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On May 13, the US Food and Drug Administration approved tirzepatide for use in improving blood sugar control in patients with type 2 diabetes. This made it the first approved dual agonist for the two principal human incretins: the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor and the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). Not long after, results of the SURMOUNT-1 trial were presented at the American Diabetes Association (ADA) 82nd Scientific Sessions. They showed tirzepatide's efficacy for weight loss in patients without diabetes. The findings were called "unprecedented" and sparked a wave of impressed reactions, leading to this week's top trending clinical topic (see Infographic).
SURMOUNT-1 was a placebo-controlled trial that included more than 2500 participants with obesity or overweight who had at least one weight-related complication. At baseline, the mean body weight was 231 lb (104.8 kg) and the mean BMI was 38. Study results at 72 weeks of treatment showed:
The mean percentage change in weight was −15% (95% CI, −15.9 to −14.2) with 5-mg weekly doses of tirzepatide, −19.5% (95% CI, −20.4 to −18.5) with 10-mg doses, and −20.9% (95% CI, −21.8 to −19.9) with 15-mg doses.
Weight reduction of 5% or more was reported in 85% (95% CI, 82% -89%) of the 5-mg group, 89% (95% CI, 86% -92%) of the 10-mg group, and 91% (95% CI, 88% -94%) of the 15-mg group.
In the 10-mg and 15-mg groups, 50% (95% CI, 46% -54%) and 57% (95% CI, 53% -61%) of participants, respectively, had a reduction in body weight of 20% or more .
Experts have called the results "amazing" and pointed out that they are in the range of weight loss achieved with bariatric surgery. The authors of an accompanying editorial stated, "It is remarkable that the magnitude of weight loss with tirzepatide was similar to that with gastric bypass, which raises the potential for alternative medical approaches to the treatment of obesity." Semaglutide is another similar, recently approved medical approach. It is a single-incretin agonist, with its activity focused exclusively on the GLP-1 receptor. The combined activity that activates GLP-1 and GIP has led to the "twincretin" nickname for tirzepatide.
Beyond weight loss and glucose control, the twincretin may also soon become part of the arsenal against diabetic kidney disease. Tirzepatide significantly reduced the likelihood of macroalbuminuria in a prespecified subanalysis of the SURPASS-4 clinical trial. Results were presented at the ADA conference. "Once-per-week tirzepatide compared to [daily] insulin glargine treatment resulted in a meaningful improvement in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) decline and reduced urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) and the risk of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) — with low risk of clinically relevant hypoglycemia in participants with type 2 diabetes at high cardiovascular risk and varying degrees of chronic kidney disease (CKD)," lead investigator Hiddo J.L. Heerspink, PhD, PharmD, summarized in an email to Medscape Medical News.
The main results of SURPASS-4 showed that tirzepatide appeared superior to insulin glargine in lowering A1c in patients with type 2 diabetes at high cardiovascular risk whose disease was inadequately controlled with oral diabetes treatments. Researchers have now shown that patients who received tirzepatide, as opposed to insulin glargine, had an approximate 40% reduced risk of kidney function decline (hazard ratio [HR], 0.59; P < .05). "Based on results from the SURPASS-4 trial, tirzepatide has significant kidney-protective effects in adults with type 2 diabetes with high cardiovascular risk and largely normal kidney function," said ADA session chair Christine Limonte, MD, in an email to Medscape Medical News.
The cost of tirzepatide may be as high as $12,666 per year. Lilly, the company that will market the drug, has a list price of $974.33 for four weekly doses, regardless of dose size. This price puts tirzepatide roughly in the same ballpark as semaglutide. According Lilly's spokesperson, discount programs could reduce the monthly out-of-pocket cost for patients to as little as $25. Given the potential of the twincretin to help with blood sugar control, weight loss, and possibly kidney function, the hope is that the final cost will not be prohibitive. Excitement about the potential of the newly approved drug resulted in its being this week's top trending clinical topic.
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Cite this: Ryan Syrek. Trending Clinical Topic: Tirzepatide - Medscape - Jul 01, 2022.
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