addiction) or mental illness (eg, major depression)
            • Patients at increased risk may be prescribed opioids, but use in such patients necessitates intensive counseling about risks and proper use of drug along with intensive monitoring for signs of addiction, abuse, and misuse

            Adrenal insufficiency

            • Cases of adrenal insufficiency reported with opioid use, more often following > 1 month of use; presentation of adrenal insufficiency may include non-specific symptoms and signs including nausea, vomiting, anorexia, fatigue, weakness, dizziness, and low blood pressure
            • If adrenal insufficiency suspected, confirm diagnosis with diagnostic testing as soon as possible; if adrenal insufficiency is diagnosed, treat with physiologic replacement doses of corticosteroids; wean patient off of opioid to allow adrenal function to recover and continue corticosteroid treatment until adrenal function recovers; other opioids may be tried as some cases reported use of a different opioid without recurrence of adrenal insufficiency

            Respiratory depression

            • Serious, life-threatening, or fatal respiratory depression has been reported with the use of opioids, even when used as recommended; respiratory depression, if not immediately recognized and treated, may lead to respiratory arrest and death; management of respiratory depression may include close observation, supportive measures, and use of opioid antagonists, depending on patient’s clinical status; carbon dioxide (CO2) retention from opioid-induced respiratory depression can exacerbate the sedating effects of opioids
            • Opioids can cause sleep-related breathing disorders including central sleep apnea (CSA) and sleep-related hypoxemia; opioid use increases risk of CSA in a dose dependent fashion; in patients who present with CSA, consider decreasing the opioid dosage using best practices for opioid taper

            Ultra-rapid metabolism of codeine and other risk factors for life-threatening respiratory depression in children

            • Life-threatening respiratory depression and death have occurred in children who received codeine; codeine is subject to variability in metabolism based upon CYP2D6 genotype, which can lead to an increased exposure to active metabolite morphine
            • Based upon post-marketing reports, children <12 years appear to be more susceptible to respiratory depressant effects of codeine, particularly if there are risk factors for respiratory depression; for example, many reported cases of death occurred in the post-operative period following tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy, and many of the children had evidence of being ultra-rapid metabolizers of codeine
            • Children with obstructive sleep apnea who are treated with codeine for post-tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy pain may be particularly sensitive to its respiratory depressant effects
            • Avoid use in adolescents 12-18 years of age who have other risk factors that may increase their sensitivity to respiratory depressant effects of codeine unless benefits outweigh risks; risk factors include conditions associated with hypoventilation, such as post-operative status, obstructive sleep apnea, obesity, severe pulmonary disease, neuromuscular disease, and concomitant use of other medications that cause respiratory depression

            Patient access to naloxone for emergency treatment of opioid overdose

            • Assess potential need for naloxone; consider prescribing for emergency treatment of opioid overdose
            • Consult on availability and ways to obtain naloxone as permitted by individual state naloxone dispensing and prescribing requirements or guidelines
            • Educate patients regarding the signs and symptoms of respiratory depression and to call 911 or seek immediate emergency medical help in the event of a known or suspected overdose

            Drug interaction overview

            • Concomitant use with all CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as macrolide antibiotics (e.g., erythromycin), azole-antifungal agents (eg, ketoconazole), and protease inhibitors (e.g., ritonavir) or discontinuation of CYP3A4 inducer such as rifampin, carbamazepine, and phenytoin, may increase codeine plasma concentrations with subsequently greater metabolism by CYP2D6, resulting in greater morphine levels, which could increase or prolong adverse reactions and may cause potentially fatal respiratory depression
            • Concomitant use with all CYP3A4 inducers or discontinuation of a CYP3A4 inhibitor may result in lower codeine levels, greater norcodeine levels, and less metabolism via CYP2D6 with resultant lower morphine levels; this may be associated with a decrease in efficacy, and in some patients, may result in signs and symptoms of opioid withdrawal; follow patients receiving the drug and any CYP3A4 inhibitor or inducer for signs and symptoms that may reflect opioid toxicity and opioid withdrawal when used in combination with inhibitors and inducers of CYP3A4
            • If concomitant use of a CYP3A4 inhibitor is necessary or if a CYP3A4 inducer is discontinued, consider dosage reduction until stable drug effects are achieved; monitor patients for respiratory depression and sedation at frequent intervals; if concomitant use of a CYP3A4 inducer is necessary or if a CYP3A4 inhibitor is discontinued, consider increasing the dosage of the drug until stable drug effects are achieved; monitor for signs of opioid withdrawal
            • Concomitant use with Codeine with all CYP2D6 inhibitors (eg, amiodarone, quinidine) may result in an increase in codeine plasma concentrations and a decrease in active metabolite morphine plasma concentration which could result in analgesic efficacy reduction or symptoms of opioid withdrawal; discontinuation of a concomitantly used CYP2D6 inhibitor may result in a decrease in codeine plasma concentration and an increase in active metabolite morphine plasma concentration which could increase or prolong adverse reactions and may cause potentially fatal respiratory depression
            • Follow patients receiving CYP2D6 inhibitor for signs and symptoms that may reflect opioid toxicity and opioid withdrawal when administered in conjunction with inhibitors of CYP2D6
            • If concomitant use with a CYP2D6 inhibitor necessary, follow patient for signs of reduced efficacy or opioid withdrawal and consider increasing
            • Dosage; after stopping use of a CYP2D6 inhibitor, consider reducing dosage and follow the patient for signs and symptoms of respiratory depression or sedation

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            Pregnancy & Lactation

            Pregnancy

            There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women; use during pregnancy only if potential benefit justifies potential risk to fetus

            Prolonged use of opioid analgesics during pregnancy for medical or nonmedical purposes can result in physical dependence in neonate and neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome shortly after birth

            Inform female patients of reproductive potential that prolonged use of drug during pregnancy can result in neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome,which may be life-threatening if not recognized and treated

            Neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome presents as irritability, hyperactivity and abnormal sleep pattern, high pitched cry, tremor, vomiting, diarrhea and failure to gain weight; onset, duration, and severity of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome vary based on specific opioid used, duration of use, timing and amount of last maternal use, and rate of elimination of drug by newborn; observe newborns for symptoms of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome and manage accordingly

            Inform female patients of reproductive potential that therapy can cause fetal harm and for patient to inform prescriber of a known or suspected pregnancy

            Inform patients that chronic use of opioids may cause reduced fertility; it is not known whether these effects on fertility are reversible

            Labor and delivery

            • Not recommended for use in pregnant women during or immediately prior to labor, when other analgesic techniques are more appropriate; opioid analgesics, including can prolong labor through actions which temporarily reduce strength, duration, and frequency of uterine contractions

            Lactation

            Codeine and its active metabolite, morphine, are present in human milk; there are published studies and cases that have reported excessive sedation, respiratory depression, and death in infants exposed to codeine via breast milk; women who are ultra-rapid metabolizers of codeine achieve higher than expected serum levels of morphine, potentially leading to higher levels of morphine in breast milk that can be dangerous in their breastfed infants; in women with normal codeine metabolism (normal CYP2D6 activity)

            The amount of codeine secreted into human milk is low and dose-dependent; there is no information on effects of codeine on milk production; because of potential for serious adverse reactions, including excess sedation, respiratory depression, and death in a breastfed infant, advise patients that breastfeeding is not recommended during treatment

            Limited published studies report that acetaminophen passes rapidly into human milk with similar levels in milk and plasma; average and maximum neonatal doses of 1% and 2%, respectively, of weight-adjusted maternal dose are reported after a single oral administration of 1 gram APAP; there is one well documented report of rash in a breast-fed infant that resolved when mother stopped acetaminophen use and recurred when she resumed acetaminophen use

            If infants are exposed to drug through breast milk, they should be monitored for excess sedation and respiratory depression; withdrawal symptoms can occur in breastfed infants when maternal administration of an opioid analgesic is stopped, or when breastfeeding is stopped

            Pregnancy Categories

            A: Generally acceptable. Controlled studies in pregnant women show no evidence of fetal risk.

            B: May be acceptable. Either animal studies show no risk but human studies not available or animal studies showed minor risks and human studies done and showed no risk.

            C: Use with caution if benefits outweigh risks. Animal studies show risk and human studies not available or neither animal nor human studies done.

            D: Use in LIFE-THREATENING emergencies when no safer drug available. Positive evidence of human fetal risk.

            X: Do not use in pregnancy. Risks involved outweigh potential benefits. Safer alternatives exist.

            NA: Information not available.

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            Pharmacology

            Mechanism of Action

            Codeine: Opioid agonist; analgesia; blocks pain impulse generation and inhibits ascending pain pathways, thus altering the perception and response to pain; inhibits cough by acting centrally in the medulla; causes CNS depression

            Acetaminophen: Nonopioid, nonsalicylate analgesic; may work peripherally to block pain impulse generation; acts on hypothalamus to produce antipyresis

            Absorption

            Bioavailability: Codeine (53%); acetaminophen (100%)

            Onset: 0.5-1 hr

            Duration: 4-6 hr

            Peak effect: 1-1.5 hr

            Distribution

            Protein bound: Codeine (<25%); acetaminophen (10-25%), higher with toxic concentrations

            Vd: Codeine (3-6 L/kg); acetaminophen (1 L/kg)

            Metabolism

            Codeine

            • Via hepatic UGT2B7 and UGT2B4 to codeine-6-glucuronide
            • 10% of codeine is metabolized in liver to morphine by CYP2D6; the active morphine metabolite has a higher affinity for opioid receptors; also via CYP3A4 to norcodeine
            • CYPD2D6 poor metabolizers may not achieve adequate analgesia
            • Ultrarapid metabolizers (up to 7% of whites and up to 30% of Asian and African populations) may experience increased toxicity due to rapid conversion to morphine

            Acetaminophen

            • Metabolized in liver by microsomal enzyme systems
            • 80-85% conjugated principally with glucuronic acid and to a lesser extent with sulfuric acid and cysteine
            • 4% metabolized by CYP450 to toxic metabolite (N acetyl-p-benzoquinoneimine, N-acetylimidoquinone [NAPQI]), which is further detoxified by conjugation with glutathione; high doses may deplete fixed amount of glutathione in body, causing NAPQI accumulation

            Elimination

            Codeine

            • Half-life: 3 hr
            • Excretion: Urine (90%)

            Acetaminophen

            • Half-life: 2-4 hr
            • Excretion: Urine (90-100%; principally as acetaminophen glucuronide with acetaminophen sulfate/mercaptate)
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            Patient Handout

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            Formulary

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            Tier Description
            1 This drug is available at the lowest co-pay. Most commonly, these are generic drugs.
            2 This drug is available at a middle level co-pay. Most commonly, these are "preferred" (on formulary) brand drugs.
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            NC NOT COVERED – Drugs that are not covered by the plan.
            Code Definition
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            Medscape prescription drug monographs are based on FDA-approved labeling information, unless otherwise noted, combined with additional data derived from primary medical literature.